p. ~rhatian
di hati 'a pustaka di embaca.
2.
>-
4
I
DAFTAR lSI Kata Pengantar ..........................................................................................................................................................iii Daftar lsi ....................................................................................................................................................................... v Daftar Tabel ................................................................................................................................................................. x Daftar Gambar .......................................................................................................................................................... xii
Bab I. Pengertian Dan Ruang Lingkup Ekonomi Manajerial... ............................................... 1 1.1 Ruang Lingkup dan Pengertian Ekonomi Manajerial ................................................................. l 1.2 Teori Perusahaan ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 Pengertian dan Fungsi Perusahaan ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Tujuan dan Nilai Perusahaan ................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Sifat dan Fungsi Laba ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Sifat Laba .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Fungsi Laba ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Mengapa Ada Laba ........................................................................................................................ 8 Contoh Kasus 1.1 Laba dalam lndustri Komputer Pribadi ...................................................... 9 1.4 Etika Bisnis .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 Dilema Etis 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Dilema Etis 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Dilema Etis 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Bab II. Teknik Optimisasi Ekonomi ............................................................................................... 16 2.1 Memaksimumkan Nilai Perusahaan ................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Metode Dalam Menggambarkan Hubungan Ekonomi ............................................................. 17 2.3 Hubungan antara Biaya Total, Rata-Rata, dan Marginal ........................................................ 18 2.4 Analisis Optimisasi .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.1 Aturan Diferensial ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Optimisasi dengan Kalkulus ................................................................................................................ 21 2.5.1 Menentukan Maksimum atau Minimum dengan Kalkulus ...................................... 21 2.5.2 Membedakan antara Maksimum dan Minimum: Turunan Kedua ....................... 22 2.6 Optimisasi Multivariat ........................................................................................................................... 29 2.6.1 Memaksimumkan Fungsi Multivariat ............................................................................... 31 2.7 Optimisasi Terkendala ........................................................................................................................... 32 2.7.1 Substitusi ....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.7.2 Metode Langrange ..................................................................................................................... 33 2.8 Peralatan Manajemen Baru untuk Optimisasi ............................................................................ 35 Contoh Kasus 2.1 lmplementasi TQM di lnstitusi Perguruan Tinggi ............................... 38 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 39 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ...................................................................................................................... 41
v
Bab III. Penerapan Permintaan, Penawaran dan Keseimbangan Pasar Dalam Perekonomian ..........................................................................................................................45 3.1 Permintaan ................................................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1 Hukum Permintaan (The Law of Demand) ...................................................................... 46 3.1.2 Fungsi Permintaan .................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.3 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah Permintaan ......................................... 47 3.1.4 Tabel Permintaan ....................................................................................................................... 52 3.1.5 Kurva Permintaan ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.1.6 Permintaan Pasar vs Permintaan Individu ..................................................................... 57 3.1.7 Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................ 58 3.1.8 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................................. 60 Contoh Kasus 3.1 Dua Cara dalam Mengurangi Jumlah Permintaan terhadap Rokok. .............................................................................................................................................. 61 Contoh Kasus 3.2 Permintaan Berlebih ...................................................................................... 62 Contoh Kasus 3.3 Pemerintah Menetapkan Batas Harga Tertinggi Akibat Permintaan Berlebih ...................................................................................... 63 3.2 Penawaran .................................................................................................................................................. 64 3.2.1 Defenisi ........................................................................................................................................... 64 3.2.2 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penawaran .......................................................... 65 3.2.3 Fungsi Penawaran ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.3 Gabungan Penawaran dan Permintaan .......................................................................................... 67 3.3.1 Titik Keseimbangan .................................................................................................................. 67 Contoh Kasus 3.4Harga Dasar ............................................................................................................ 67 3.3.2 Menentukan Keadaan Keseimbangan secara Angka .................................................. 68 3.3.3 Keadaan Keseimbangan secara Grafik. ............................................................................. 68 Contoh Kasus 3.5Upah Minimum ..................................................................................................... 71 Contoh Kasus 3.6 Analisis Permintaan dan Penawaran Bea: Impor Minyak ................ 72 Contoh Soal 3.7 Penerapan Konsep Permintaan ....................................................................... 72 3.4 Konvergensi Internasional pada Selera ......................................................................................... 74 3.5 Electronic Commerce ............................................................................................................................... 74 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ...................................................................................................................... 77
Bab IV.Penerapan Elastisitas Dalam Pengambil Keputusan Menejerial ......................... 83 4.1 Elastisitas Permintaan ........................................................................................................................... 83 4.1.1 Defenisi Elastisitas Permintaan ........................................................................................... 83 4.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Elastisitas Permintaan ...................................................................................... 84 4.1.3 Faktor-Faktor Penentu Tinggi Rendahnya Tingkat Elastisitas ............................. 88 4.1.4 Metode Menghitung Elastisitas ............................................................................................ 89 4.1.5 Menghitung Elastisitas Permintaan ................................................................................... 93 4.1.5.1 Menghitung Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Harga ................................ 93 Contoh Kasus 4.1Elastisitas Permin taan terhadap Harga di Dunia Nyata ..................... 95 4.1.5.2 Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Pendapatan .............................................. 96 4.1.5.3 Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga ............................................ 97 Contoh Kasus 4.2Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga di Dunia Nyata ....... 98 4.1.6 Elastisitas Harga dan Struktur Pasar .............................................................................. 101 4.1.7 Hubungan Tingkat Elastisitas dan Total Penerimaan (TR) ................................... 101
vi
4.2
a1am
r--_ _..,............ 45 ~_ _............... 45 ~ ___ ." ............. 46 ~ ___ .._........... 46 ~_ _."."............ 47 ~_ _ .,~_ .......... 52 ~_ _,._............. 52 ~_ _." ................ 57 ~_ __.............. 58 ~_ _"............... 60 ap _ ............... 61 ~_ _.. .............. 62 _ _................ 63 ___................. 64 ! -_ _................. 64 ;-___................... 65 ~
~_,.................... 66 ~_
_....,................. 67 __................... 67 ~___ ................ 67 1--_ _ ................ 68 .._ _ _ ..... ............ 68 1--_ _ ..,................. 71 .:-ak ................ 72 ~
~___".................
72
__................... 74 f----'~ ................ 74 ...___................... 76 e---___................. 77 ~
.~ .... .............. 83
1--_ _... ........ .... .... ..
83
Elastisitas Penawaran terhadap Harga (Price Elasticity O/Supply - Es ) ......................... 106 4.2.1 Defenisi ......................................................................................................................................... 106 4.2.2 Jenis E1astisitas dan Kurva Penawaran .......................................................................... 106 4.2.3 Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Elastisitas Penawaran ................................. 110 4.2.4 Penggunaan Elastisitas Penawaran dalam Pengambilan KeputusanManajerial ............................................................................................................. 111 Contoh Kasus 4.3 Permintaan, Penawaran dan Elastisitas .............................................. 112 Rangkuman .............................................................................................................................................................113 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 115
Bab V.Estimasi Permintaan .........................................................................................................................122 5.1 Masalah Identifikasi ..............................................................................................................................123 5.2 Pendekatan Penelitian Pemasaran Untuk Estimasi Permintaan ...................................... 123 5.2.1 Survei Konsumen .....................................................................................................................123 5.2.2 Penelitian Observasi ............................................................................................................... 124 Contoh Kasus 5.1 Pemasaran Mikro: Pemasaran Zero Terhadap Konsum en ............. 125 5.2.3 Klinik Konsumen ...................................................................................................................... 126 5.2.4 Eksperimen Pasar ....................................................................................................................127 Contoh Kasus 5.2Estimasi Permintaan untuk Jeruk dengan Eksperimen Pasar .......128 Contoh Kasus 5.3 Kerja Sarna Tim Lintas Divisi ...................................................................... 129 5.3 Estimasi Permintaan dengan Analisis Regresi ..........................................................................130 5.4 Pengenalan terhadap Analisis Regresi .........................................................................................131 5.4.1 Analisis Regresi Sederhana ................................................................................................. 132 Contoh Kasus 5.4 Resiko dalam Peramalan Permintaan .....................................................136 5.4.2 Analisis Regresi Berganda .................................................................................................... 137 Contoh Kasus 5.5 Mengestimasi Permintaan Untuk Penerbangan Melintasi North Atlantic ................................................................................................... 138 5.5 Masalah dalam Analisis Regresi ......................................................................................................139 5.5.1 Normalitas ................................................................................................................................... 139 5.5.2 Multikolinieritas ....................................................................................................................... 139 5.5.3 Heteroskedastisitas ................................................................................................................. 140 5.5.4 Autokorelasi ............................................................................................................................... 141 Contoh Kasus 5.6 Peramalan Permintaan yang Memberikan Keunggulan Bersaing Bagi Disney ..................................................................................... 150 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 151 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 154
&-__.. .. .... ............. 83
;--__ ..................... 84 ~ ...:..;:,,_"..................... 88 & - _...................... 89 1 - - _.... ................... 93 1;=._ _._ .. ................... 93 ..................... 95 ~_ _...................... 96 f - - _ .......................... 97 'a Nyata ....... 98 E--_...... ................. 101 f--__. ........ ............. 101
Bab VI. Ekonomi Produksi dan Estimasi. ................................................................................. 159 6.1 Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................................................159 6.2 Penerapan Konsep Produksi .............................................................................................................159 6.2.1 Konsep Dasar Produksi yang Perlu Diingat ................................................................. 159 6.3 Organisasi Produksi dan Fungsi Produksi .................................................................................. l60 6.3.1 Organisasi Produksi ................................................................................................................160 6.3.2 Fungsi Produksi ........................................................................................................................ 161 Contoh Kasus 6.1 Menentukan Sumber Daya yang Dibutuhkan .......................................162 6.4 Fungsi Produksi dengan Satu Input Variabel ............................................................................ 163 6.4.1 Hubungan antara Produk Marginal (MP),Produk Rata-Rata (AP), Elastisitas (E),dan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial.. ......................... 166 vii
6.5
Penggunaan InputVariabel secara Optimum ............................................................................ 169 Contoh Kasus 6.2 Mengapa Perusahaan Lebih Memilih Melakukan Outsource daripadaMemproduksi Sendiri Produk-Produknya? ............................................................ 172 6.6 Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Input Variabel ............................................................................. l72 6.6.1 Isokuan Produksi ..................................................................................................................... 172 6.6.1.1 Wilayah Ekonomis Produksi ............................................................................. 173 6.6.1.2 Tingkat Marginal dari Substitusi Teknis ...................................................... 174 Contoh Kasus 6.3 Peningkatan Substitusi Tenaga Kerja dengan Modal untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja .......................................... l77 6.7 Kombinasi InputOptimum ................................................................................................................. 177 6.8 Kombinasi Input Optimum untuk Meminimumkan Biaya atau MemaksimumkanOutput .................................................................................................................... 179 6.9 Efek Perubahan Harga Input... .......................................................................................................... 184 Contoh Kasus 6.4 Kemampuan Substitusi antara Bensin dan Waktu Berkendara ......................................................................................................... 185 6.10 Skala Hasil ................................................................................................................................................. 186 6.11 Fungsi Produksi Empiris .................................................................................................................... 190 Contoh Kasus 6.5 Spesialisasi merupakan Proses yang dilakukan pada Pabrik Peniti ..................................................................................................................... 192 Contoh Kasus 6.6 Merger Merupakan Skala Ekonomis di Bidang Perbankan ...........193 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 194 Melatih Etika Bisnis Anda ................................................................................................................................ 196 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ....................................................................................................................197
Bah VII. Teori dan Estimasi Biaya .............................................................................................. 202 7.1 Karakteristik Biaya ................................................................................................................................ 202 7.2 Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ............................................................................................................. 203 Contoh Kasus 7.1 Kerja Sama Tim Lintas Divisi ....................................................................... 211 7.3 Biaya Jangka Panjang ........................................................................................................................... 211 Contoh Kasus 7.2 Analisis Marginal: Toko Es Krim ................................................................ 216 Ukuran Pabrik dan Skala Ekonomis .............................................................................................. 218 7.4 7.4.1 Biaya Jangka Panjang: Skala Ekonomis, dan Disekonomis Skala Penghasilan Meningkat ......................................................................................................... 218 Contoh Kasus 7.3 Skala Ekonomis di Bidang Perbankan, 2005 ........................................ 220 Contoh Kasus 7.4Skala Ekonomis dalam Produksi Telur .................................................... 221 7.4.2 Skala Penghasilan Konstan .................................................................................................. 221 7.4.3 Skala Disekomis ....................................................................................................................... 222 7.5 Kurva Pembelajaran ............................................................................................................................. 222 7.6 Estimasi Empiris Fungsi Biaya ......................................................................................................... 225 7.6.1 Masalah Data dan Pengukuran dalam Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ........................................................................................................................... 225 7.6.2 Bentuk Fungsional Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ....................................................... 225 7.6.3 Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya Jangka Panjang dengan Cross-sectional Regression Analysis .................................................................................................................. 2 26 7.6.4 Mengestimasi Fungsi Biaya Jangka Panjang dengan Teknik Rekayasa danSurvival ................................................................................................................................. 226 7.7 Dilema Etis ................................................................................................................................................ 227 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................................. 227 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus ....................................................................................................................230
viii
_ _ _,...........169 ce _ - -"." ..........172 _ - - " .".......... 172 _ _ _ ............ 172 ~ ____ .......... 173 ~ _ _ _ ,.~ ......... 174 ~.
_ _ _.......... 177
~_ _ _'" .........177 ~_ _............ 179 ~_ _ _." ... ...... 184
t ___. . . .
185 _ _ _........ 186 ~._ _ _,.... .... 190 _ _ _ .. _.... 192 ........... 193 ~ ____ ..." .... 194 ~_ _ __...... 196 ,_ _ _ .........197 ~
___--,,~. ~ ........ 202 r-._ _~ .._..... .. 202 E--_ _ ,~......... 203 ~_ _~.......... 211 ~
_ _ _ .........211
E--_ _ .... .... .... 216 ~_ _.........218 ~____ ........ 218 >-____ ........... 220 _ _ _ .......... 221 ~_ _~ ...,......... 221 ~___ ...,.......... 222 ,......_ _ _"........... 222 E--_ _............ 225
Bab VIII. Menentukan Harga dan Jumlah Prod uk Optimum pada Struktur Pasar Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ............................................................................ 234 8.1 Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................................................234 8.2 Pengertian dan Jenis-Jenis Struktur Pasar .................................................................................. 235 8.3 Pasar Persaingan Sempurna ............................................................................................................. 238 8.3.1 Ciri·Ciri Pasar Persaingan Sempurna : ............................................................................ 238 8.3.2 Kebaikan Pasar Persaingan Sempurna ...........................................................................239 8.3.3 Keburukan·Keburukan Pasar Persaingan Sempurna Antara Lain : ................... 240 Contoh Kasus 8.1 Industri Tekstil Katun merupakan Contoh Perusahaan Persaingan Sempurna ....................................................................................241 8.3.4 Penentuan Harga dan Jumlah Produk dalam Pasar Persaingan Sempurna .....................................................................................................................................241 8.3.5 Analisis Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Persaingan Sempurna ................................. 244 8.3.5.1 Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan untuk Tutup ............................. 246 8.3.6 Analisis Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Persaingan Sempurna ................................ 248 8.3.6.1 Mengapa Perusahaan Terus Bekerja Jika Keuntungannya Nol ? ........ 249 8.4 Struktur Pasar Monopoli .................................................................................................................... 250 8.4.1 Ciri·Ciri Pasar Monopoli ........................................................................................................ 251 8.4.2 Keburukan Monopoli .............................................................................................................. 251 8.4.3 Perbedaan Monopoli Murni dan Monopolo Alamiah ............................................... 253 Contoh Kasus 8.2 Hambatan Masuk Pasar dan MonopoJi ................................................... 254 8.4.4 Alasan Munculnya Monopoli ............................................................................................... 255 8.4.5 Penetapan Harga Pasar Monopoli .................................................................................... 255 8.4.5.1 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka pendek pada Perusahaan Monopoli ..................................................................................................................... 2 5 5 8.4.5.2 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Panjang dalam Perusahaan Monopoli ........................................................................................... 256 8.4.6 Perbandingan antara Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ................................. 257 8.4.7 Biaya Sosial dari Monopoli .................................................................................................. 257 Contoh Kasus 8.3 Monopoli Berlian Debeers ............................................................................ 258 Contoh Kasus 8.4 Nilai Pasar Laba Monopoli dalam Industri Taksi di Kota New york ........................................................................................................................259 8.4.8 Cara Mengatasi Efek NegatifMonopoli .......................................................................... 259 8.4.9 Monopoli Tidak Selalu Buruk ............................................................................................. 260 8.4.10 Diskriminasi Harga .................................................................................................................. 260 Contoh Kasus 8.5 Diskriminasi Harga padaObat.. ................................................................... 262 Rangkuman .............................................................................................................................................................265 Soal Latihan dan Aplikasi Kasus .................................................................................................................... 266 Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................................................................... 271
>---_ _ ..,............ 225 ~_ _.............. 225
_ _ _............... , 226 a _ ................ 226 ___............... 227 _ _................. 227 E--_ _._ .... ........... 230 ~
ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR No 1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
xii
ludul Halaman Peran Ekonomi Manajerial dalam Pengambilan Keputusan .................................................... 3 Kurva Penerimaan Total Perusahaan .............................................................................................. 17 Kurva TC,AC, dan MC ............................................................................................................................... 19 Kurva Permintaan Individual untuk Komoditas Kopi .............................................................. 52 Kurva Permintaan Indidual 1 dan 2 ................................................................................................. 58 Kurva Permintaan Pasar ........................................................................................................................ 58 Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva Permintaan ........................................................................................... 59 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan ............................................................................................................ 59 Keseimbangan yang Stabil .................................................................................................................... 69 Pasar dalam Kondisi Tidak Seimbang .............................................................................................. 70 Pasar Minyak Mentah AS, 1989 .......................................................................................................... 73 Permintaan Inelastis SempurnaElastisitas=O ............................................................................... 84 Permintaan Inelastis ................................................................................................................................ 85 Permintaan Elastis Uniter: Elastisitas =1.. .................................................................................... 86 Pernlintaan yang Elastis ........................................................................................................................ 87 Permintaan Elastis Sempurna ............................................................................................................. 88 Kurva Penawaran Elastis .................................................................................................................... 106 Kurva Penawaran Inelastis ................................................................................................................ 107 Kurva Penawaran Uniter .................................................................................................................... 107 Kurva Penawaran Inelastis Sempurna ......................................................................................... 108 Kurva Penawaran Elastis Sempurna ............................................................................................. 109 Peningkatan Penawaran dalam Pasar Jagung ........................................................................... 113 Diagram Penear Harga Produk dan Penerimaan Penjualan ............................................... 131 Garis Regresi ............................................................................................................................................ 132 Gangguan Heteroskedastisitas dan Autokorelasi... ................................................................. 142 Kurva Total Produksi (TPL), Marginal Produksi (MP L), Rata-Rata Produk Produksi (AP L) dari Tenaga Kerja .................................................................................................. 165 Kurva Total Produksi (TPL), Produksi Marginal (MPL), dan Produksi Rata-Rata (APL), serta Tahapan Produksi ......................................................................................................... 167 Penggunaan Optimum dari Tenaga Kerja ................................................................................... 171 Isokuan ....................................................................................................................................................... 173 Porsi Relevan Isokuan ......................................................................................................................... 174 Kemiringan dari Isokuan .................................................................................................................... 175 Garis Isokos .............................................................................................................................................. 178 Kombinasi Input Optimum ................................................................................................................ 180 Kombinasi Optimum Bahan Bakar dan Waktu Berkendaraan .......................................... 186 Skala Hasil Tetap .................................................................................................................................... 187 Skala Hasil Meningkat .......................................................................................................................... 188 Skala Hasil Menurun ............................................................................................................................. 188 Kurva TC, TVC, TFC ............................................................................................................................... 204 Kurva MC, ATC, AVC, AFC ................................................................................................................... 204 Kemungkinan Bentuk dari Kurva AC ............................................................................................ 212 Penurunan Kurva Biaya Total, Rata-Rata, dan Marginal dalam Jangka Panjang ....... 213 Kurva Pembeiajaran ............................................................................................................................. 223
8.1 8.2
Halaman "'--."........................... 3 :...-... ....................... 17 '----_...................... 19 ~ ....................... 52 ~ ...................... 58 ~ ....................... 58 '----." ..................... 59 '----_ ...................... 59 :...-,....................... 69 :...--...................... 70 ___- -...................... 73 ,..._ _ ...................... 84 r--__ .................... 85 r _ .... ·.............. 86 1--_ _ .... .. ............. 87 ~._ _ .................... 88 1--_ _ _ ............... 106 ~_ _ ................ 107 ~_ _ ................ 107 ~_ _................ 108 1--_ _ ............. 109 ~ ___ ".............. 113 ~.-_ ............... 131 ~_ _ ............... 132 ~_-_ .............. 142
8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6
Keseimbangan Pasar ........................................................................................................................... 243 Tingkat Harga dan Tingkat Produksi Optimum pada Perusahaan dalam Pasar Persaingan Sempurna .......................................................................................................................... 244 Analisis Jangka Pendek Perusahaan untuk Tutup ............................................... :................... 246 Keseimbangan Jangka Panjang pada Industri Persaingan Sempurna ............................ 249 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Pendek oleh Seorang Monopolis ........................ 256 Penentuan Harga dan Output Jangka Panjang oleh Seorang Monopolis ...................... 256
_ _ ............. 165 ":l - ata .....____ ............ 167 ~-- ............ 171 ~---- ............ 173 ~---,,- .......... 174 ~---- .. ....... 175 ~----~ ........ 178 ;__- - - "........... 180 ~ __- _ ........... 186 ~ ___~ .......... 187 ~_ _ _ ........... 188 ~_--_ .......... 188 ~_ _ _......... 204 ~_ _ _ .......... 204 ~ ____ ".......... 212 ~-C=:- jang ....... 213 _ _ _ _ .......... 223 ~
!fI:o
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL No
Halaman
Daftar Penerimaan Total Perusahaan ............................................................................................. 17 Biaya Total (TC) , Rata-Rata (AC), dan Marginal (MC) pada Perusahaan yang Menjual Alat-Alat Kesehatan .............................................................................................................. 19 Aturan Fungsi Diferensiasi .................................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Ringkasan Bentuk Hubungan Variabel-Variabel yang Mempengaruhi Jumlah 3.1 Produk yang Diminta pad a Waktu Tertentu ................................................................................ 50 Permintaan Terhadap Kopi pada Berbagai Tingkat Harga ................................................... 52 3.2 Permintaan Individu dan Permintaan Pasar ............................................................................... 57 3.3 3.4 Ringkasan Bentuk Hubungan Variabel-Variabel dalam Fungsi Penawaran dengan Kuantitas Penawaran Produk pada Waktu Tertentu .............................................. 57 Permintaan dan Penawaran Pulp en ................................................................................................ 68 3.5 Skedul Permintaan untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3Pz. . . ····· ··90 4.1 4.2 Elastisitas Titik untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3Pz ·· 91 4.3 Skedul Permintaan untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3P ................................................... 91 4.4 Elastisitas Busur untuk Fungsi Permintaan Qdx = 85-3P ........................................................ 92 4.5 Estimasi Jangka Pendek dan Jangka Panjang dari Elastisitas Permintaan Terhadap Harga (Ep) untuk Beberapa Komoditas di Amerika Serikat ........................... 95 4.6 E1astisitas Pendapatan untuk Beberapa Produk. ....................................................................... 97 4.7 Estimasi Elastisitas Permintaan Silang terhadap Harga [EAS] antara Beberapa Komoditas di Amerika Serikat ...................................................................................... 98 4.8 Hubungan Elastisitas Permintaan dengan Penerimaan Total (TR) dan Penerimaan Marginal (MR) ............................................................................................................... 102 4.9 Data Hubungan antara Jumlah Produk yang Diminta(Qd)dengan Harga Produk(P) ..................................................................................................................................................103 4.10 Perhitungan Estimasi Fungsi Permintaan .................................................................................. 105 4.11 Ringkasan Koefisien Elastisitas Penawaran .............................................................................. 110 5.1 Elastisitas Permintaan terhadap Harga dan Harga Silang untuk Jeruk Florida Indian River, Florida Inter ior, dan California ............................................................................ 128 5.2 Daftar Harga Produk dengan Pendapatan Penjualan ............................................................ 131 5.3 Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Sederhana .................................133 5.4 Kalkulasi untuk Mengestimasi Galat Standar b........................................................................ 134 5.5 Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Nilai Koefisien Determinasi(RZ) ................................135 5.6 Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produkyang diminta dengan Harga ........................ 143 5.7 Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Sederhana ................................. 143 5.8 Data Kuantitas Permintaan(Qd) dan Harga Produk. ............................................................... 146 5.9 Perhitungan untuk Mengestimasi Garis Regresi Linier Berganda ................................... 146 5.10 Data Permintaan Sepatu ..................................................................................................................... 154 5.11 Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produk yang diminta dengan Produk. ..................... 154 2.1 2.2
....
Judul
x
5.12
Halaman
r-_ _ ................. 17
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
~_ _..................
21 ah ~ ___ . .,................. 50 _ ................. 52 ~ ___ .. .............. 57 _
.... ............. 57
1--_ _ .... ....... .. ... 68
··· 90 ~~---·········· · · · 91 ~_ _ ................
_
91 ................ 92
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.2
Data Hubungan antara Kuantitas Produk, Harga, dan Pendapatan Konsumen .................................................................................................................................................155 Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Input Variabel ............................................................................. 162 Fungsi Produksi dengan Satu Input Variabel ............................................................................ 164 Hubungan antara Produk Marginal(MP), Produksi Rata-Rata (AP), Elastisitas(£L), dan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial... .................................... 166 Hubungan antara Total Produksi (TPL), Produk Marginal (MPL), Pendapatan Marginal (MRL), Produk Pendapatan Marginal (MRPL) dan Biaya Sumber Daya Marginal Tenaga Kerja (MRCL) .............................................................. 170 Biaya Jangka Pendek Suatu Perusahaan ...................................................................................... 203 Hubungan antara MC, ATC, Eedan Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan Manajerial... ...... 205 Ringkasan Model Regresi Kubik dalam Fungsi Biaya Jangka Pendek ............................ 207 Perhitungan Biaya yang Relevan .................................................................................................... 209 Ikhtisar Konsep Biaya .......................................................................................................................... 210 Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan dalam Pengendalian Skala Usaha .................................. 212 Biaya Jangka Panjang ........................................................................................................................... 213 Strategi Pembuatan Keputusan dalam Pengendalian Lingkup Usaha ........................... 214 Asumsi-Asumsi yang Melandasi Bentuk Pasar ......................................................................... 237 Perbandingan antara Persaingan Sempurna dan Monopoli ............................................... 257
. _ ".................. 98 1-_ _ _ ... ............ 102
_ _.................103 ~_ _ ................ 105 _ ................. 110 " "--__,..................128 _ _................... 131 [ _ _ ................... 133 _ ..................134 ____ ....................135
t.- -
.......................146 ........................ 154 uk...................... 154
xi
an dalam pasar am biaya tetap !fusahaan dalam
r
n dalam pasar keseimbangan
I optimum ketika
m keseimbangan m keseimbangan sedang berada
~a
f. keseimbangan ut berada dalam jangka pendek? jangka pendek pa? a bagian kurva
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Arsyad, Lincolin. 2000.Ekonomi Universitas Gajah Mada.
Manajerial.
Edisi
Ketiga.
Yogyakarta:
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 201 O.Prosedur Penelitian : Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. (Edisi Revisi).J akarta: Rineka Cipta. Case, Karl E. dan Ray C. Fair. 2007. Prinsip-Prinsip Ekonomi. Edisi Kedelapan Jilid Kesatu. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. DeGeorge, R.T. 1999. Bussiness Ethics. NJ : Prentice-Hall. Douglas, Evan J. 1992. Managerial Economics: Analysis and Strategy. Fourth Edition. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall International. Eisinger, Jesse. 2004. Year-End Review of Markets and Finance 2003. The Wall Streets Journal. Gaspersz, Vincent. 1999. Contoh Soal dan Penyelesaian Ekonomi Manajerial. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Gaspersz, Vincent. 2011. Ekonomi Manajerial. Jakarta: Vinchristo Publication. Ghozali, Imam. 2005. "Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS" Edisi 3, Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. Heizer, Jay dan Barry Render. 2006. Manajemen Operasi. Edisi Ketujuh. Jakarta: Salemba Empat Hirschey, M. 1989. Fundamentals of Managerial Economics-Study Guide. Third Edition. New York: TheDryden Press. Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, dan Michael T. Matteson. 2007. Perilaku dan ManajemenOrganisasi. Edisi ketujuh, Jilid 2. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Jones, T.M. 1991. Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An IssueContingent Model.Academy of Management Review. McEachern, William A. 2001. Ekonomi Mikro: Pendekatan Kontemporer. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Noor, Henry Faizal. 2007. Ekonomi Manajerial. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada. Pappas, James L., et al. 1992. Managerial Economics. Sixth Edition. Chicago: The Dryden Press Salvatore, Dominick. 2001. Managerial Economics Dalam Perekonomian Global. Edisi Keempat Jilid Kesatu. Jakarta: PT Penerbit Erlangga. Salvatore, Dominick. 2001. Managerial Economics Dalam Perekonomian Global. Edisi Keempat Jilid Kedua. Jakarta: PT Penerbit Erlangga. Salvatore, Dominick. 2005. Managerial Economics. Edisi Kelima. Jilid Pertama.Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Salvatore, Dominick. 200S. Managerial Economics. Edisi Kelima. Jilid Kedua. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Siahaan, Elisabet.2011.Matematika Ekonomi dan Bisnis. Medan:USU Press. Siahaan Elisabet.2012. Ekonomi Manajerial: USU Press. Taylor, Bernard W. Sains Manajemen. Edisi Kedelapan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
271
