Created by Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si
[email protected]
Surviving in Thin Air • The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen – Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey – Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O2 Lung
CO2
1 Breathing
Circulatory system
2 Transport of gases by the circulatory system
Mitochondria
3 Servicing of
O2
cells within the body tissues
CO2 Capillary Cell
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas – Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere – Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen – They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygenrich blood to tissues and muscles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Siklus Krebs Berlangsung di matriks mitokondria
Sistem Pernapasan Manusia Alat respirasi • Hidung
• Laring • Trakea • Bronkus • Paru-paru
• Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease • Smoking also causes emphysema – Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture – This reduces the lungs’ capacity for gas exchange
Glotis dan epiglotis pada alat respirasi manusia.
KLIK
Bagian paru-paru manusia.
Mekanisme Pernapasan
Mekanisme pernapasan dada. Bisa klik-bisa tidak klik
Mekanisme pernapasan perut.
Volume dan Kapasitas Paru-paru
Volume paru-paru • Volume tidal • Volume cadangan inspirasi • Volume cadangan ekspirasi • Volume residu
Kapasitas paru-paru • Kapasitas inspirasi • Kapasitas residu fungsional • Kapasitas vital • Kapasitas paru-paru total
Frekuensi Pernapasan
Frekuensi pernapasan dipengaruhi oleh: • Umur • Jenis kelamin • Suhu tubuh • Posisi tubuh
Mekanisme Pertukaran Oksigen dan Karbon dioksida
Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan hemoglobin.
• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells – It carries most of the oxygen in the blood
Heme group
Iron atom
O2 loaded in lungs O2 unloaded in tissues
Polypeptide chain
O2
O2
Breathing is automatically controlled • Breathing control centers are located in the pons and medulla of the brain – These automatic controls keep breathing in tune with body needs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood pH – This triggers a cascade of events
Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by: Pons Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease in blood Nerve signal indicating low O2 level
Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles
O2 sensor in artery Diaphragm Rib muscles
Pernafasan • Aerob • Anaerob
Kelainan dan Penyakit pada Sistem Pernapasan Manusia • Faringitis • Pneumonia • Emfisema paru-paru • Asma • Dipteri
• Asfiksi • TBC • Hipoksia • Asidosis • Sianosis
Sistem Pernapasan Hewan Sistem Pernapasan Porifera Pada Porifera, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan tubuhnya.
Sistem Pernapasan Coelenterata
Pada Coelenterata, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan tubuh dan melalui alat bantu berupa sifonoglifa.
Earthworms
• Some animals use their entire skin as a gasexchange organ – Example: earthworms Cut
Cross section of respiratory surface (the skin covering the body)
CO2 O2 Capillaries
Sistem Pernapasan Serangga
– Tracheae in insects Pada serangga, pertukaran gas dari jaringan dengan udara dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem pembuluh trakea.
Body surface Respiratory surface (tracheae)
Body cells (no capillaries)
Sistem pembuluh trakea pada serangga.
Air sacs
Tracheae
Opening for air
Body cell Tracheole
Air sac
Trachea
Air
Body wall
Sistem Pernapasan Ikan
Pada ikan, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan insang.
Struktur insang pada ikan dan aliran air yang masuk ke insang.
• In most animals, specialized body parts carry out gas exchange – Gills in fish
Body surface Respiratory surface (gill)
CO2 O2
Capillaries
22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O2 transfer • Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction opposite to water flow – This countercurrent maintains a diffusion gradient that maximizes the uptake of O2
Water flow over lamellae
Blood flow through lamellae
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sistem Pernapasan Katak
Pada katak, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru.
Mekanisme respirasi katak.
Sistem Pernapasan Reptil
Pada reptil, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru.
Sistem Pernapasan Burung Pada burung, proses respirasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan paru-paru.
Fase inspirasi dan ekspirasi pada respirasi burung.
