Developing Research Proposal W. Rofianto ST. Msi.
A Classification of Research Designs Research Design Conclusive Research Design
Exploratory Research Design
Descriptive Research Cross-Sectional Design
Single CrossSectional Design
Causal Research
Longitudinal Design
Multiple CrossSectional Design
Literature Gathering
STEP1 - Define Your Topic of Interest
…. and break it down into possible related keywords.
STEP2 – Search Relevant Article • Online paper database - www.ssrn.com - http://ideas.repec.org/
• Online article catalogue - http://www.mendeley.com
• Paid online journals database - http://www.sciencedirect.com/ - http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ - http://www.jstor.org/
STEP3 – Retrieve The Full-text Try on your
And if it Get an access to the paid journals database from your friend, institution, school, etc.
STEP4 – Review Your Articles • Is it relevant with your interest? • Is it provide you with a clear research hypothesis and/or model?
• Is it provide you with a clear operationalization of variables? And if all of those result doesn’t enough, repeat step1 – step4, start with refining and expanding your keywords.
Literature Review
An Empirical Study of the Performance of University Teachers Based on Organizational Commitment, Job Stress, Mental Health and Achievement Motivation WANG Cai-feng Canadian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 4, 2010, pp. 127-140
Research Purpose To better clarify the factors that affect work performance of university teachers
Hypothesis •
Based on work stress and performance theory, there is inverted U-type relationship between work stress and job performance (Yerkes-Dodson law). Working pressure should be maintained at an appropriate level. Therefore, this paper assumes that work pressure has a negative effect on job performance.
•
H3: Teachers work pressure have a negative impact toward the performance of university teachers.
•
Teachers’ pressure mainly came from the serious competition, role conflict and career expectations introduced in the education system, which led to maladjustment, professional behavior problems, interpersonal barriers and job burnout and other psychologically unhealthy problems (Mowday et al., 1982). Work stress and mental health are directly linked and excessive work pressure may cause many problems to mental health. (Meyer & Allen, 1997).
• •
H6: Work stress and mental health were negatively correlated.
Research Model Sustained Commitment
H5 (+)
Emotional Commitment
H2 (+)
H1(-)
Work Pressure
H3 (-)
Job Performance
H6 (-) H4 (+)
Achievement Motivation
H7 (+)
Mental Health
Operationalization of Variables Variable Emotional commitment
Definition The state of being bound emotionally or intellectually to a course of action, or organization
Indicator - Have adequate research funding - Students have a right attitude towards study - Satisfied with the income
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com)
Job Performance
Work Pressure
completion of defined tasks, achievement of goals, outcomes and output (Wang, 2010) pressure mainly came from the serious competition, role conflict and career expectations introduced in the education system (Mowday et al., 1982)
- Actively solve problems at work - Enthusiastically do difficult tasks - Attention to major details of work - Get along well with others - Often have housework - Job stress is great
Findings Hypothesis H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
H7
Path sustained commitment →job performance emotional commitment →job performance work pressure →job performance mental health →job performance sustained commitment →emotional commitment work pressure →mental health achievement motivation →mental health
Std. coef
T Value
Conclusion
-0.37
-4.3
Supported
0.29
4.99
Supported
0.12
1.93
Not Supported
-0.19
-3.01
Not Supported
0.5
7.56
Supported
-0.37
-4.3
Supported
0.5
7.56
Supported
Research Idea
Research Idea Element • • • • • •
Research Background (Latar Belakang) Research Purpose (Tujuan Penelitian) Hypothesis (Hipotesis Penelitian) Research Model (Model Penelitian) Operationalization of variables (Operasionalisasi Variabel) Research Methods (Metode Penelitian)
Example of Research Idea
Latar Belakang • Banyaknya
permintaan akan
pakaian mendorong pesatnya pertumbuhan bisnis fashion. Tahun 2011, di Indonesia terdapat 300 gerai Department Store, diantaranya Matahari, Ramayana, Sogo, Metro, Debenhams.
• Sebagai implikasi, persaingan semakin kompetitif, menuntut inovasi strategi dalam menarik konsumen, termasuk memanfaatkan fenomena impulse buying. • Fenomena impulse buying tendency didorong oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Produsen dapat lebih mengendalikan
faktor eksternal.
• Matahari Departement Store yang cukup dikenal masyarakat luas, sering melakukan program price discount serta sering bekerja sama dengan bank penerbit credit card menarik untuk dijadikan konteks studi.
Tujuan Penelitian • Menganalisis pengaruh price discount terhadap consumer impulse buying tendency. • Menganalisis pengaruh window display terhadap consumer impulse buying tendency • Menganalisis pengaruh credit card terhadap consumer impulse buying tendency
Rerangka Konseptual •
Penurunan harga dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumen menjadi lebih besar karena dianggap menguntungkan.
•
Millman (1985) berpendapat bahwa ketidakpastian harga menekan belanja, sementara penurunan harga yang tidak diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan pembelanjaan melalui pertimbangan pembelian barang-barang lainnya.
H1 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara price discount dengan consumer impulse buying tendency
•
Window display yang indah dapat menarik minat konsumen untuk mengunjungi suatu toko bahkan mungkin membeli barang yang ditampilkan di window display.
•
Pilihan konsumen akan suatu toko dipengaruhi oleh kemenarikan fisik dari toko tersebut (Darden at al., 1983) H2 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara window display dan consumer impulse buying tendency
Rerangka Konseptual •
Kartu kredit menawarkan kemudahan transaksi hingga keringanan tempo pembayaran. Hal ini dapat mendorong konsumen menjadi lebih mudah di dalam melakukan pembelian.
•
Kartu kredit mengeliminasi kebutuhan segera akan dana, menyebabkan konsumen menjadi overspending (Schor, 1998) dan mendorong terciptanya pembelian impulsif (Robert and Jones, 2001). H3 : Terdapat hubungan positif antara credit card dan consumer impulse buying tendency
Model Penelitian Sales Promotion
Window Display
H1 H2
H3 Credit Card Usage
Impulse Buying Tendency
Operasionalisasi Variabel Variable
Definition
Indicator
Impulse Buying Tendency
kemungkinan individu melakukan pembelian tidak terencana (Park & Lennon, 2006)
Sales Promotion
Penawaran insentif atas produk untuk mendorong pembelian (Cravens & Piercy, 2006)
- Terkadang Saya tidak dapat menahan perasaan ingin membeli produk di X - Saya menjadi sangat bersemangat ketika melihat produk di X - Saya sering membeli barang tanpa berpikir panjang ketika berada di X. - Saya terbiasa membeli barang di X tanpa ada rencana sebelumnya. (Bosnjaik, Bandl & Bratko, 2007) - Saya merasa mendapatkan kesepakatan harga yang bagus di X - Dengan membeli produk promo di X Saya adalah seorang “smart shopper”. - Saya mendapatkan prodik berkualitas tinggi dengan anggaran yang sama di X - Promosi di X menyenangkan. (Chandon, 2000)
Operasionalisasi Variabel Variable Window Display
Credit Card Usage
Definition Kelompok barang dagangan yang ditata pada tampilan muka toko (www.wisegeek.com)
Indicator
- Terkadang saya mengunjungi toko hanya karena window display yang indah. - Saya tertarik untuk berbelanja di toko yang memiliki desain window display yang baik. - Saya membeli pakaian karena window display pada toko. (Karbasivar, A &Yarahmadi, H, 2011) Tingkat penggunaan sarana - Saya terbiasa menggunakan kartu kredit transaksi pembayaran pada - Saya menggunakan kartu kredit saat berbelanja komunitas moderen pakaian (Ibrahim & Dirdjosisworo, - Saya sering menggunakan kartu kredit saat 2004) berbelanja di X (Karbasivar et al, 2011)
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