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Hygiene Industry Ade Irman SM Untirta 2014
Sample Case-1 • Karyawan mengeluh bahwa cairan xylene yang digunakan pada proses cleaning memiliki bau yang menyengat, menyebabkan kulit kering, sakit kepala serta meyebabkan iritasi pada mata dan tenggorokan. • Perusahaan melakukan pengecekan terhadap penggunaan Xylene
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Sample Case-2 Hasil investigasi xylene: • Xylene bersifat flammable • Mudah menyerap pada kulit • Berbahaya jika karyawan kontak langsung dengan xylene
Sample Case-2 Larangan: • Dilarang menyemprotkan xylene pada mesin yang sedang hidup Rekomendasi: 1. Penggunaan cairan pembersih lain yang lebih tidak berbahaya 2. Jika cairan pembersih lain tidak ditemukan, maka: – Jika bisa, lakukan pembersihan secara otomatis – Jika bisa, gunakan xylene hanya untuk pembersihan final
3. Selama cairan pembersih lain belum ditemukan, karyawan wajib menggunakan APD (gloves, glasses, apron)
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Definition of HI • The art and science devoted to the recognition, evaluation, and control of workplace health hazards
The Principle of HI
Recognition Evaluation Control
Anticipation
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History of HI#1 • • • • •
Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) Paracelsus (1493–1591) Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714) Percival Pott (1713–1788) Alice Hamilton (1869–1970).
Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) • A Saxon physician, is best known as the Father of Geology • Published De Re Metallica (‘‘On the Nature of Metals’’) – describes illnesses experienced by miners – the need for ventilation and ergonomic issues related to mining.
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Paracelsus (1493–1591) • ASwiss physician and chemist, is best known as the Father of Toxicology. • Published: On the Miners’ Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners. – All substances were poisons – Dose-Response relationship.
Dose Response Relationship
All substances are toxic—it is the dose that makes the poison
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Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714) • An Italian physician, is best known as the Father of Occupational Medicine. • Published: De Morbis Artificum (‘‘Diseases of Workers’’) • ‘‘Of what trade are you?’’
Percival Pott (1713–1788) • A London surgeon • The first to establish the relationship between an occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin (polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAH] from soot), and malignancy (testicular cancer).
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Alice Hamilton (1869–1970) • An American physician Published: • Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925), • Industrial Toxicology (1934), and • Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943).
The tenets of industrial hygiene
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Recognition
Recognition • Performing survey or inspection • Recognize visible hazards and/or identify areas that need additional monitoring for contaminants that cannot be evaluated visually
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Occupational Health Hazards Categories
Occupational Health Hazards Categories 1. Chemical stressors include substances such as solvents, acids, caustics, and alcohols. 2. Physical stressors include ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma,neutron, X-ray radiation), nonionizing radiation (infrared, ultraviolet, visible light, radio frequency, microwave, and laser radiation),noise, and temperature.
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Occupational Health Hazards Categories 3. Biological stressors include hazards such as bacteria, viruses, mold, 4. Ergonomic stressors are the human psychological and physiological injuries or illnesses associated with repetitive and cumulative trauma, fatigue, and exertion.
Sample Question for Recognition What environmental stressors are present in the facility? Where are the points of origin of those environmental stressors? What are the forms that those environmental stressors take? Are they dusts, vapors, gases, mists? What are the work processes at the facility? Have these work processes changed in any way? What are the raw materials and intermediate and finished products that are involved in the work process? Do they pose health risks? What physical and mental tasks are required? Do these tasks require frequent repetitive motions or excessive forces for long durations? What control methods are currently being used?
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Evaluation
Evaluation • Understand the manner in which the potential contaminant appears in the workplace. • Based upon analytical measurement of workplace hazards • Compares the results to established (standard) criteria (ex OHSA)
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Form Variety of Contaminants #1 • Dusts: Solid particulates generated by crushing, grinding, chipping, or abrasion. Examples of dusts include coal, wood, and sand. • Fumes: Solid particulates (usually metals) generated by condensation from a gaseous state. An example of a fume is welding emissions. • Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulate dispersed in air. An example of an aerosol is overspray from spray painting. • Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated by the condensation from gas to liquid state.
Form Variety of Contaminants #2 • Gases: Substances which are in the gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure (NTP). Examples: oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. • Vapors: Gaseous phases of a material which is ordinarily a solid or liquid at room temperature. Examples: gasoline, toluene, xylene, and benzene.
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Control
Control • Defined as processes, procedures, or method changes that correct existing health problems and prevent or minimize the risk of health hazards in the workplace
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Types of Control
Engineering Control • Objective: to isolate or eliminate health hazards • Example: – the use of ventilation systems to reduce the concentration of contaminants – shielding hot work areas – ect
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Administrative controls • Health hazard control methods that are employee oriented or process management oriented. • Example: Job rotation
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • The last line of defense • A greater risk for illness or injury when the employee does not wear the PPE or it fails
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Alat Pelindung Tubuh (APD) Syarat Umum APD: 1. Memberikan cukup perlindungan terhadap bahaya 2. Ringan, awet 3. Tidak membuat rasa kurang nyaman pada saat dipakai (tidak terlalu sempit, longgar) 4. Tidak menghalangi mobilitas,penglihatan,dsb.
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Jenis Pelindung • • • • • • • •
Pelindung Tubuh Pelindung Mata Pelindung Kepala Pelindung Kaki Pelindung Tangan Pelindung Alat Pendengaran Pelindung Alat Pernafasan dll 32
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Pelindung Mata Melindungi mata dari: • partikel, gram • debu • sinar (mis: pada pengelasan)
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Pelindung Wajah Dan Alat Pernafasan
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Pelindung Telinga • Jika intensitas suara di atas 90 db • Kebisingan menyebabkan: - komunikasi sulit/ isyarat atau peringatan tidak terdengar - rusaknya alat pendengaran
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