28
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adams MR, Moss MO. 2008. Bacterial agents of foodborne illness. Food Microbiology. Ed ke-3. Cambridge: RSC Publ. hlm 192-195. Ang CW, de Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche´ FGA, Van Doorn PA. 2001. Guillain-Barre´ syndrome- and Miller fisher syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides induce antiGM1 and anti-GQ1b antibodies in rabbits. J inf and immun 69(4): 2462– 2469. Bolder NM. 1998. The microbiology of the slaughter and processing of poultry. Di dalam: Davies A, Board R, editor. The Microbiology of Meat and Poultry. London: Blackie Academic. hlm 160. [CDC] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011a. PathogenCampylobacter jejuni. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/pathogens_pages. [12 September 2011]. [CDC] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011b. Investigation update: Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O104 (STEC O104:H4) infections associated with travel to Germany. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2011/ecolio104/. [9 Juni 2012]. Corry JEL, Atabay HI. 2001. Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. J Appl Microbiol 90: 96S-114S. Cox NA, Richardson LJ, Musgrove MT. 2010. Campylobacter jejuni and other Campylobacters. Di dalam: Juneja VK, Sofos JN, editor. Pathogens and Toxins in Foods: Challenges and Interventions. Washington DC: ASM Pr. hlm 20-22. Debruyne L, Gevers D, Vandamme P. 2008. Taxonomy of the family Campylobacteraceae. Di dalam: Nachamkin I, Szymanski CM, Blaser MJ, editor. Campylobacter. Ed ke-3. Washington DC: ASM Pr. hlm 3-26. Dhillon AS, Shivaprasad HL, Schaberg D, Wier F, Weber S, Bandli D. 2006. Campylobacter jejuni infection in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 50(1): 55-58. Donnison A. 2003. Isolation of thermotolerant Campylobacter: Review and methods for New Zaeland Laboratories. Report prepared for ministry of health. New Zaeland. Donoghue AM, Farnell MB, Cole K. 2006. Mechanisme of pathogen control in avian gastrointestinal tract. Di dalam: Perry GC, editor. Avian Gut Function in Health and Disease. London: CABI. hlm 138.
29
Dowling PM. 2006. Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol. Di dalam Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria: Blackwell Publ. hlm 241-245. Fauzi RPS. 2012. Resistensi Campylobacter jejuni isolat lokal secara in vitro dan in vivo terhadap lima jenis antimikroba. [tesis]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Fernandes R. 2009. Pathogen profiles. Di dalam: Fernandes R, editor. Microbiology Handbook Meat Products. Cambridge: Leatherhead Publ. hlm 263. [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 1997. Animal drug. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/animaldrugsatfda. [25 Juni 2012]. Flint HJ, Leitch ECM, Duncan SH, Walker AW, Patterson AJ, Rincon MT, Scott KP, Louis P. 2006. Molecular approaches to the analysis of gastrointestinal microbial ecosystems. Di dalam: Perry GC, editor. Avian Gut Function in Health and Disease. London: CABI. Giguère S. 2006. Macrolides, Azalides, and Ketolides. Di dalam: Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publ. hlm 193-195. Hofacre CL. 2006. Antimicrobial drug use in poultry. Di dalam: Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publ. hlm 548-549. Ismail ZSH. 2011. Effects of dietary black cumin growth seeds (Nigella sativa l.) or its extract on performance and total coliform bacteria count on broiler chicks. Egypt: Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University. Jafari RA, Fazlara A, Govahi M. 2006. An investigation into Salmonella and fecal coliform contamination of drinking water in broiler farms in Iran. Int J of Poult Sci 5(5): 491-493. Kee JL, Hayes ER. 1996. Farmakologi Pendekatan Proses Perawatan. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. hlm 324. [Kementan RI] Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 78 Tahun 1992 tentang Obat Hewan. Jakarta: Kementan; 1992. Kornacki JL, Johnson JL. 2003. Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Eschericia coli as quality and safety indicators. Di dalam: Downes FP, Ito K, editor. Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. Ed ke-4. Washington: American Health Assoc. hlm 74-76.
30
Lee MD, Newell DG. 2006. Campylobacter in poultry: filling an ecological niche. Avian Dis 50(1): 1-9. McMurry SW, Coyne MS, Perfect E. 1998. Fecal coliform transport through intact soil blocks amended with poultry manure. J Environ 27: 86-92. Mead GJ. 2007. Faecal indicator organisms for red meat and poultry. Di dalam Mead GJ, editor. Microbiological Analysis of Red Meat, Poultry and Eggs. Cambridge: Woodhead Publ. hlm 84-100. Murtidjo BA. 2003. Pemotongan, Penanganan, dan Pengolahan Daging Ayam. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. hlm 20. Ogden DI. 2007. Escherichia coli O157 and other VTEC in the meat industry. Di dalam Mead GJ, editor. Microbiological Analysis of Red Meat, Poultry and Eggs. Cambridge: Woodhead Publ. hlm 55-83. [OIE] Office International des Epizooties. 2009. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.oie.int. [25 Juni 2012]. Pearson AD, Greenwood M, Healing TD, Rollins D, Shahamat M, Donaldson J, Colwell5 RR. 1993. Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl and Environ Microbiol 59(4): 987-996. Pisestyani H. 2010. Isolasi dan identifikasi Campylobacter jejuni menggunakan metode konvensional dan molekuler serta mekanisme patogenesis pada saluran pencernaan ayam broiler. [tesis]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ray B, Bhunia A. 2008. Indikator of bacterial pathogens. Fundamental Food Microbiology. Ed ke-4. New York: CRD Pr. hlm 350-351. Rizki F. 2003. Jumlah bakteri Salmonella sp. dalam sekum ayam yang diberi probiotik Bacillus apiarius dan Bacillus coagulans dan diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium. [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Sahin O, Luo N, Huang S, Zhang Q. 2003a. Effect of Campylobacter-specific maternal antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni colonization in young chickens. J Appl Microbiol 69(9): 5372–5379. Sahin O, Kobalka P, Zhang Q. 2003b. Detection and survival of Campylobacter in chicken eggs. J Appl Microbiol 95: 1070–1079. Sellars JM, Hall SJ, Kelly DJ. 2002. Growth of Campylobacter jejuni supported by respiration of fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, trimethylamine-N-Oxide, or dimethyl sulfoxide requires oxygen. J Bacteriol 184(15): 4187-4196.
31
Setiabudy R. 2003. Antimikroba lain. Di dalam: Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapan. Ed ke-4. Jakarta: Gaya Baru. hlm 675-677. Setiabudy R, Gan VHS. 2003. Pengantar antimikroba. Di dalam: Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapan. Ed ke-4. Jakarta: Gaya Baru. hlm 571-572. Setiabudy R, Kunardi L. 2003. Golongan tetrasiklin dan kloramfenikol. Di dalam: Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapan. Ed ke-4. Jakarta: Gaya Baru. hlm 657-659. Shane SM, Stern NJ. 2003. Campylobacter infection. Di dalam: Saif YM, editor. Diseases of Poultry. Ed ke-11. Iowa: Blackwell Publ. hlm 617-619. Songer JG, Post KW. 2005. Veterinary Microbiology, Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal Disesase. North Carolina: Elsevier Saunders. hlm 223-226. Snelling WJ, Moore JE, Dooley JSG. 2005. The colonization of briolers with Campylobacter. J Poult Sci 61: 655-662. Supardi I, Sukanto. 1999. Mikrobiologi dalam Pengolahan dan Keamanan Pangan. Bandung: Penerbit Alumni. van Vliet AHM, Ketley JM. 2001. Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection. J Appl Microbiol 90: 45S-56S. Wesley I. 2009. Public health impact of foodborne illness: impetus for the international food safety effort; food safety issues and the microbiology of poultry. Di dalam: Heredia N, Wesley I, dan Garc’ia S, editor. Microbiologically Safe Foods. New Jersey: J Wiley Publ. hlm 5-6; 171-172. Winer JB. 2001. Guillain Barré syndrome. J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 54: 381-385.
32
USULAN PENELITIAN
PERBANDINGAN JUMLAH KOLONI KOLIFORM DAN Campylobacter sp. PADA AYAM BROILER SEBELUM DAN PASCA PENGOBATAN OLEH ANTIBIOTIK ERITROMISIN DAN KLORAMFENIKOL
MURDIANA
33
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2011
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adams MR, Moss MO. 2008. Bacterial agents of foodborne illness. Food Microbiology. Ed ke-3. Cambridge: RSC Publ. hlm 192-195. Ang CW, de Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche´ FGA, Van Doorn PA. 2001. Guillain-Barre´ syndrome- and Miller fisher syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides induce antiGM1 and anti-GQ1b antibodies in rabbits. J inf and immun 69(4): 2462– 2469. Bolder NM. 1998. The microbiology of the slaughter and processing of poultry. Di dalam: Davies A, editor. The Microbiology of Meat and Poultry. London: Blackie Academic & Professional. hlm 160. [CDC] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. PathogenCampylobacter jejuni. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/pathogens_pages. [12 September 2011]. [CDC] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Investigation update: Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O104 (STEC O104:H4) infections associated with travel to Germany. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2011/ecolio104/. [9 Juni 2012]. Corry JEL, Atabay HI. 2001. Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. J Appl Microbiol 90: 96S-114S. Cox NA, Richardson LJ, Musgrove MT. 2010. Campylobacter jejuni and other Campylobacters. Di dalam: Juneja VK, Sofos JN, editor. Pathogens and Toxins in Foods: Challenges and Interventions. Washington DC: ASM Pr. hlm 20-22. Debruyne L, Gevers D, Vandamme P. 2008. Taxonomy of the family Campylobacteraceae. Di dalam: Nachamkin I, Szymanski CM, Blaser MJ, editor. Campylobacter. Ed ke-3. Washington DC: ASM. hlm 3-26. Dhillon AS, Shivaprasad HL, Schaberg D, Wier F, Weber S, Bandli D. 2006. Campylobacter jejuni infection in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 50(1): 55-58.
34
Dowling PM. 2006. Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol. Di dalam Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria: Blackwell Publ. hlm 241-245. Fernandes R. 2009. Pathogen profiles. Di dalam: Fernandes R, editor. Microbiology Handbook Meat Products. Cambridge: Leatherhead Publ. hlm 263. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. [terhubung berkala]. Animal drug. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/animaldrugsatfda. [25 Juni 2012]. Giguère S. 2006. Macrolides, Azalides, and Ketolides. Di dalam: Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. hlm 193-195. Hariyadi RD. 2005. Bakteri indikator sanitasi air minum. [terhubung berkala]. http://web.ipb.ac.id. [12 September 2011]. Hofacre CL. 2006. Antimicrobial drug use in poultry. Di dalam: Giguère S et al., editor. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Ed ke-4. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. hlm 548-549. Ismail ZSH. 2011. Effects of dietary black cumin growth seeds (nigella sativa l.) or its extract on performance and total coliform bacteria count on broiler chicks. Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Egypt. Jafari RA, Fazlara A, Govahi M. 2006. An investigation into Salmonella and fecal coliform contamination of drinking water in broiler farms in Iran. Int J of Poult Sci 5(5): 491-493. Kee JL, Hayes ER. 1996. Farmakologi Pendekatan Proses Perawatan. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. hlm 324. Larkin C, van Donkersgoed C, Mahdi A, Johnson P, McNab B, Odumeru J. 2006. Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. J Food Prot 69(1): 22-26. Lee MD, Newell DG. 2006. Campylobacter in poultry: filling an ecological niche. Avian Dis 50(1): 1-9. McMurry SW, Coyne MS, Perfect E. 1998. Fecal coliform transport through intact soil blocks amended with poultry manure. J Environ 27: 86-92. Mead GJ. 2007. Faecal indicator organisms for red meat and poultry. Di dalam Mead GJ, editor. Microbiological Analysis of Red Meat, Poultry and Eggs. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. hlm 84-100.
35
Murtidjo BA. 2003. Pemotongan, Penanganan, dan Pengolahan Daging Ayam. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. hlm 20. Norstr m M, Johnsen G, Hofshagen M, Tharaldsen H, Kruse H. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni from broilers and broiler house environments in Norway. J Food Prot 70(3): 736-738. Ogden DI. 2007. Escherichia coli O157 and other VTEC in the meat industry. Di dalam Mead GJ, editor. Microbiological Analysis of Red Meat, Poultry and Eggs. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. hlm 55-83. [OIE] Office International des Epizooties. 2009. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections. [terhubung berkala]. http://www.oie.int. [25 Juni 2012]. Pearson AD, Greenwood M, Healing TD, Rollins D, Shahamat M, Donaldson J, Colwell5 RR. 1993. Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl and Environ Microbiol 59(4): 987-996. Pisestyani H. 2010. Isolasi dan identifikasi Campylobacter jejuni menggunakan metode konvensional dan molekuler serta mekanisme patogenesis pada saluran pencernaan ayam broiler. [tesis]. Bogor: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ray B, Bhunia A. 2008. Indikator of bacterial pathogens. Fundamental Food Microbiology. Ed ke-4. New York: CRD Pr. hlm 350-351. Sahin O, Luo N, Huang S, Zhang Q. 2003a. Effect of Campylobacter-specific maternal antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni colonization in young chickens. J Appl Microbiol 69(9): 5372–5379. Sahin O, Kobalka P, Zhang Q. 2003b. Detection and survival of Campylobacter in chicken eggs. J Appl Microbiol 95: 1070–1079. Sellars JM, Hall SJ, Kelly DJ. 2002. Growth of Campylobacter jejuni supported by respiration of fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, trimethylamine-N-Oxide, or dimethyl sulfoxide requires oxygen. J Bacteriol 184(15): 4187-4196. Setiabudy R. 2003. Antimikroba lain. Di dalam: Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapan. Ed ke-4. Jakarta: Gaya Baru. hlm 675-677. Setiabudy R, Kunardi L. 2003. Golongan tetrasiklin dan kloramfenikol. Di dalam: Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapan. Ed ke-4. Jakarta: Gaya Baru. hlm 657-659. Shane SM, Stern NJ. 2003. Campylobacter infection. Di dalam: Saif YM, editor. Diseases of Poultry. Ed ke-11. Iowa: Blackwell Publ. hlm 617-619.
36
Songer JG, Post KW. 2005. Veterinary Microbiology, Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal Disesase. North Carolina: Elsevier Saunders. hlm 223-226. Snelling WJ, Moore JE, Dooley JSG. 2005. The colonization of briolers with Campylobacter. J Poult Sci 61: 655-662. van Vliet AHM, Ketley JM. 2001. Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection. J Appl Microbiol 90: 45S-56S. Wesley I. 2009. Public health impact of foodborne illness: impetus for the international food safety effort; food safety issues and the microbiology of poultry. Di dalam: Heredia N, Wesley I, dan Garc’ia S, editor. Microbiologically Safe Foods. New Jersey: J Wiley Publ. hlm 5-6; 171-172. Winer JB. 2001. Guillain Barré syndrome. J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 54: 381-385.
DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................
ii
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .....................................................................................
v
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................
vi
PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................................
1
Latar Belakang ......................................................................................
1
Tujuan Penelitian ..................................................................................
2
Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................
2
Hipotesis ...............................................................................................
2
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................
4
Karakteristik Campylobacter jejuni ......................................................
4
Campylobacterosis pada Ayam ............................................................
5
Campylobacterosis pada Manusia ........................................................
5
Karakteristik Koliform .........................................................................
6
Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Kejadian Campylobacterosis ..................
7
Eritromisin ............................................................................................
8
37
Kloramfenikol .......................................................................................
9
BAHAN DAN METODE ..............................................................................
10
Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ...............................................................
10
Sampel dan Hewan Percobaan .............................................................
10
Alat dan Bahan .....................................................................................
10
Metode Penelitian .................................................................................
11
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ......................................................................
14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................
21
Judul Penelitian : Perbandingan Jumlah Koloni Koliform dan Campylobacter sp. pada Ayam Broiler Sebelum dan Pasca Pengobatan oleh Antibiotik Eritromisin dan Kloramfenikol Nama : Murdiana NIM : B04080021
Disetujui
drh. Herwin Pisestyani, M.Si Pembimbing
Diketahui
38
Dr. Nastiti Kusumorini Wakil Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan
PERBANDINGAN JUMLAH KOLONI KOLIFORM DAN Campylobacter sp. PADA AYAM BROILER SEBELUM DAN PASCA PENGOBATAN OLEH ANTIBIOTIK ERITROMISIN DAN KLORAMFENIKOL
MURDIANA
39
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2011
