CRIMINALITEIT IN DE KETEN, FRAUDE MET VOEDSEL het daderperspectief
Wim Huisman (
[email protected]) 1
FOOD FRAUD: TERRA INCOGNITA CRIMINOLOGICA
• Research questions criminology • Prevalence and harm of crime • Crime & offender profiles • Causes of crime • Crime control • Crime prevention • Effects of interventions
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PREVALENCE OF FOOD FRAUD
‘Omvang geknoei met voedsel is verontrustend’
VOEDSELCRIMINALITEIT • Voedselonveiligheid: schade aan gezondheid • Fenylbutazon: beenmergkanker • Voedselfraude: economische schade • Paard voor rund (oplichting)
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WHAT IS FOOD FRAUD?
Economically driven Motivation is ‘GAIN’
Intentional Adulteration
Food Fraud
Food Defenc e
Food Quality
Unintentional / Accidental Adulteration
Food Safety
Science based Food borne illness
Petra Wissenburg, Danone Corporate Quality & Food Safety
Ideologically driven Motivation is ‘HARM’
DEFINITION OF FOOD FRAUD • "the deliberate placing on the market, for financial gain, foods which are falsely described or otherwise intended to deceiving the consumer” (Food Standards Agency, 2007). •“deliberate and intentional substitution, addition, tampering, or misrepresentation of food, food ingredients, or food packaging; or false or misleading statements made about a product, for economic gain” (Spink & Moyer, 2011, p.158).
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LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF FOOD FRAUD
• Fraud: which criminal offence? • Valsheid in geschrifte (art. 125 Sr), oplichting (art. 326 Sr) • Voedsel en Warenwet, Wet Economische Delicten • “In traditional crime investigations, the police are searching for the criminal, but in cases of white collar crime they are searching for the crime.” (Friedrichs, 2010: 278) • Mens rea
HOW CAN WE MEASURING CRIME? •
Official statistics? • Police data • Complaints and notifications • Enforcement priority • Registration • inspectorates, regulatory agencies
Victim surveys? • Self report surveys? • Dark figure! •
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OFFENDER PROFILES
ORGANISED CRIME Fijnaut et.al. (1995): Groups which are: 1. 2. 3.
Primarily focused on illegal gains Systematically committing serious crimes Trying to conceal, by violence or corruption
• Vices • Racketeering
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OFFENDER PROFILES
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME Crime committed by a person of respectability and a high social status in the course of his occupation (Sutherland, 1949)
• • •
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Crime? Blue vs. white collars Individual or corporate actor?
CORPORATE CRIME Any act committed by corporations that is punished by the state, regardless of whether it is punished under administrative, civil or criminal law’ (Clinard & Yeager 1980,16).
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OFFENDERS OF FOOD FRAUD • Corporate crime? • Organised crime? Georganiseerde criminaliteit • Meat-maffia, criminele gangs • Vices – racketeering?
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CRIMINAL CARREERS FRAUDSTERS
• Low rate offenders •Crisis responders •Opportunity takers
• Medium rate offenders (opportunity seekers) • High rate offenders (stereotypical criminals) • Age, specialisation,ses, … differ 16
CRIMINAL CARREERS DUTCH FRAUD SUSPECTS
2.5
2
Stereotypical White-Collar Offenders (38,9%)
1.5
Offences
Adult Onset Offenders (39,4%)
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Adult Persisters (17,8%)
Stereotypical Criminals (4%) 0.5
0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Age
CAUSES OF FOOD FRAUD
‘Think like a Criminal’
“We have to think like a criminal” Jenny Morris, principal policy officer at the Chartered Institute for Environmental Health in The Guardian, 3 May 2014
CRIMINAL DISPOSITION?
White-collar offenders are psychologically normal (James W. Coleman, 1995)
CAUSES OF FOOD FRAUD
• Correlated to? • Personality traits • Organizational characteristics • Industry conditions
MOTIVATION
• Economic dimension • Opportunity driven fraud • Necessity driven fraud
• Social and moral dimensions • Differential association • Normalization of deviance • Corporate culture • Standard operating procedures
Vleesgroothandel Willy Selten BV Oud-medewerkers in ‘Twee vandaag’: • Als ik met jou praat op camera, loop ik niet meer veilig rond. Iedereen is doodsbang hier.’ • 'Iedereen wist dat er werd bijgemengd, dat was geen geheim binnen het bedrijf', aldus een ex-werknemer. Een andere medewerker: 'Het meeste ging in de snippers, maar we hebben ook stukken paardenvlees als biefstuk van een rund verkocht. Dan ging er een sticker op met 'rund'. Dat waren trouwens ook de enige stickers die we hadden.‘ • 'We konden er bijna niet bij in de buurt werken. We moesten een doek voor ons gezicht doen omdat we er misselijk van werden. Ik wist toen, dit mag nooit, dit is verkeerd. Sinds ik daar heb gewerkt, eet ik geen vlees meer.'
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RATIONALIZATION Neutralization techniques: before or after the fact? • Denial of harm • Denial of victims • Condemning the condemners • Appeal to higher loyalties • Denial/transfer of responsibility • Everybody else is doing it • Conforming to expectations
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OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES •Opportunities • Suitable target • Absence of guardianship
•Criminogenic industries • Market structure
• Nature of product
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OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN • Ketenanalyse Selten door NVWA • 132 directe afnemers • 14 laatste schakel (diervoeders, winkels, supermarkten, horeca) • 118 tussenschakel(handelaren, productiebedrijven, uitsnijderijen)
• 1722 indirecte afnemers • 1432 laatste schakel • 290 tussenschakel
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SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION Criminal opportunity Prevention strategy Effort required to offend
Increase the effort
Perceived Risk of detection
Increase detection risk
Rewards gained from Reduce the rewards offense Situational conditions Reduce provocations Excuses and neutralizations 13
Remove excuses
SCP en vleesfraude • (Verhoog) moeite om te overtreden • Fraudegevoeligheid paardenpaspoort
• (Verhoog)gepercipieerde pakkans • Capaciteit & expertise NVWA
• (Verminder) opbrengsten • Ongeregistreerd paard: negatieve waarde • Paard met paspoort: 500 euro • Omkatten naar rund: 2000 euro
• (Voorkom) situationele omstandigheden die uitlokken • Verhoog bewustzijn consument • Afschrikking werkt niet, geheugen opfrissen wel
• (Verhinder) neutralisaties • Verander mores in de branche 14
HOE NU VERDER? • Publicaties (food research, criminologie) • Onderzoeksaanvraag • Valorisatie • Wordt vervolgd
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