DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adams DJ. 2004. Fungal Cell Wall Chitinases and Glucanases. Microbiology. 150: 2024- 2035. Ahmad RZ. 2009. Cemaran Kapang Pada Pakan dan Pengndaliannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 28: 15-22. Akbar. 2008. Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Bunga Kecombang (Nicolaia Speciosa horan) Terhadap Penyembuhan Infeksi Jamur Saprolegnia sp. Pada Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis sp.). Kalimantan Scientiae. 4: 1-7. Alexopaulus CJ & Mims CW. 1979. Introductoty of Mycology. 3rd edition. New York: John Willey and Son. Alker AP, Garriet WS & Kiho K. 2001. Characterization of Aspergillus sydowii (Thom et Chruch), a Fungal Pathogen of Calibbean Sea Fan Corals. Hidrobiologia. 460: 105-111. Amri
& Khairuman. 2003. Agromedia Pustaka.
Budidaya
Ikan
Nila
Secara
Intensif.Jakarta:
Austin B & Austin D. 2007. Bacterial Fish Pathogens Diseases of Farmed and Wild Fish. Fourth Edition. Springer. Atta ME & Abou El. 2008. Saprolegniosis In Freshwater Cultured Tilapia Nilotika (Oreochromis nilotica) and Trial For Control by Using Bafry d50/500. International Simposium On Tilapia in Aquacultured. 1403-1408. Balcazar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cuningham D, Vandrell D & Muzquis JL. 2006. The Role Of Probiotics In Aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology. 114: 173 – 186. Bennett, JW. 2009. Aspergillus: A Primer for the Notive. Medical Mycology: 2-8. Bendre AM & Kumar A. 2010. A Text Book of Practical Botany-1. Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Microbiology, Bryophyta, Pterydophyta, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany. India: Captal offset press New Delhi. Bhattacharya U, Prasad J & Dubey NK. 1988. Aspergillus terreus A New Pathogen as Fish Pathogen. Current Science. 57: 622-623. Bly JE, QuiniouSMA, Lawson LA & Clem LW. 1997. Inhibition of Saprolegnia Pathogenic for Fish by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Fish Diseases. 20: 35-40.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Boyd CE. 2004. Farm Level Issues in Aquaculture Certification: Tilapia. WWF-US. Auburn, Alabama. Bruno DW & Wood BP. 1999. Saprolegnia and Other Oomycetes. In: Woo PTK & Brun DW, editors: Fish Diseases and Disorder Vol.3, Viral, Bakterial and Fungal Infections. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Owon, United Kingdom: 560-569. Brzezinska S &Donderski W. 2006. Chitinolytic bacteria in two Lakes ofdifferent trophic status. Polish Journal Of Ecology.54: 295-301. Brzezinska S, Lalke-Porczyk E, Donderski W & Walczak M. 2009. Degradation of Chitin in Natural Environment:Role of Actinomycetes. Polish Journal Of Ecology. 57: 229-238. Burberg MB, Synstad B, Klemsdal SS, Aalten DMF, Sundheim L & Eijsink VGH. 2000. Chitinases From Serratia marcescens. Recearch Developments in Microbiology. Chang SC, Chen WM, Wang JT & Wu MC. 2007.Chitinilyticum aquatile gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from a freshwater pond used for Pacific white shrimp culture.International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57: 2854-2860. Chernin L, Ismailov Z, Haran S & Chet I. 1995. Chitinolytic Enterobacter agglomeransAntagonistic to Fungal Plant Pathogens.Applied and Environmental Microbiology.61: 1720-1726. Chernin L, Ismailov Z, Haran & Chet I. 1998. Chitinolytic Activity in Chromobacteri umviolaceum: Substrate Analysis and Regulation by Quorum Sensing. Applied an Environmental Microbiology..180: 4435-4441. Cim Y, Weon HY, Yoo SH, Chen WM, Kwon SW, Go SJ & Stackebrandt E. 2006. Chitinimonas koreensis sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil in Korea. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56: 17611764. Compos TM, Dietrich CM & Maccarenhas Y. 1982. Isolation and Characterization of Chitin from the Cell Walls of Achlya radiosai. Journal of General Microbiology.128: 207-209. Connel TD, Metzger DJ, Lynch J & Folster JP. 1998. Endochitinase is Transported to the Extracellular milieu by the Eps-encoded General Secretory Pathway of Vibriocholerae. J Bacteriol. 180: 5591-5600. Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP & Hoondal GS. 2005. Chitinase From Enterobacter sp. NRG4, Its Purification, Characterization and Reaction Pattern. Journal of Biotecnology. 8:135-145.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Dewi IM. 2008. Isolasi Bakteri dan Uji Aktivitas Kitinase Termofilik Kasar dari Sumber Air panas Tinggi Raja, Simalungun Sumatera Utara. Tesis.Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dewi R. 2011. Pengendalian Saprolegnia sp. pada Telur Gurami (Osphronemus goura m) menggunakan Isolat Bakteri Kitinolitik. Tesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Daerah. 2001. Petunjuk Teknis Pembenihan dan Pembesaran Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Propinsi Selawesi Tengah. El-Katatny MH, Smomitsch W, Robra KH, El-Katatny MS &Gilbitz GM. 2000. Production of Chitinase and β 1,3-Glukanase by Tricoderma harzianum for Control of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Food Technol Biotecnol.38:173-180. Escott GM, Hearn VM & Adams DJ. 1998. Inducible chitinolytic System of Aspergillus fumigates. Microbiology. 144: 1575-1581. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2009. Cultured Aquatic Spesies Information Programme, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus,1758). http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspesies/Oreochromis nil oticus/en Food and Agriculture Organization of the Uninited Station (FAO). 2010. FAO Yearbook. Fishery and Aquculture Statistics. http://www.fao.org/ fishery/ publication/yearbook/en Ganjar I, Samson RA, Karin VA, Oetari & Iman S. 1999. Pengenalan Kapang Tropik Umum. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Gohel V, Singh A, Vimal M, Aswini P & Chhatpar HS. 2006. Bioprospecting and Antifungal Potensial of Chitinolitic Microorganism. African Journal of Biotecnology. 5: 54-72. Indratmi D. 2008. Mekanisme Penghambatan Colletotricum gloeosporioldes Patogen Penyakit Antraknosa pada Tanaman Cabai dengan Khamir Debaryomyces sp. Draft publikasi penelitian pengembangan IPTEK. Malang: Universitas Muhammaddiyah Malang. Irawati N. 2008. Potensi Bakteri Kitinolitik Lokal Dalam Pengendalian Fungi Patogen Tumbuhan. Skripsi .Medan: USU.
Irianto A. 2003. Probiotik Akuakultur. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Irianto A. 2004. Patologi Ikan Teleostei. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Kaufmann SHE &Kabelitz D. 2010. Methods in Microbiology, Volume 37 Immunology of Infection. Third Edition. London: Elsevier Academic Press. Klausen M, Heydorn A, Ragas P, Lambertsen L, Jorgensen AA, Molin S & TolkerNielsen. 2003. Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wild Type, Flagella and Type IV Pili Mutants. Molecular Microbiology. 48: 15111524. Kolndadacha OD, Adikwu IA, Okaeme AN, Atiribom RY, Mohammed A & Musa, YM, 2011. The Role of Probiotic in Aquaculture in Nigeria a Rewiew. Continental Jurnal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 5: 8-15. Kordi K & Ghufran M. 2004. Penanggulangan Hama Dan Penyakit Ikan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta dan Bina Adiaksara. Liaw HJ & Mah RA.1992. Isolation and Characterization of Haloanaerobacter chitiovorans gen.nov.,sp.nov., a Halophilic, Anaerob, Chitinolytic Bakterium from a Solar Saltern. Appleid and Environmental Microbiogy. 1: 260-266. Loganathan K, Muniyan M, Prakash AA, Raja PS & Prakash M. 2011. Studies on the Role of Mucus from Clarias batrachus (Linn) Againts Selected Microbes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications. 2: 202-206. Lorito MG, Harman E, Hayes CK, Broadway RM, Tronsmo SL, Woo & Di Pietro A. 1992. Chitinolytic Enzymes Produced by Tricoderma harzianum: Antifungal Activity or Purified Endochitinase and Chitobiosidase. Phytopathol. 83: 302307. Matsumoto KS. 2006. Fungal Chitinases. Advences in Agricultural and Food Biotecnology. Recearch Singpost. 2: 289-304. Mjoun K & Kurt AR. 2010. Tilapia: Profile and Economic Importance. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service. 1: 1-4. Muharni. 2009. Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Penghasil Kitinase Dari Sumber Air Panas Danau Ranau Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Sains Penelitian. 912: 72-75. Nogami K & Maeda M. 1992. Bacterial as Biocontrol Agent for Rearing Larvae of the Crab Portunus trituberculatus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49: 2373-2376. Nogami K, Hamasaki K, Maeda M & Hirayama K. 1997. Biocontrol Methods in Aquaculture for Rearing the Swimming Crab Larvae Portunus tritiberculatus. Hidro Biologia. 358: 291-295. Olufemi BE & Okaeme AT. 1997. Fungi Assosiated with Tilapia Culture Ponds in Nigeria. Jurnal Aqua. Trop. 12: 267-274.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Olufemi BE & Roberts RJ. 1983. Experimental Aspergillomycosis in Tilapia. International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. 185-192. Olufemi BE & Roberts RJ. 1986. Induction of Clinical Aspergillomycosis by Feeding Contaminated Diet to Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases. 9: 123-128. Osman HM, WE Solman, AE Noor & Laila AM. 2008. Induction of Saprolegniosis in Oreochromis niloticus with Special Reference to its Biological Control. Global Veterinaria. 2: 32-37. Parani K & Saha BK. 2009. Studies and Interaction of Serratia marcescens Strain (SR1) With Fungal Patogen. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science. 5: 215-218. Permana DJ & Kusmiati. 2007. Isolasi Kapang Patogen dari Bahan Kitosan sebagai Pengawet Makanan Snack Ubi Jalar (Ipomea batatas, l). Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi. LIPI. Bogor. Popma T & Michael M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. 283: 1-4. Purwani EY, Toharisman A, Chasanah E, Laksmi JF, Welan V, Suhartono MT, Purwadaria T, Pyun & Hwang. 2002. Studi Pendahuluan Enzim Kitinase Ekstraseluler yang Dihasilkan oleh Isolat Bakteri Asal Manado. Jurnal teknol. dan Industri Pangan. 13: 111-117. Purwaningsih U & Taukhid. 2010. Vaksin Anti Streptocococus spp. Inaktivasi Melalui Heatkilled untuk Pencegahan Penyakit Streptococosis pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Prosiding Forum InovasiTeknologi Akuakultur. 901904. Quiniou SMA, Bigler S & Clem LW. 1998. Effect of Water Temperature on Mucus Cell Distribution in Channel Catfish: A Factor in Winter Saprolegniasis. Fish Shellf Immunol. 8: 1-11. Rai M & Kovics G. 2010. Progress in Micology.India: Springer Scientific Publisers. Rajarathnam S, Shashrieka MNJ & Bano Z. 1998. Biodegradative and Biosynthetic Capacities of Mushrooms. Present and Future Strategies. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology.18: 91-236. Ramirez AR, Escudero-Abarca BI, Uscanga G, Jones H & Corona J. 2004. Antifungal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Chitinase and Its Potential for the Biocontrol ofPhytopathogenic Fungi in Soybean Seeds.Food Microbiology and Safety Institute of Food Technologists.5: 131-134.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Refai MK, Mohamed LA, Kenawy MA & Shima. 2010. The Assesment of Mycotic Settlement of Freshwater Fishes in Egypt. Journal Of American Science. 6: 595-602. Rostinawati, T. 2008. Skrining dan Identifikasi Bakteri Penghasil Enzim Kitinase dari Air Laut di Perairan Pantai Pondok Bali. Penelitian Mandiri, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Padjadjaran. Sauer K, Camper AK, Ehrlich GD, Costerton JW & Davies DG. 2002. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes During Development as a Biofilm. Journal of Bacteriology. 184: 1140-1154. Setyo BP. 2006. Efek Konsentrasi Cromium dan Salinitas Berbeda Terhadap Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan Untuk Pertumbuhan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Tesis.Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang: 20-25.
Shrivastava AK. 1996. Record of Aspergillus Terreus (Thorn.) (Fungi) as Fish Pathogen. Indian Jurnal Fish. 43: 203-204. Shrivastava S, Ranjana S & Roy D. 2004. Review Toxicological Effects of Malachite Green. Aquatic Toxicology. 66: 319-329. Suryanto D, Munir E & Yurnaliza. 2006. Eksplorasi Bakteri Kitinolitik: Keragaman Genetik Gen Penyandi Kitinase pada Berbagai Jenis Bakteri dan pemanfaatannya. Laporan Hasil Penelitian Hibah Bersaing Perguruan tinggi. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Tolker-Nielsen T, Brinch UC, Ragas PC, Andersen JB, Jacobsen CS & Molin S. 2000. Development and Dynamics of Pseudomonas sp. Biofilm. Jurnal Bacteriol. 182: 6482-6489. Velusamy P & Kim KY. 2011. Chitinolytic Activity of Enterobacter sp. KB3 Antagonistic to Rhizoctonia solani and its Role in the Degradation of Living Fungal Hyphae. International Research Journal of Microbiology. 2: 206214. Webster J & Weber RWS. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. Third Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wibowo RH. 2011. Pengendalian Serangan Busuk Pangkal Batang (Ganoderma boninense pat. Pada Bibit Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis jacq.) Menggunakan Isolat Bakteri Kitinolitik. Tesis. Medan: Departemen Biologi FMIPA USU. Widjajanti & Muharni. 2011. Skrining Bakteri Kitinolitik Antagonis Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Akar Putih (Rigidoporus lignosus) dari Rizosfir Tanaman Karet. Jurnal Penelitian Sains. Universitas Sriwijaya. 1: 51-56.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Wijaya SKS. 2002. Isolasi Kitinase dari Sleroderma columnare dan Trichoderma harzianum. Jurnal Ilmu Dasar. 3: 30-35. Wolf FA & Wolf FT. 1947. The Fungi in Two Volumes. Volume 1. New York: John &Sons, Inc, Chapman Hall, Limited London. Woo, Joo C, Yun U & Park HD. 1996. Isolation of Chitin-utilizing Bacterium and Production of Its Extracellular Chitinase. Journal of Microbiology and Biotecnology.6: 439-444. Yan L, Boyd KG & Burgess JG. 2002. Surface Attachment Induced Production of Antimicrobial Compounds by Marine Epiphytic Bacteria Using Modified Roller Bottle Cultivation. Marine Biotecnology. 4: 356-366. Zaki MS, Fawzi OM, Mostafa SO & Taha N. 2010. Phatological and Biochemical Studies in Tilapia Zilli Infected With Saprolegnia Parasitica and Treated With Potassium Parmanganate. Journal of American Science. 6: 391-392.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
