DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................................ i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................................ ii INTISARI ...................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv MOTTO ........................................................................................................................... v HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN .................................................................................... vi PRAKATA ..................................................................................................................... vii DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................................... xi DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................ xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................ 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................................................ 1 B. Tujuan Proyek Akhir ............................................................................................. 2 C. Perumusan Masalah .............................................................................................. 2 D. Batasan Masalah.................................................................................................... 2 E. Metode Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................... 3 F. Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................................... 4 BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ......................................................................................... 5 A. Generator ............................................................................................................... 5 1. Generator DC .................................................................................................. 5 a. Konstruksi Generator ................................................................................ 6 b. Komponen-Komponen Penyusun Generator ............................................ 7 c. Prinsip Kerja Generator DC .................................................................... 13 d. Jenis-Jenis Generator DC ........................................................................ 15 e. Prinsip Penearah ...................................................................................... 22 f. Reaksi Jangkar ........................................................................................ 24 g. Pengaturan Tegangan Generator Arus Searah ........................................ 27 2. Generator AC ................................................................................................ 28 a. Prinsip Kerja Generator........................................................................... 29 b. Konstruksi Generator .............................................................................. 31 c. Pengaturan Putaran.................................................................................. 33 d. Pengaturan Tegangan .............................................................................. 34 B. Komutator ........................................................................................................... 37 C. Brush ................................................................................................................... 39 1. Jenis-Jenis Brush ........................................................................................... 40 2. Tekanan Brush .............................................................................................. 42 3. Pemasangan Brush ........................................................................................ 42 4. Brush Sparking .............................................................................................. 43 5. Flashover ....................................................................................................... 43 D. Sistem Eksitasi .................................................................................................... 43 1. Sistem Eksitasi Konvensional (Menggunakan Generator Arus Searah) ....... 44 2. Sistem Eksitasi Statis .................................................................................... 45
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BAB III SISTEM EKSITASI GENERATOR PLTA SUTAMI ............................... 47 A. Sistem Operasi Eksitasi PLTA Sutami ............................................................... 47 B. Sistem Eksitasi Generator PLTA Sutami ............................................................ 50 C. Komponen Penyusun Sistem Eksitasi PLTA Sutami ......................................... 50 1. Genrator DC Shunt........................................................................................ 52 2. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) ........................................................... 52 3. Baterai (DC Power) ....................................................................................... 54 4. Brush (Sikat Arang) ...................................................................................... 55 5. Transformer Eksitasi ..................................................................................... 56 6. Current Transformer dan Potential Transformer........................................... 57 BAB IV DATA DAN PEMBAHASAN........................................................................ 58 A. Spesifikasi Generator .......................................................................................... 58 B. Spesifikasi Brush ................................................................................................. 58 C. Parameter Perhitungan ........................................................................................ 59 1. Current Carrying Capacity (Arus Density) ................................................... 59 2. Keausan Brush .............................................................................................. 60 3. Brush Holder Spring Pressure ....................................................................... 61 4. Spesific Resistance ........................................................................................ 61 D. Data dan Pembahasan ......................................................................................... 61 1. Current Carrying Capacity (Arus Density) ................................................... 61 2. Keausan Brush .............................................................................................. 65 3. Brush Holder Spring Pressure ....................................................................... 69 4. Spesific Resistance ........................................................................................ 69 BAB V PENUTUP ......................................................................................................... 71 A. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................................ 71 B. Saran .................................................................................................................. 72 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 Konstruksi Generator DC ............................................................. 7 Gambar 2.2 Rangka Generator Arus Searah .................................................... 8 Gambar 2.3 Konstruksi Kutub dan Penempatannya ........................................ 9 Gambar 2.4 Konstruksi Sikat ........................................................................... 9 Gambar 2.5 Konstruksi Komutator .................................................................. 10 Gambar 2.6 Konstruksi Jangkar Generator Arus Searah ................................. 10 Gambar 2.7 Bentuk Umum Belitan Jangkar .................................................... 11 Gambar 2.8 Kumparan Progresif dan Kumparan Retrogresif .......................... 12 Gambar 2.9 Prinsip Kerja Generator DC ......................................................... 13 Gambar 2.10 Gelombang Keluaran Generator DC .......................................... 13 Gambar 2.11 Pembangkitan Tegangan Induksi ............................................... 14 Gambar 2.12 Tegangan Rotor yang Dihasilkan Melalui SlipRing dan Komutator14 Gambar 2.13 Generator DC Berpenguatan Terpisah ....................................... 15 Gambar 2.14 Karateristik Generator DC Berpenguatan Terpisah ................... 16 Gambar 2.15 Generator DC Berpenguatan Sendiri Seri .................................. 17 Gambar 2.16 Generator DC Berpenguatan Sendiri Shunt ............................... 18 Gambar 2.17 Diagram Rangkaian Generator DC Shunt .................................. 18 Gambar 2.18 Karateristik Generator DC Shunt ............................................... 19 Gambar 2.19 Generator Penguatan Sendiri Kompon Panjang ......................... 20 Gambar 2.20 Diagram Generator Kompon ...................................................... 20 Gambar 2.21 Karateristik Generator Kompon ................................................. 20 Gambar 2.22 Generator DC Berpenguatan Terpisah Kompon Pendek ........... 21 Gambar 2.23 Suatu Pengahantar yang Ditembus Oleh Fluks .......................... 22 Gambar 2.24 Ilustrasi Proses Penyearahan ...................................................... 23 Gambar 2.25 Bentuk Gelombang Hasil Penyearahan ...................................... 24 Gambar 2.26 Proses Terjadinya Reaksi Jangkar .............................................. 25 Gambar 2.27 Proses Pergeseran Bidang Netral ............................................... 25 Gambar 2.28 Kurva Pemagnetan Ketika Reaksi Jangkar Terjadi .................... 26 Gambar 2.29 Proses Pembangkitan Tegangan pada Generator DC ................. 27 Gambar 2.30 Sistem pembangkitan generator sinkron .................................... 29 Gambar 2.31 Kumparan 3 Fasa ........................................................................ 30 Gambar 2.32 Konstruksi Generator Sinkron .................................................... 30 Gambar 2.33 Konstruksi Rotor Kutub Silindris............................................... 32 Gambar 2.34 Konstruksi Generator Kutub Menonjol ...................................... 32 Gambar 2.35 Self Excited AVR Controlled Generator..................................... 35 Gambar 2.36 Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) Exciter........................... 36 Gambar 2.37 Grafik Komutator yang Mengkonversi AC Menjadi DC ........... 38 Gambar 2.38 Carbon Brush ............................................................................. 39 Gambar 2.39 Sistem Eksitasi Menggunakan Generator Arus Searah .............. 44 Gambar 2.40 Sistem Eksitasi Statis ................................................................. 45 Gambar 3.1 Wiring diagram Sistem eksitasi PLTA Sutami ............................ 46 Gambar 3.2 Rangkaian Generator DC Shunt ................................................... 49 Gambar 3.3 Letak Separate Winding dan Shunt Field Winding ...................... 50
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Gambar 3.4 Kubikel AVR dan Eksiter ............................................................ Gambar 3.5 Rheostat Field .............................................................................. Gambar 3.6 Baterai (DC Power)...................................................................... Gambar 3.7 Arah Aliran Arus DC Antar Komponen ...................................... Gambar 3.8 Sikat Arang (Brush) ..................................................................... Gambar 3.9 Letak Brush ..................................................................................
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51 51 52 53 53 54
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 4.1 Exciter pada beban 30 MW .............................................................. 61 Tabel 4.2 Arus setiap brush pada exciter ......................................................... 62 Tabel 4.3 Arus setiap brush pada collector ...................................................... 63 Tabel 4.4 Pengukuran collector brush bulan Maret 2016 ................................ 64 Tabel 4.5 Pengukuran exciter brush bulan Maret 2016 ................................... 65 Tabel 4.6 Tabel pengukuran brush collector bulan April 2016 ....................... 65 Tabel 4.7 Tabel pengukuran brush exciter bulan April 2016 .......................... 66
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