THE PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS CONSTRUCTION IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY COMPLETED IN 2011
By ANA RESA NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS 2012
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THE PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS CONSTRUCTION IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY COMPLETED IN 2011
SKRIPSI Presented to The University of Muria Kudus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program In English Education
By ANA RESA NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS 2012 iii
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has been approved by the thesis advisors for the further approval by the Examining Committee.
Kudus,
February 2012
Advisor I
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd NIS. 0610713020001020
Advisor II
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
Acknowledged by The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd. NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
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EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has been approved by the Examining Committee as a requirement of the Sarjana Degree in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language. Kudus, Thesis Examining Committee
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd NIS. 0610701000001207
, Chairperson
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
, Member
Drs. Muh. Syafei, M. Pd NIP. 19620413 198803 1 002
, Member
Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, SS, M.Pd NIS. 0610701000001187
, Member
Acknowledged by The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M. Pd NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
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MOTTO AND DEDICATION Motto: •
If we want to be succesfull in all sides of our life, always remember these three key words : patient, generous, and honest ! (the writer)
Dedication: I dedicate my skripsi to:
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llah SWT the Almighty and my Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon on him
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y entire family, for all prayers which have been said and all spirit given
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y incredible husband and My little angel Aira
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ll people who appreciate knowledge
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful, in this occasion, I would like to express my gratitude to the God, Allah S.W.T., who has given me mercies and blessing so that I can accomplish this skripsi entitle “The Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi Written by the Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011”. There are many people who give their own contribution during my struggle to complete this skripsi. So that in this special occasion, I would also like to convey my special gratitude to them. They are: 1.
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd, the Dean of Teacher
Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University 2.
Fitri Budi Suryani, S.S. M.Pd the Head of English
Education Department 3.
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd., my first advisor who
gives me his best effort I could never imagine before 4.
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd as my second advisor
who already gives me wise suggestions in completing this skripsi 5.
All of the lecturers who taught me during studying at
the Faculty. 6.
My beloved parents, brothers, and the entire families
who give me everything and give endless supports
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I hope that it will be useful for those especially who are in the field of education.
Kudus,
Ana Resa
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ABSTRACT Resa, Ana. 2012. The Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found in The Background of Skripsi Written By The Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011. Skripsi. English Education Department. Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Muria Kudus University. Advisor Lecturer: (I) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd Key Words: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, and Background of Sripsi Writing final project or also known as “skripsi” in the university especially the University of Muria Kudus is a must for students who major English to get sarjana degree. Such as other writing activities, when students write a skripsi, they have to turn over in mind the sentences that they have produced, since it is kind of written text which extremely needs to be grammatically correct and coherent to others. Skripsi itself contains some chapters and one of them is introduction. Background section of skripsi is a kind of text, in this case, a written text. In the term of text, both spoken and written texts consist of clauses which are connected with conjunctions to form clause complexes. Each clause complex forms and combines into paragraph which tied by cohesion to create good meaning. This research basically comes to the facts mentioned above. The purpose of this research is to find out which of parataxis or hypotaxis that is dominantly used in constructing clause complexes which are found in the background of skripsi written by the students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 and to find the implications of the use of parataxis and hypotaxis constructed in clause complexes which are found in the background of skripsi written by the students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011. This is a descriptive qualitative research. This research describes parataxis and hypotaxis found in the skripsi background of the students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University by splitting the clause complexes into clause, identifying its taxis relation whether it is parataxis or hypotaxis, giving formulaic explanation, and stating conclusion for the last step. It means that this research does not have a hypothesis and such that it does not need to perform a hypothesis testing. The result shows that after analyzing the parataxis and hypotaxis in the four bakgrounds of skripsi, I summarize that the writers use both parataxis and hypotaxis to construct clause complexes. In other words, the writers construct clause complexes paratatically and hypotactically. The occurrence of parataxis and hypotaxis in each bakcground of skripsi is different. The first background skripsi uses 28 parataxis and 70 hypotaxis. In the second background of skripsi, I count that there are 14 parataxis and 27 hypotaxis. Meanwhile, in the third background of skripsi, there are 24 parataxis and 55 hypotaxis. The last, in the fourth background of skripsi, I retrieve that the writer uses 17 parataxis and 47 hypotaxis. By calculating the taxis, I determined that between parataxis and hypotaxis, the writers have tendency to use hypotaxis. It has some implications i.e they have good English competence since they have no difficulties in realizing ideas into writing and use various style of constructing clause complexes either parataxis or hypotaxis to make themselves as quailified as native speakers of
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English, they want to make their writing as the same as what native speakers of English do by hypotatically constructing the text and they want to present their arguments as sub-ordinate to others to emphasize the greater or lower functional importance of the messages they carry on rather than explain the messages in sequence of order. Then, I address my suggestion to the students, the lecturers and the future researchers. For the students, I suggest them to fully concern on the clause boundaries; they should truly pay attention to embedded clause which probably exist, and should be careful and think deeply in determining whether it parataxis or hypotaxis. While, for the lecturers, I suggest the lecturers to lead the students to hold a study like this sort study as I have been conducted as many as possible in order to increase students’ interests to the clause compexes especially parataxis and hypotaxis and functional grammar in general. Whereas, for the next researchers, I suggest those who want to conduct a similar research as I did, you can use my research as previous research finding to sustain your research. In this chance, I also realize that it is not an easy job to do. I hope that the next researchers can develop their study probably by conducting deeper study about this topic.
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ABSTRAKSI Resa, Ana. 2012. Parataxis dan Hypotaxis yang di Konstruksikan pada klausa kompleks yang di temukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa inggris fakultas keguruan dan ilmu pendidikan universitas muria kudus yang di buat pada tahun 2011. Skripsi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muria Kudus. Dosen pembimbing: (I) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd Kata Kunci: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, dan latar belakang skripsi Menulis tugas akhir atau yang juga dikenal sebagai skripsi di Universitas khususnya di Universitas Muria Kudus adalah sebuah keharusan bagi mahasiswa yang mengambil jurusan bahasa inggris untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana. Seperti halnya aktivitas menulis lainnya, ketika mahasiswa menulis skripsi, mereka harus mempertimbangkan dengan seksama kalimat yang mereka tulis, karena skripsi adalah teks tertulis yang memang harus benar secara tata bahasa dan koheren satu sama lain. Skripsi itu sendiri terdiri dari beberapa bab dan salah satunya adalah latar belakang. Latar belakang skripsi adalah teks, dalam kasus ini, teks tertulis. Dalam istilah teks, baik teks lisan maupun tertulis terdiri atas beberapa klausa yang dihubungkan dengan konjungsi untuk membentuk klausa kompleks. Setiap klausa kompleks membentuk dan mengkombinasikan menjadi paragraf yang diikat dengan untuk kohesi untuk menbentuk makna yang baik. Penelitian ini pada dasarnya berasal dari fakta yang tersebut diatas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan yang mana dari parataxis ataupun hypotaxis yang paling banyak digunakan dalam membangun klausa kompleks yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus yang di buat tahun 2011 dan menemukan apa implikasi (maksud) dari penggunaan parataxis dan hypotaxis yang di bangun dalam klausa kompleks yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus yang di buat tahun 2011. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini membahas parataxis dan hypotaxis yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus dengan memisahkan k;ausa kompleks menjadi klausa-klausa, menidetifikasi hubungan taxis-nya apakah parataxis atau hypotaxis, memberikan alas an yang berterima dan menyatkan kesimpulan sebagai langkah terakhir. Hal ini berarti bahwa penelitian ini tidak memiliki hipotesis dan pleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini tidak perlu untuk menyebutkan pengujian hipotesis. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah menganalisa parataxis dan hypotaxis di empat latar belakang skripsi, saya menyimpulkan bahwa penulis menggunakan parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membangun klausa kompleks. Dengan kata lain, penulis membangun kluasa kompleks secara parataxis maupun hypotaxis. Kejadian parataxis dan hypotaxis di setiap latar belkang skripsi tentulah berbeda. Latar belakang pertama menggunakan 28 parataxis dan 70 hypotaxis. Pada latar belakang kedua, saya menemukan ada 14 parataxis dan hypotaxis. Sementara itu, pada latar belakang ketiga, ada 24 parataxis dan 55 hypotaxis. Yang terakhir, pada latar belakang keempat, saya
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memperoleh bahwa penulis menggunakan 17 parataxis dan 47 hypotaxis. Dengan menhitung taxis-nya, saya menyimpulkan bahwa antara parataxis dan hypotaxis, penulis memiliki kecenderungan untuk menggunakan hypotaxis. Hal ini mempunyai beberapa maksud yakni: penulis memiliki kemampuan bahasa inggris yang baik karena mereka tidak memiliki kesulitan dalam merealisasikan idea ke dalam tulisan dan mampu menggunakan beragam gaya dalam membangun klausa kompleks baik itu parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membuat diri mereka sendiri sama berkualitasnya seperti pembicara asli, mereka ingin membuat tulisan mereka sama seperti apa yang diperbuat oleh pembicara asli dengan menbangun teks secara hypotaxis dan mereka ingin menyajikan argumen mereka dalam bentuk sub-ordinasi terhadap yang lain untuk menekankan mana yang lebih memiliki nilai tingkat kepentingan pesan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan menjelaskan pesan dalam urutan. Kemudian, saya mengalamatkan sran kepada mahasiswa, dosen, dan peneliti berikutnya. Untuk mahasiswa, saya menyarankan bahwa mereka harus benar-benar memperhatikan batasan klausa; mereka seharusnya memperhatikan klausa embedded yang mungkin ada, berhati-hati dan memikirkan lebih mendalam dalam menentukan apakah ini parataxis atau hypotaxis. Sementara, untuk dosen, saya menyarankan bahwa dosen seharusnya membimbing mahasiswa untuk mengadakan sebanyak mungkin penelitian sejenis seperti yang saya lakukan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan ketertarikan mahasiswa terhadap klausa kompleks terlebih parataxis dan hypotaxis dan functional grammar pada umumnya. Sedangkan, untuk peneliti selanjutnya, saya menyarankan bagi mereka yang ingin mengadakan penelitian yang sejenis, anda dapat menggunakan penelitian ini sebagai penelitian terdahulu untuk mendukung penelitian anda. Pada kesempatan ini, saya juga menyadari bahwa penelitian ini bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk dikerjakan. Saya berharap bahwa peneliti selanjutnya dapat mengembangkan penelitian ini dengan mendalami lebih lanjut tentang topic ini.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COVER ......................................................................................................... LOGO ........................................................................................................... PAGE OF TITLE ........................................................................................ PAGE OF APPROVAL .............................................................................. BOARD OF EXAMINERS ......................................................................... MOTTO AND DEDICATION ................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. ABSTRAKSI ................................................................................................ TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research............................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problems.................................................................. 6 1.3 Objectives of the Research................................................................. 7 1.4 Significance of the Research.............................................................. 7 1.5 Scope of the Research......................................................................... 8 1.6 Definition of the Terms...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE 2.1
Discourse Analysis ............................................................................ 10
2.2
Grammar............................................................................................. 11
2.2.1
Traditional Grammar.......................................................................... 12
2.2.2
Formal Grammar................................................................................ 12
2.2.3
Functional Grammar .......................................................................... 13
2.3
Clause ................................................................................................ 13
2.3.1
Types of Clause ................................................................................. 15
2.3.1.1 Independent Clause ............................................................................ 16 2.3.1.2 Dependent Clause .............................................................................. 17 2.3.1.3 Embedded Clause .............................................................................. 18 2.3.2
Types of Relationship between Clauses ............................................ 19 xiii
2.3.2.1 Taxis .................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2.1.1 Parataxis ............................................................................................ 20 2.3.2.1.2 Hypotaxis .......................................................................................... 21 2.4
Background of Skripsi ....................................................................... 22
2.5
Review of Previous Study ................................................................. 23
2.6
Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH 3.1
Design of the Research ........................................................................ 26
3.2
Data and Data Source ........................................................................... 27
3.3
Data Collection .................................................................................... 27
3.4
Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEACH 4. 1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 32
4.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First Background of Skripsi ......Entitle “The Process Types Found in Barack Obama’s Speech At Cairo University” by Nafik ................................................ 33 4.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second Background of Skripsi Entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2010/2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching” by Valentina......... 36 4.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System” by Aziz ............................................................... 38
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4.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012” by Endhartiningtias............ 40 4. 2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi Written by the Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ..................................... 42
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 5.1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 45
5.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 47 5.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 50 5.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background of Skripsi ......................................................................... 52 5.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 55 5.2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi Written by the Students of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ................................... 57
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 6.1
Conclusion .............................................................................................. 61
6.2
Suggestion ............................................................................................... 62
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 64 APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 66 STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 135 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 136
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1
Page
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First Background of Skripsi ....................................................... 35
4.2
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background of Skripsi ................................................... 37
4.3
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background of Skripsi ...................................................... 39
4.4
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background of Skripsi .................................................... 41
4.5
The Calculation of the Labeled Data ................................................... 43
4.6
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
4.7
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
4.8
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
4.9
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1.
Page
The First Background of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types Found in Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University”...................... 66
2.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
3.
The Second Background of Skripsi entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year2010/2011 2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”........................................ 91
4.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
5.
The Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester Students of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”............................................... 102
6.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
7.
The Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012”................................................................................... 119
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8.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
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