Architecture of Workplaces 1. Lecture 3 History of Industrial Architecture 3. 1945-2010 Industrial Architecture in Hungary „IPARTERV”=History of the Company for Industrial Building Design 1948-1990
Dobai János DLA associate professor Bartók István DLA assistant professor
Events, processes: The years after World War II. Restoration, necessity Cold war: East-West, the end of colonies, political movements Realingment of population (age tree) Effects of war bulk manufacture War factories, overflow of capacity, labour force? Light structures, new materials Development of consumer societies Growing needs, growing needs for building Development Thrift with materials Structural innovations: space trusses, shell structures, cable structures Efficiency: (spare on labour force, construction time) Prefabrication of reinforced concrete becomes general Flexibility: ability of rearrangement, building services equivalence Prestige architecture Experimentation with new materials The end of heroism of industrial architecture
Budapest 1945
War bulk manufacture: Willow plant of Ford, Michigan, USA, Albert Kahn, 1940 (25 B-24 aeroplanes/day, 8800 alltogether, max. 34 533 workers)
Early light structure buildings
Jean Prouvé, 1901-84
Printing hall, Tours, 1950
Mobile school, experimental aluminium building, Jean Prouvé 1954
„Baby Boom” view of a garden suburb round 1950, USA
Lever House New York, 1950-52 Gordon Bunsaft, SOM
Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1954-58
Characteristic works of the „Darmstadt School” 1950-1960, Germany, Walter Henn
Siemens production hall, Brunswick, Germany, Walter Henn, 1955
OLIVETTI Frankfurt, 1968-1972 Egon Eiermann (1904-1970)
Plan of a hangar for the US Air Force, 1945 Konrad Wachsmann (1901-1980)
Dimaxion House, Dimaxion Vehicle, Fly’s eye Dome, Buckminster Fuller (1895-1981)
EXPO 1967, Pavilon of the USA, Montreal, Buckminster Fuller (1895-1981)
EXPO 1967, Pavilion of Germany, Montreal, Otto Frei
Olimpic Stadion, Munich, Otto Frei, Behnish, 1968
Construction with precast reinforced concrete structure elements: Effective construction, even quality, less work on the building site (advantage) Expensive transport, dimension limits, sensitive joints on site (disadvantage)
English architects in the track of the best engineer traditions James Stirling, James Gowan
High tech architecture: Followers of Buckminster Fuller: Norman Foster Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano Nicholas Grimshaw
University of Leicester, Leicester, Engineering Building, J. Stirling, J. Gowan, 1959-1963
Olivetti Study Centre, Haslemere, UK, James Stirling, 1969
Reliance Controls building, Swindon, UK, „Team 4” (Norman and Wendy Forster, Richard Rogers, Tony Hunt) 1965
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norman Foster, 1978
Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK, Norman Foster, 1982
Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK, Norman Foster, 1982
Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK, Norman Foster, 1982
Centre Pompidou, Paris, Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers, 1971-77
Centre Pompidou, Paris, Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers, 1971-77
Fleetguard Factory, Quimper, France, Richard Rogers, 1979-81
INMOS Processor factory, Newport, Wales, Richard Rogers, 1982-87
Herman Miller Furniture Store, Chippenham, UK, Nicholas Grimshaw, 1976
Herman Miller Furniture Store, Chippenham, UK, Nicholas Grimshaw, 1976
IGUS Centre, Köln, Germany, Nicholas Grimshaw, 2000
IGUS Centre, Köln, Germany, Nicholas Grimshaw, 2000
Aplix Factory, Le Cellier-Sur-Loire, Nantes, Dominique Perrault, 1991-99
Aplix Factory, Le Cellier-Sur-Loire, Nantes, Dominique Perrault, 1991-99
Book distributor, Paris, Dominique Perrault, 1993-95
Velodrom, Berlin, Domeniquie Perrault
Ricola Chocolate factory, store, Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1987
Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993
Signalbox, Basel, Switzerland, Herzog & de Meuron, 1989-94
Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland, Herzog & de Meuron, 1995
Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland, Herzog & de Meuron, 1995
Dominus Winery, Napa Valley, California, Herzog & de Meuron, 1997
Dominus Winery, Napa Valley, California, Herzog & de Meuron, 1997
Kaufmann Holz AG Distribution Center, Bobingen, Germany, Florian Nagler, 1999
Kaufmann Holz AG Distribution Center, Bobingen, Germany, Florian Nagler, 1999
Tramdepot Basel, Switzerland, Proplaning Architekten, 2001-2007
Tramdepot Basel, Switzerland, Proplaning Architekten, 2001-2007
BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany, Zaha Hadid, 2005
BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany, Zaha Hadid, 2005
BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany, Zaha Hadid, 2005
Early industrial architecture in Hungary similar tasks as all over the world: transportation: railways and related establishments river regulation heavy industry, processing industry (food industry, textile industry) mining
Railway stations
Western Railway Station, Budapest, August W. De Serres, Auguste Eiffel 1877
Eastern Railway Station, Budapest, Rochlitz Gyula,1881-1884
Bridges
Franz Josef-Liberty bridge Feketeházy János, 1896
Elisabeth bridge, Nagy Virgill, 1903 a 290 m long chainbridge, the first martinsteel bridge in Hungary
Underground railway 1896, (reinforced concrete bridge: Wünch Róbert)
Water tower Szeged, 1904 Water tower on Margaret Island, Budapest 1911
Zielinszky Szilárd 1860-1924 Musicacademy, Budapest, 1907 Architects: Korb Flóris and Giergl Kálmán
Reinforced concrete slabs
GANZ Factory, Budapest II. Mechwart András headmaster 1911
Steam mills Gizella and Concordia Budapest IX. Soroksári út
Great fair estate, Budapest IX. Münnich Aladár statics: Obrist Vilmos, 1931-33
Great fair estate, Budapest IX. Münnich Aladár statics: Obrist Vilmos, 1931-33 span: 42m, length: 247m, inner clearance: 17m
Bus garage in Kelenföld 1938-41, Budapest XI. Menyhárd István (reinforced concrete shell with tension bar, 82m span!) Architect: Padányi-Gulyás Jenő
Budaörs airport, (Birbauer) Borbíró Virgil, 1936-37
Stühmer Chocolate factory Budapet IX. Vágóhíd utca Olgyay brothers, 1943
The years after World War II., then socialization in 1948 Socialist tasks: development of industry, heavy industry Centralized (socialized design offices) IPARTERV was established with a cabinet’s decree on 5th December 1948.
Headmaster, later senior engineer: Dr. Szendrői Jenő 1954-1957, 1957-1971 Number of 1300 people (with assistants, fellow engineers) Auguste Perret Prise (UIA) 1961 for „great-element prefabrication” Between 1949-1974 11 000 new plants and halls, a building volume of 53 million m3 It’s attitude is determining also today. It avioded „social realismus” Many of Hungarian leader architects have begun their career here, or established the whole lifework: Lauber László, Szabó Árpád, Juhász Jenő, Rácz György, Csaba László, Mináry Olga Gulyás Zoltán, Virág Csaba, Kévés György, Vadász György, Molnár Péter, Földesi Lajos, Bajnay László, Rimanóczy Jenő, Arnóth Lajos, Lázár Antal, Reimholz Péter, Rajk László, Patonai Dénes, Ungár Péter, Kapitány József, Kapy Jenő, Wagner Péter, Kőnig Tamás, Koris János, Benczur László, Szász László, Pazár Bála, Dévényi Tamás, Dobai János 44 „Ybl prises” until 1974
IPARTERV = Company for Industrial Building Design Why is it important: - the best architectural office of the country that gave an attitude - not only on behalf of industrial tasks - intellectual workshop Leader: Dr. Szendrői Jenő (1913-2000) - architect of a number of industrial and public buildings - leader of the „Masterschool”
1. Era:
Great tasks 1950-1960 Great-element prefabrication engineer structures Mátrai (Gottwald) Gyula, Gnädig Miklós, Menyhárd István Power plants: 1. Inota 1950 2. Dunaújváros, Berente, Tiszapalkonya 3. Pécsújhely 1958 Industrial plants: Hall of Duna Ironworks, Ikarusz, Budapest-Mátyásföld Chemical manure storage, Kazincbarcika Cable factory, Budapest
2. Era:
Industrial buildings en masse 1960-1968 Standardized skeleton structures Unique public and residental buildings (Masterschool, Dr. Szendrői Jenő) Gulyás Zoltán, Földesi Lajos, Molnár Péter, Virág Csaba
3. Era:
Mixed building tasks 1968-1989 Standard structures, light structures Domus warehouses, Incinerator
Inota power plant 1950, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly, under construction
Borsod power plant 1953 Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly Lifting the load bearing pillar element
Borsod power plant 1953, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly, turbine hall today
Tiszapalkonya power plant 1952-57, Mátrai Gy., Pászti K., lifting the trussed main girder
Tiszapalkonya power plant 1952-57, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly, turbine hall
Power plant Pécsújhely, 1955-59 Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly Lifting the load bearing wall element
Power plant Pécsújhely, 1955-59, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly, lifting the roof element
Power plant Pécsújhely, 1955-59, Forming the facade with load bearing wall elements
Cabel works, Budapest, XI. Budafoki út, 1960, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly
Ikarusz autobus factory Budapest, Mátyásföld, 1958-59, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly
Ikarusz autobus factory Budapest, Mátyásföld, 1958-59, Mátrai Gyula, Pászti Károly
Chemical manure storage, Kazincbarcika, 1949-1952, Gnädig Miklós
Chemical manure storage, Kazincbarcika, 1949-1952, Gnädig Miklós
Light Metal Works, Székesfehérvár, Farkas Ipoly, Menyhárd István, 1958-1959
Iron Industry Research Institute, Budapest, XI. Fehérvári út Dr. Szendrői Jenő, Lauber László, 1950
BHG Telecommunication Factory, Budapest, XI. Fehérvári út Arnóth Lajos, dr. Szendrői Jenő, 1963
Canning factory in Nyíregyháza, Földesi Lajos, dr. Szendrői Jenő, 1958
Residental buiding, Budapest XI. Fehérvári út, Gulyás Zoltán, 1960
Chemolimpex headquarters, Budapest V. Deák Ferenc utca, Gulyás Zoltán, 1960-63
Medicor center, Budapest XIII. Visegrádi utca, Gulyás Zoltán and Reimholz Péter, 1972-73
Thank you for your attention.
