Alex Bandy CHOCOLATE AND CHESS (UNLOCKING LAKATOS) AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST

Alex Bandy

CHOCOLATE AND CHESS (UNLOCKING LAKATOS)

AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST

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Front cover: Photo of Imre Lakatos taken by the ÁVH right after his arrest, courtesy of Állambiztonsági Szolgálatok Történeti Levéltára (Historical Archives of the State Security Services), Budapest

ISBN 978 963 05 8819 5 © Alex Bandy, 2009 © Akadémiai Kiadó, 2009

Published by Akadémiai Kiadó H-1509 Budapest, P.O. Box 245 Member of Wolters Kluwer Group www.akkrt.hu

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in Hungary

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For Mom, wish you were here For Elizabeth, glad you are here For Jancis and Lee, u shudda dun dis

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“‘Victims?’ he asked. ‘Don’t be melodramatic, Rollo. Look down there,’ he went on, pointing through the window at the people moving like black flies at the base of the Wheel. ‘Would you really feel any pity if one of those dots stopped moving – for ever?’” Harry Lime in The Third Man by Graham Greene

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CONTENTS

Part One: CHOCOLATE Chapter 1

RETURN TO THE BARRICADES

13

Chapter 2

ESCAPE TO THE WEST

16

Chapter 3

LIPSITZ IN DEBRECEN

25

Chapter 4

MOLNÁR IN NAGYVÁRAD

36

Chapter 5

“JEWS KILLING JEWS!”

39

Chapter 6

THE COMRADES FROM MOSCOW

50

Chapter 7

FROM LIPSITZ TO LAKATOS

56

Part Two: CHESS Chapter 8

MEPHISTO IN BUDAPEST

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71

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Chapter 9

“THE DENUNCIATION DEPARTMENT”

116

Chapter 10

“A SOVIET COW!”

133

Chapter 11

A TROTSKYIST NARODNIK

151

Chapter 12

THE RÉVAI RIDDLE

169

Chapter 13

LAKATOS IN LOCKUP

196

Chapter 14

LAKATOS VERSUS LAKATOS

215

Chapter 15

“GÁBOR KOVÁCS” AT CAMBRIDGE

232

Chapter 16

THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF IMRE LAKATOS

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267

EPILOGUE: LENIN IN BUDAPEST

316

NOTES

323

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

424

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

439

BIBLIOGRAPHY

440

INDEX

463

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EPILO GUE: LENIN IN BUDAPEST

“When the existence of the Church is threatened, she is released from the commandments of morality. With unity as the end, the use of every means is sanctified, even cunning, treachery, violence, simony, prison, death. For all order is for the sake of the community, and the individual must be sacrificied to the common good.”1 “Marxists know that dirty little tricks can be performed with impunity when great deeds are being achieved; the error of some comrades is to suppose that one can produce great results simply through the performance of dirty little tricks.”2

Substitute “Party” for “Church” in the first quote and it could have been written by Lenin. The second is a reflective Lukács’ take on how things went awry. But the second follows necessarily from the first. Together they sum up what went tragically wrong with the communist experiment, from anticipation to anguish, from fervor to failure, from brilliance to betrayal. Lime is Lenin abridged. In writing this book, I kept in mind what Gyula Illyés wrote Ferenc Fejtő, the author of one of the best histories of the people’s democracies: “Everything you write is true. This is how it was. Yet there is something missing. How to put it? The inconceivability, the total irrationality of what we had to endure. The nightmare, the combination of the grotesque and the horrid.” There are many Sovietology books and I wholeheartedly agree with Illyés’ noting how they fail to convey what everyday life was like. Often a political joke could encapsule volumes of Kremlinology: “What is communism?” “Communism is the relentless struggle to overcome problems that would have never arisen if not for building communism.”3 Given events, the word “entertainment” used by Greene to describe his novels would be inappropriate, but I did not set out to a write a scholarly history of those

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E P I L O G U E : L E N I N I N BU DA P E S T

317

years. The strong feeling I got doing the research on this book, spanning nearly twenty years since Lee Congdon asked me in the middle of Margaret Island what I knew about Imre Lakatos, was that people like him would have been good teachers and academics if not for Messianic politics. What I found only confirmed my view that politicians, and especially legislators, must never tire in their efforts to avert situations that bring out the worst in people. This may not be a novel deduction, but perhaps bears repeating. As mentioned, this is not a history of the post-war years. I did focus on certain domestic incidents that in my view impacted on Lakatos and I also used bits of information less well known, though, one hopes, of interest. I have taken for granted a general knowledge on the part of the Reader concerning both Hungarian and global developments during those years. Chronologically, I could not avoid hopscotching; some of the material, for example, in chapter 2 and the discussion of “people’s democracy” in chapter 8 foreshadowed developments in chapter 12, but I could not duplicate television’s split screen technique. Initially, all I had was people’s memories, and to my chagrin, often conflicting memories, and at times hazy, indeed, misleading memories. Things have not changed in that regard since Herodotus. (And not only in that regard.) For example, one of the people who had known Lakatos in Debrecen, Dr. István Samu, recalled how deeply involved Árpád Szabó and Lakatos were in Leftist politics at Debrecen U. Then Samu lost touch with them and the next time he saw Lakatos was during the 1956 uprising, “walking on a Buda street with László Vekerdi, telling people to take up arms.” Vekerdi had a vague memory of meeting Lakatos in the company of Árpád Szabó during those days, but not the agitation part. His younger brother, József, who is no fan of Lakatos’ ever since their Eötvös College days, said that his brother was in the company of István Lakatos. István Lakatos (1927−2002) was a contributor to Válasz, and, in 1956, in the leadership of the Petőfi Circle, and spent two years in jail after 1956 for his involvement in the uprising. (I thank Dóra Csanak for asking the ailing László Vekerdi and his brother on my behalf.) Gyula Illyés confronted this problem and came out an optimist. Recalling Lajos Kassák, the avant-garde novelist, poet and painter, he wrote that “the image that hung so clear on the wall of my memory is suddenly disturbed by a breath of doubt. Not blurred but cracked. This danger lies in every biographical recollection. How to be thorough, that is to say, faithful to the facts? By the agency of secret police scrutiny? Or allow the power of memory to re-form the jigsaw puzzle, which − all too often − assembles from the mosaic bits of the past a picture more animate than actual, yet pro-

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viding a more faithful facsimile?”4 As the Reader has seen, the secret police sources were at times as short on facts, or downright mistaken, as any other and there are still pieces missing from the Lakatos puzzle. Of course, decades had passed since the events, during which there were the years of darkest Stalinism, a revolution and its dreadful aftermath, followed by decades of “soft” dictatorship. Some people held back information as I later discovered, while with others it was only a strong suspicion. Others claimed to have only heard of Lakatos, but had never met him, or only fleetingly, but later I found evidence that this was less than the truth. Some reported hearsay without checking. A book on Thomas Kuhn published in England claimed that Lakatos fought in the resistance and became a prominent communist after the war. The introduction to a selection of Lakatos’ writings published in Hungary contains the same error. A British professor wrote that Lakatos was a member of the anti-Nazi resistance. No sources were given by any of the authors. Had there been the slightest activity on Lakatos’ part to justify such a claim, he would have included it in his application to join the newly constituted communist party in 1948, not to mention boasting of it to the British and the Americans. His lying to Special Branch about what he did in Transylvania is something else: he knew it would be most difficult, if not dowright impossible, to verify. In a 1958 letter to Vilma Balázs, Lakatos was upset about the stories that got back to him from Budapest about himself. “Had Lenin lived in Budapest, he would have come up with an inverted epistemology: human knowledge approximates reality, but not in the sense that we get increasingly closer to the truth, but rather that ever more things become revealed as false.” My own sifting through a huge amount of information resembled this process.5 Even unintentionally, one’s memory can play tricks. György Faludy showed nothing but contempt for the communists in his My Happy Days in Hell and that was all too understandable given his years in Recsk. However, he also “backdated” his scorn. Memory of the friendly letter he wrote to Mátyás Rákosi about the Habsburg Legion was buried by the sufferings heaped on him by the satrap Rákosi.6 Some people said “Oh, that was so long ago” and declined to be interviewed. But sometimes I was pleasantly surprised when a new contact would say “Funny you should ask about Lakatos. Only yesterday, I had a guest and we were talking about him.” I am not a historian and well aware of leaving myself open to a charge of sciolism, but I did endeavor to corroborate each story by seeking at least a second witness;

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where this proved impossible, I so state, or it is obvious from the context. It was lucky from the point of view of this book (too) that the dictatorship collapsed and in the course of the late 1990s the archives gradually became accessible. However, it is quite amazing how much is missing and that includes personnel files of the communist party’s Debrecen branch, the same of the Ministry of Religion and Public Education, and Party headquarters, originals of the articles (or a record thereof) published in the Party daily, the documents of the 1948 review boards that screened members after the merger of the Social Democratic Party and the Hungarian Communist Party, documents from Lakatos’ internment period, the Scholarship Council’s documents, the minutes and other documents of the Organizing Committee that was headed by Mihály Farkas, the informers’ reports at Recsk − to name only a few. I also submitted requests to see the files on individuals who not only knew, but had a degree of contact with Lakatos (e.g., Király, Lám-Lázár, Éva Révész, Soós, Szigeti, Zoltai), to be told that there is nothing that includes reference to Lakatos and/or “Kovács.” There were few exceptions, and these are in the text. Whatever Lakatos reported on György Lukács and his circle, which likely would have been the most interesting, was also nowhere to be found. Indeed, much remains to be unlocked. There may well be people still around who could shed light on many a dark spot. And, even more likely, there are decisive documents gathering dust somewhere. Finding how many key persons whom I would have liked to interview had died, I regretted not having started the quest earlier, but others sought to console me with the thought that people would not have talked frankly before 1990. There were some people I had missed, having been told that he was deceased when in fact he had been simply forgotten, only to discover in an obituary notice my lost chance. Of course, given that some of my “targets” refused to speak about those times even after the collapse of communism, the ones missed may well have been similarly tight-lipped. In the conversations and in the once classified papers I found things of interest that are not germane to the topic, but, where possible, I have included these in parantheses, or in footnotes, or in the Dramatis Personae section. Although there is the old Hollywood saying that everybody is Hungarian, the language itself is not exactly a world language. Therefore, I have quoted at length from works available only to those who know the language, works that I am fairly certain will never be available in English or any other major language. I sought to avoid dry historical accounts, using instead memoirs and anecdotes in an attempt to catch the flavor of those unsavory times. This entire book was an attempt to answer the best I could Professor Congdon’s question. It led me to consult an encyclopedia, which had (as I later discovered) Lakatos’ place and date of birth wrong, but gave me valuable tips, such as his having

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studied at Debrecen University. The only person I knew then from Debrecen was Elemér Hankiss (b. 1928), the literary historian and sociologist, who met him at Eötvös College. “I took an immediate visceral dislike to him,” Hankiss said, “and quickly distanced myself,” but he provided me with names of people who had known Lakatos. The rest, as they say, is history, and one person led me to another; alas, as mentioned above, some I learned of too late. The things I dug up were passed on to Lee Congdon and he used some of the material to complement his own research for his “Possessed: Imre Lakatos’ Road to 1956,” in: Contemporary European History, No. 3, 1997, which became the core of his chapter on Lakatos in his critically acclaimed Seeing Red: Hungarian Intellectuals in Exile and the Challenge of Communism, published in 2001. In the mid-1990s, I met Dr. Jancis Long, who was also interested in Lakatos. She had done research on him in London and did several interviews in Budapest, but felt she lacked enough material. We exchanged information and then some interviews were done jointly. She published an excellent article, “Lakatos in Hungary,” in Philosophy of the Social Sciences, in June 1998, and we coauthored an article on Lakatos’ role in torpedoing the doctoral dissertation of a man attacking Sándor Karácsony, which was published in The Hungarian Quarterly. As more and more archival material became accessible, I continued the search, receiving the last lot of Hungarian declassified documents in June 2005, the last declassified British Home Office materials in November 2007, and a slim package of documents from the American FBI in August 2008. (In connection with the British archives, Mr. Gabriel Partos, an expert on Cold War history and a former analyst for the BBC, helped me in contacting the right person at the Home Office and I thank him for his assistance.) The Hungarian historian, Miklós Kun, the author of many works on Bolshevik history and key personalities like Bukharin and Stalin, kindly agreed to ask about Lakatos in Moscow. Intriguingly, although the files on the people listed in the letter to Ambassador András Szobek were on the shelves in the Moscow archives, along with the files on the other Hungarian scholarship students, Lakatos’ file was not found. If anyone is inclined to continue the hunt, the KGB’s files is the obvious primary target, but also the FBI indicated there may be more materials, and there is more information yet to be released by the British. (As mentioned, I received the batch of materials from London in late 2007. By then I was writing this book and did not get around to submitting a request for a review until May of the following year. After a series of exchanges with the Information Commissioner’s Office, my request was rejected at the end of July on the grounds that I had failed to submit my review request in time. The fact that I had not been informed

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of the “two-month window for complaints” was not accepted as valid grounds for agreeing to undertake a review. That being the case, the fault was obviously mine and I hope others will follow up on this − and file a review request without delay! The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation clearly and correctly stated when notifying me of the right of appeal that it has to be done within sixty days. However, I did not appeal because I was close to completing the work and further information was not likely to add much to the Lakatos story. This also applies to how I feel about the British documents in that not having the names takes nothing away from what we know about Lakatos, about what he projected about himself, and about what British intelligence knew about him.) As to ground not covered, to cite a specific example, I have not been able to obtain the classified testimony of László Szabó, a man who joined the communist party in 1945 in Debrecen and later became a member of the State Security Authority. In 1957, he was sent to Moscow for training in intelligence and was then posted abroad. At the end of 1965, he defected in London, where he was posted at the Hungarian embassy, and shortly turned up in Washington, D.C. I have also not succeeded in getting anything out of Romanian archives concerning the Romanian Party’s CCC request to investigate the Izsák murder. As it is, this book is only a long footnote in the miserable history of the 20th century. All of its shortcomings are my responsibility, while I remain grateful to Gábor Baczoni, Magdolna Baráth, Vladimir Farkas, György Gyarmati, János Kenedi, Miklós Kun, György Lázár, György Litván, György T. Varga, Katalin Zalai, and Tibor Zinner for their assistance, encouragement, insights, and suggestions. Mrs. Tibor Balázs deserves special thanks for allowing me access to Lakatos’ letters to her and for sharing her memories of the man and those times. Perhaps it is clear from the foregoing that an innocent question led to this book, but once hooked, it was the “thrill of the hunt” that kept me going. It really did unfold as a thriller as more and more information came to light and at one point I was going to title it The Chocolate Murder, in tribute to Agatha Christie. Her work spanned many decades, and thus, in addition to the plots, I always enjoyed the way in which the English language evolved as reflected in her work. My work as a wire journalist was good training for this book. While people, who contributed to Válasz, who were politically and culturally active in those years, accepted that the article denouncing the magazine in 1949 was anonymous, I kept looking for someone who had been inquisitive enough at the time to learn who wrote it. There was András Fodor’s diary, but I wanted a second source. Mátyás Domokos became that person and he got it at the time straight from Márta Sárközi, the very soul of the periodical after the war and who was on friendly terms with József Révai.

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She told Domokos that she was so incensed when she read the article that she immediately called Révai to get the identity of the culprit. She was the daughter of the playwright Ferenc Molnár and a wonderful person by all accounts, blessed with a hearty sense of humor. Once, when Révai invited her for an “exchange of views,” she turned him down, saying “you keep your views and I’ll keep mine, thank you.” I am afraid I have disregarded Auden’s admonishment, according to which “a great deal of what today passes for scholarly research is an activity no different from that of reading somebody’s private correspondence when he is out of the room; and it doesn’t really make it morally any better if he is out of the room because he is in the grave.”7 On my part, I cannot deny that being handed documents marked “Top Secret,” previously seen by very few people, all of whom were in the top communist hierarchy or secret police or spy masters, was a “rush.” It also allowed me a glimpse into the amount of time, money and manpower wasted and how they played games with people’s lives; the motto chosen for this book was inspired by this realization. For example, there were stacks of transcripts of the conversations between exPresident of the Republic, Zoltán Tildy, and his wife. The rooms where they were kept under house arrest were bugged and their trivial exchanges recorded and then transcribed. However, thanks to dried out parquetry, “[floor creaking]” were the most frequently used two words in the transcripts. One also sees what a tragic mistake it was to see communism as an answer to fascism, with much of the 20th century spent in that dead-end. Changing society and people is much more difficult than either − or any − salvational ideology claims. Those who know this and yet, hope against hope, strive to do right and help others are much more realistic than those claiming to have the answer to mankind’s ills. In closing, let me cite the 19th century historian, John Lothrop Motley, who, despairing of ever knowing the full story of mankind, said: “We have a leaf or two from the great book of human fate as it flutters in the stormwinds ever sweeping across the earth.” The Lakatos story was a leaf that was swept across my desk.

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LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

There were a great many people interviewed, or, rather, engaged in conversation, some only briefly, others at length. Some, as it turned out, had only scant or no knowledge of Lakatos, but shared their first-hand experiences of those ill-fated times and helped me get a better sense of the atmosphere. I am grateful to them all. Vera Bácskai Veronika Bajáki Endre Bakó Vilma Balázs Károly Benkő Miklós Bényei János Benyhe László Berkovits Livia Boda Pál Boday György Bodnár Ferenc Bródy Dóra Csanak Barnabás Csongor Éva Csongor Loránt Czigány Imre Dankó Mátyás Domokos István Eörsi Edit Erki Vladimir Farkas Sándor Fekete András Fodor Éva Gál Klára Gulyás Béla Gyires Béla Győrffy Sándor Győrffy Aliz Halda Zoltán Haluska Péter Hanák

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Éva Haraszti Róbert Hardi (Halpern) András Hegedüs András B. Hegedűs Géza Hegedüs Ágnes Heller Erzsébet Holló Tibor Huszár Miklós Jakab József Juhász László Jurmics László Kárpáti István Kemény Dezső Keresztury Miklós Khoór Sándor Kicsi Mrs. Mária Király Sándor Komlósi György Kontra Mihály Korom Domokos Kosáry Béla Köpeczi Sándor Köte Tamás Köves (Zulauf) Gizella Kutrucz Kamilla Lányi Olga Lányi Tamás Lipták Pál Lőcsei Sándor Lukácsy Éva Lutter

Gábor Lükő György Magosh Klára Majerszky József Marjai István Márkus György Menczel Tibor Méray Vera Mérei István Mészáros Gyula Mezei Gábor Mihályi György Módy Miklós Molnár Zoltán Molnár Péter Nagy Béla G. Németh Irén Németi Emil Niederhauser Éva Pap Tivadar Pártay Ferenc Pataki Zoltán Rajk Egon Reinitz Péter Rényi Mária Rév Imre Robotos Katalin Rohonyi György Rózsa Ágnes Ságvári István Samu Levente Soós

János Surányi Árpád Szabó Klára Szabó Miklós Szabolcsi Béla Szalai Imre Szász István Szerdahelyi József Szigeti Márton Tardos Pál Tétényi Péter Pál Tóth Pál Török József Újfalussy Károly Urbán Anna Vajda Gábor Vajda Mihály Vajda Mihály György Vajda Alfonz Várnay (Weisz) Miklós Vásárhelyi Henrik Vass Géza Veress Iván Vitányi Tibor Zimányi Tibor Zinner Dénes Zoltai Zsuzsanna Zöldhelyi Endre Zsigmondi

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BIBLIO GRAPHY

Aczel, Tamas, and Tibor Meray: The Revolt of the Mind, New York, 1959. An early work on life behind the Curtain in Hungary, written by two young Stalinist apostates with first-hand knowledge and direct contact with many in the top leadership, especially Márton Horváth and József Révai. While the best picture of how these regimes were run is found in the once top-secret archives and next best are the now declassified minutes of Central Committee sessions, third place goes to accounts like this book. Aczél (1921−1994) and Méray (b. 1924) later both wrote novels about their years of fawning and fear. I have not used their book for this truncated biography of Lakatos, but add it for the benefit of − along with a few other volumes less commonly known, but also accessible to − English-speaking readers. The Hungarian version of this work, Tisztító vihar (Cleansing storm), could not be published legally in Hungary before the collapse of communism. Méray first spoke of the need for a “cleansing storm” in his speech at the Petőfi Circle’s June 17, 1956, session on the media. He gave an autobiographical account of how, as a young reporter, his professional pride was overruled by his passion for the Party, which, to him and not only him, represented a higher truth than that of empirical facts. “Our entire way of seeing things became distorted and, with it, truth itself became warped,” he told the meeting. (Vol. IV of the Petőfi Circle meetings, p. 142.) Ágh, Attila: “Vita a népi demokratikus forradalom jellegéről” (Debate on the character of the people’s democratic revolution), Magyar Filozófiai Szemle, No. 2, 1964. Ambrus, János (Ed.): Irodalom és demokrácia: Az irodalmi (Lukács-) vita dokumentumai 1949−1951 (Literature and democracy: The documents of the literary [Lukács] debate 1949−1951), Vols. 1−2, Budapest, 1982. Apor, Péter: “A népi demokrácia építése: Kunmadaras, 1946” (Building people’s democracy: Kunmadaras in 1946), Századok, No. 3, 1998. Ausch, Sándor: Az 1945−1946. évi infláció és stabilizáció (The 1945−1946 inflation and stabilization), Budapest, 1958. Bagdy, Emőke, Péter Forgács, and Mária Pál (Eds.): Mérei Ferenc emlékkönyv (Ferenc Mérei memorial volume), Budapest, 1989. Two studies in particular, Sándor Köte’s and György Litván’s, detail the close nexus between NÉKOSZ and Mérei. Bakó, Endre: “Debrecen irodalmi élete” (Literary life in Debrecen), in: Veress, Géza (Ed.): Debrecen története (The history of Debrecen), Debrecen, 1997. Balázs, Béla: Népmozgalom és nemzeti bizottságok 1945–1946 (Popular movements and national committees 1945−1946), Budapest, 1961. Balogh, Sándor: “Az MKP értelmiségi politikájának felszabadulás utáni történetéből” (Aspects of the history of the Hungarian Communist Party’s intelligentsia policy after the Liberation), Századok, No. 3, 1965.

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Balogh, Sándor, and Sándor Jakab (Eds.): A magyar népi demokrácia története 1944−1962 (History of the Hungarian people’s democracy 1944−1962), Budapest, 1978. Bandy, Alex: “Imre Lakatos’s 75 years,” Budapest Review of Books, No. 1, 1998. Bándy, Sándor: “Lakatos Imre arcai” (The faces of Imre Lakatos), Beszélő, December 2003. This was written in response to a single word in Tamás Ungvári’s “Elvtárs és spicli jár a csöndben” (A comrade and a stool pigeon walk in the silence), in which we learn that the author and Lakatos shared a zest for gossip and that the Éva Izsák murder was a “student prank,” which in Hungarian is one word: diákcsíny), in: Beszélő, November, 2003, p. 80. Lipsitz’ power plays − as there were others victimized as well − cannot be dismissed as tomfoolery. Bándy, Sándor, and Jancis Long: “A forradalom főpróbája?” (Dress rehearsal for a revolution?), Replica, November 2000. The periodical Replica, under the editorship of Professors Nikos Fokas and Miklós Hadas, published a series of articles dealing with Lakatos in the mid-1990s, giving a fresh boost to interest in Lakatos’ philosophy and life. Baráth, Magdolna: “‘Valaki figyel’: Feljelentett pártvezérek” (‘Somebody’s watching’ − denounced Party leaders), Beszélő, November 1999. Baráth, Magdolna (Ed.): Szovjet nagyköveti iratok Magyarországról 1953−1956 (Soviet ambassadors’ reports on Hungary 1953−1956), Budapest, 2002. Revealing reports documenting Hungarian politicians’ visits to the Soviet ambassador to snitch on comrades, seek advice, and curry favor. Beck, Tibor, and Pál Germuska: Forradalom a bölcsészkaron (Revolution at the Arts Faculty), Budapest, 1997. Benjamin, László: “Történelmi jelenlét − 1944” (Historical presence − 1944), Új Tükör, April 6, 1980. Bényei, Miklós (Ed.): Magyar újjászületés (Hungarian rebirth), Debrecen, 1970. Bényei, Miklós “A felszabadult Debrecen sajtója 1944. október−1945. április” (The press in liberated Debrecen October 1944−April 1945), in: Gazdag, István (Ed.): Hajdú-Bihar megyei levéltár évkönyve (Annual of the Hajdú-Bihar County archives), Debrecen, 1983. Berecz, János (Ed.): Visszaemlékezések, 1956 (Remembering 1956), Budapest, 1986. Berecz, János: Vállalom (I accept responsibility), Budapest, 2003. Berend, T. Iván: Újjáépítés és a nagytőke elleni harc Magyarországon 1945−1948 (Reconstruction and the struggle against Big Capital in Hungary 1945−1948), Budapest, 1962. Berényi, László: “Szovjetélet − szovjetirodalom” (Soviet life − Soviet literature), Élet, March 3, 1935. Berkesi, András: “Vérző emlékek” (Bleeding memories), in: Hegedős, Mária, and Lajos Sebestyén (Eds.): In Memoriam György Kardos, Budapest, 1986. Betlen, Oszkár: “Éljen Auschwitz?” (Long live Auschwitz?), Szabad Nép, June 9, 1946. Bibó, István: “Zsidókérdés Magyarországon 1944 után” (The Jewish question in Hungary after 1944), Válasz, Nos. 10−11, 1948. Bibó, István: Életút dokumentumokban (A life in documents), edited by Litván, György, and Katalin S. Varga, Budapest, 1995. Boldizsár, Iván: Keser-édes (Bittersweet), Budapest, 1987. A good writer and journalist, the author also shows psychological insight into how men like Rákosi toyed with people. His nearly 800-page autobiography, published in 1989, covered only the Thirties. (I am familiar with his servile propaganda articles and books, written in an uncharacteristically militant style. Strong on adjectives, weak on argumentation, they were almost a signal to the reader, and today serve as a reminder that the price of survival in a dictatorship is often self-abasement.) Bone, Edith: Seven Years Solitary, Oxford, 1957. Borbándi, Gyula: Két világban (In two worlds), Budapest, 2003. Borgos, Anna, Ferenc Erős, and György Litván (Eds.): Mérei élet-mű (Mérei’s life and work), Budapest, 2006. Botos, János, György Gyarmati, Mihály Korom, and Tibor Zinner: Magyar hétköznapok Rákosi Mátyás két emigrációja között 1945−1956 (Everyday life in Hungary between the two emigré periods of Mátyás Rákosi 1945−1956), Budapest, 1988.

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Böszörményi, Géza: Recsk, Budapest, 1990. Braham, Randolph L.: A magyar holokauszt (The Hungarian Holocaust), Vols. 1−2, Budapest, 1988. The Hungarian edition of Braham’s The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, New York, 1981. Bujdosó, Emma: “Demokráciaviták 1944−1945-ben (Debates on democracy in 1944−1945), Alföld, No. 4, 1985. Cohen, R.S., P.K. Feyerabend, and M.W. Wartofsky (Eds.): Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, Dordrecht−Boston, 1976. The essays are mainly concerned with only the post-1956 Lakatos, although some, like Worrall, touch on pre-1956 biographical bits. Congdon, Lee: The Young Lukács, Chapel Hill-London, 1983. The first volume of a trilogy on Hungarian thinkers who became world famous. Congdon, Lee: “Possessed: Imre Lakatos’s road to 1956,” Contemporary European History, December 1997. Congdon, Lee: “Bűn és büntetlenség: Az ismeretlen Lakatos Imre” (Crime and impunity), Replica, March 1998. Congdon, Lee: Seeing Red, DeKalb, 2001. Congdon, Lee: “Lakatos’ Political Reawakening,” in: Kampis, et al. Csáki, Judit, and Dezső Kovács (Eds.): Rejtőzködő legendárium (Hiding legend), Budapest, 1990. Csanda, Sándor: “Az Út küzdelme a csehszlovákiai szocialista magyar irodalomért” (The struggle waged for socialist Hungarian literature in Czechoslovakia by the periodical “Az Út”), in: Szabolcsi, Miklós, and László Illés (Eds.): Tanulmányok a magyar szocialista irodalom történetéből (Studies on the history of Hungarian socialist literature), Budapest, 1962. Csécsy, Imre: “A Radikális Párt delegációja Rákosi Mátyásnál 1945. április” (The delegation of the Radical Party visits Mátyás Rákosi in April 1945), História, No. 2, 1980. Csizmadia, Andor: A nemzeti bizottságok állami tevékenysége 1944−1949 (The state administration role of the national committees 1944−1949), Budapest, 1968. Dahrendorf, Ralph: LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science: 1895−1995, Oxford, 1995. Daniels, Robert V.: A Documentary History of Communism, Vol. 2, New York, 1962. Deák, Éva: “Az Eötvös Collégium viták és támadások kereszttűzében” (Eötvös College in the crossfire of debates and attacks), in: Kósa, László (Ed.): Szabadon szolgál a szellem (Only in freedom can the spirit serve), Budapest, 1995. This is a collection of studies on Eötvös College marking its 100th anniversary. Dér, László, Mária Máyer, and Éva Szabó (Eds.): Felszabadulás: 1944. szeptember 26. − 1945. április 4. (Liberation: September 26, 1944 − April 4, 1945), Budapest, 1955. Déry, Tibor: “A nemzeti bűntudat hiányáról” (On the absence of a national sense of guilt), Új Magyarország, September 18, 1945. Donáth, Ferenc: A Márciusi Fronttól Monorig (From the March Front to Monor), Budapest, 1992. Dornbach, Alajos, Péter Kende, János M. Rainer, and Katalin Somlai (Eds.): A per: Nagy Imre és társai (The trial: Imre Nagy & Associates), Budapest, 2008. Ember, Judit: Menedékjog − 1956 (Asylum 1956), Budapest, 1989. Erki, Edit: “Irodalomtudósaink fóruma” (Forum for literary scholars), Jelenkor, No. 10, 1976. Eörsi, István: Emlékezés a régi szép időkre (Recalling the good old days), Budapest, 1988. Eörsi, István: Üzenet mélyvörös levélpapíron (Message on deep red stationery), Budapest, 1993. Eörsi, István: Versdokumentumok magyarázatokkal 1949−1956 (Poem documents with commentary 1949−1956), Budapest 2001. Esti, Béla: A magyar népi demokrácia létrejötte és fejlődése (1944−1948) (The establishment and development of the Hungarian people’s democracy 1944−1948), Budapest, 1956. Eszenyi, Miklós: “Epizódok Gerő Ernő életéből, különös tekintettel 1944-es tevékenységére” (Episodes from Ernő Gerő’s life, with special focus on his activities in 1944), Valóság, No. 4, 2003. Fábry, Zoltán: “Új valóság − új irodalom” (New reality − new literature), Korunk, No. 3, 1929.

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Fahidi, Éva: Anima Rerum, Budapest, 2005 Faludy, George: My Happy Days in Hell, London, 1963. There is a good mini-portrait of Faludy, a Toronto resident for many years, in the Canadian weekly Maclean’s, February 24, 1986. The last third of his book is devoted to his arrest and years in Recsk. Faludy, György: Pokolbeli napjaim után (After my days in hell), Budapest, 2000. Volume 2 of his memoir trilogy. Farkas, Dezső: “A munkás és szegényparaszt tömegek harca a második világháború időszakában 1939−1944” (The struggle of the worker and poor-peasant masses during the Second World War 1939−1944), in: Tokody, Gyula (Ed.): Hajdú-Bihar megye és Debrecen munkásmozgalmának története (The history of the labor movement of Hajdú-Bihar County and Debrecen), Debrecen, 1970. Farkas, Mihály: “Kedves elvtársak!” (Dear Comrades!), Századvég, Nos. 1−2, 1989. The first publication of a speech by Farkas, which he planned to give during the July 18−21, 1956 session of the Central Leadership, but, acting on Mikoyan’s advice, never delivered. Farkas, Vladimir: Nincs mentség (No excuse), Budapest, 1990. Farkas, Vladimir: “Gerő, a mentőangyal” (Gerő, the guardian angel), Reform, August 27, 1992. Farkas, Vladimir: “Rákosiék és a Magyar Légió” (Rákosi & Co. and the Hungarian Legion), Reform, September 3 and 10, 1992. Fazekas, József: Őszinte számvetés (Honest accounting), Budapest, 1971. Fehér, András: “A demokrácia kísérlete Debrecenben (1945−1947)” (The democratic experiment in Debrecen /1945−1947/), Debreceni Szemle, No. 1, 1996. Fehér, András, and Gyula Tokody (Eds.): Hajdú, Bihar megyék felszabadulása és a népi demokratikus átalakulás kezdetei 1944. október − 1945. november (The Liberation of Hajdú and Bihar Counties and the beginnings of the people’s democratic transformation October 1944−November 1945), Debrecen, 1980. Fehér, András, and Géza Veress: “A demokrácia ígéretétől a kommunista diktatúráig: Debrecen politikai közélete” (From the promise of democracy to communist dictatorship: Public life in Debrecen), in: Veress, Géza (Ed.): Debrecen története (The history of Debrecen), Debrecen, 1997. Fehér, Lajos: Így történt (The way it was), Budapest, 1979. Fehérváry, István: Börtönvilág Magyarországon (Hungarian prison network), Budapest, 1990. Himself a former political prisoner, Fehérváry’s book lists 90 trials that took place between 1946 and 1955 and which involved many people and were generally deemed “conspiracies.” There were conspiracies, there was foreign espionage, but nothing on any significant scale. However, even petty crimes were given political overtones. In the archives, among the Rákosi papers, I came across a letter from Gerő to Rákosi, saying that in the daily bulletin of the ÁVH he saw the report on Mrs. József Molnár, who was caught hoarding goods. “She must be given at least ten years” in jail, wrote Gerő. In such cases, Rákosi, in his capacity as Premier, would instruct the Minister of Justice, who would then instruct the presiding judge. Such cases were given maximum publicity in newspapers for the obvious reason of showing that nothing escapes the vigilance of the Party – and to intimidate those not yet caught. Only a few of these ÁVH daily reports survived, Vladimir Farkas said. He found some among his father’s papers. They were written up by Gábor Péter’s staff in only four copies and taken by courier to Rákosi, Gerő, Mihály Farkas and the Minister of the Interior, who were expected to add their observations and return them to Péter, who then acted on any instructions before destroying the bulletins. Note that Révai was not included. Fejtő, Ferenc: Budapesttől Párizsig (From Budapest to Paris), Budapest, 1990. Fejtő, Ferenc, and Maurizio Serra: A század utasa (The century’s wayfarer), Budapest, 2002. Fekete, Gyula: Naplóm a történelemnek (My diary as history), Vol. I, Budapest, 2007. Fekete, Sándor: A kamasz álma (A juvenile’s dream), Budapest, 1984. Fekete, Sándor: Vácott voltam Afrikában (Africa was Vác), Budapest, 1996. The author was in prison with István Bibó, Árpád Göncz, and György Litván, among others, for political activities during and

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after the 1956 revolt, and especially for having written an analysis of the events, which was smuggled out of the country. While incarcerated in Vác prison, his preschooler son was told that his father was in Africa. Feyerabend, Paul: Killing Time, Chicago, 1995. Fischer, Ernst: An Opposing Man, London, 1974. Fodor, András: Ezer est Fülep Lajossal (A thousand evenings with Lajos Fülep), Vols. 1−2, Budapest, 1986. Fodor, András: A kollégium (The college), Budapest, 1991. A near day-to-day diary of life in Eötvös College and on daily politics. Many of Fodor’s friends, e.g., Tamás Lipták, were incensed when they discovered that he was keeping a diary, often quoting their opinions on events, which could have meant a great deal of trouble if discovered by the political police. Fodor, András: A hetvenes évek: 1970−1974 (The 70s), Vols. 1−2, Budapest, 1995. Fodor, András: A hetvenes évek: 1975−1979 (The 70s), Budapest, 1996. Fodor, József, et al. (Eds.): Új Debrecen született (A new Debrecen was born), Debrecen, 1969. Fodor, László: Sorsfordítás: Szabad hazánk negyven esztendeje (Peripety: Forty years of freedom in Hungary), Budapest, 1985. Földes, György (Ed.): Vidám krónika (Humorous chronicle), Budapest, 1970. Forrai, Gábor: “Lakatos tudományfilozófiája” (Lakatos’ philosophy of science), Replica, December 1996. Franyó, István (Ed.): Kontra György, Budapest, 2008. Gabori, George: When Evils Were Most Free, Ottawa, 1981. Gál, Éva, et al. (Eds.): A “Jelcin”-dosszié (The Yeltsin file), Budapest, 1993. Gál, Lajos (Ed.): Egységbe ifjúság! (Youth unite!), Budapest, 1973. A selection of documents on the Leftist youth movement 1944−1948, published by the Institute of Party History. Gál, Lajos: “A demokratikus egyetemi ifjúsági mozgalom kibontakozása, a MEFESZ megalakulása” (The unfolding of the democratic university youth movement and the formation of the Federation of Hungarian University and College Societies), in: Molnár, János (Ed.): Tanulmányok a MEFESZ történetéből 1945−1948 (Studies on the history of MEFESZ 1945−1948), Budapest, 1981. Gál, Lajos: “Ifjúsági mozgalmak 1944−1948” (Youth movements 1944−1948), in: Gál, Lajos, and Mrs. L. Szarvas (Eds.): A magyar ifjúsági mozgalom története 1945−1950 (The history of the Hungarian youth movement 1945−1950), Budapest, 1981. Gál, Lajos: “A demokratikus ifjúsági mozgalom kibontakozása, politikai és szervezeti tagolódása (1944. október−1945. március)” (The unfolding of the democratic youth movement and its political and organizational separation [October 1944−March 1945]), in: Korom, Mihály, et al. (Eds.): Tanulmányok a felszabadulás utáni ifjúsági mozgalmak történetéből (Studies on the history of the post-1945 youth movements), Budapest, 1983. Gáll, Ernő: “Tánczos Gábor Erdélyben,” in: Ember, Mária, and András B. Hegedűs (Eds.): Tánczos Gábor Emlékkönyv (In memory of Gábor Tánczos), Budapest, 1997. Gerebélyes, László: “A Monde magyar könyvei” (The Hungarian books published by Editions Monde), Korunk, No. 6, 1930. Gereben, Ágnes: Antiszemitizmus a Szovjetunióban (Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union), Budapest, 2000. Gergely, Jenő: A pápaság története (History of the papacy), Budapest, 1982. Gergely, Jenő: Prohászka Ottokár, Budapest, 1994. Germuska, Pál, and Tamás Nagy: “Az MDP Államvédelmi Bizottsága, Honvédelmi Bizottsága és a Honvédelmi Tanács” (The State Security Committee, the National Defense Committee, and the National Defense Council of the Hungarian Working People’s Party), Múltunk, No. 1, 2004. The authors unearthed the available documents on these key strategic bodies, which often served only as cover for the troika of Rákosi, Gerő and Farkas.

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Gerő, Ernő: “A moszkvai magyar emigráció 1944-es tevékenységéről” (On the activities of the Hungarian emigrés in Moscow in 1944), in: Petrák, Katalin (Ed.): Tanúságtevők (Bearing witness), Vol. 4/c, Budapest, 1985. Geyer, Arthúr: A magyarországi fasizmus zsidóüldözésének bibliográfiája 1945−1958 (Bibliography of the persecution of Hungarian Jewry 1945−1958), Budapest, 1958. Lists dozens of volumes of memoirs, reportage, history, and anthologies on the Holocaust, on the events leading up to it, and a host of articles and personal accounts in periodicals right after the war. In the text, I mention only a few key books, which I found before lucking on Geyer’s valuable work. The articles and the debates among the various dailies and periodicals, which are in themselves fascinating documents of the era, are too numerous to list. Gimes, Miklós: Népi demokrácia − út a szocializmushoz (People’s democracy − path to socialism), Budapest, 1948. Gonda, Moshe Elijahu [László]: A debreceni zsidók száz éve: A mártírhalált halt debreceni és környékbeli zsidók emlékére (Debrecen Jewry’s 100 years: Commemorating the martyred Jews of Debrecen and environs), Tel Aviv, 1977. Gondos, Ernő: “A ‘Gondolat’-ról” (On the periodical “Gondolat”), Párttörténeti Közlemények (Bulletin of Party History), No. 1, 1964. Görömbei, András: “Fényes szellők szárnyán” (On the wings of splendid winds), in: Válasz évkönyv 1989/I (“Válasz” annual 1989/I), Budapest, 1989. Graham, Sheelagh: “On Literary Guard: The Case of Aleksandr Tarasov-Rodionov,” Slavonic and East European Review, April 1963. Gurka, Dezső: “A kopernikuszi fordulat Lakatos Imre filozófiájában” (The Copernican turn in Imre Lakatos’ philosophy), Valóság, No. 6, 1999. Gyarmati, György: “Történetírásunk a felszabadulás utáni korszakról” (Hungarian historiography during the period following Liberation), Századok, No. 3, 1980. Gyarmati lists dozens of studies and even books analyzing the (changing) meaning of “people’s democracy.” It is telling that the debate on the concept partly took place in the pages of a philosophic quarterly and philosophers participated as much as Party historians. All in all, it only shows that Marxism−Leninism was like any religion and this was its exegesis. In the final analysis, the how-much-democracy-is-in-people’s-democracy debate is about the same as the discussion of how many angels can stand on the head of a pin. Gyarmati, György (Ed.): Államvédelem a Rákosi-korszakban (State Security in the Rákosi era), Budapest, 2000. Gyertyán, Ervin: “Alekszandr Taraszov-Rodionov: Csokoládé,” Szovjet Irodalom, No. 12, 1989. Gyertyán, Ervin: Értékek csapdája (The trap of values), Budapest, 2004. Győrffy, Miklós: Bagoly nappal (The Owl in daytime), Budapest, 1988. “Bagoly” (Owl) was the name of a popular radio program devoted to previously taboo or near-taboo topics in the mid-1980s; the book is an anthology of broadcast transcripts. Győrffy, Sándor: “Erdei Ferenc és a Márciusi Front” (Ferenc Erdei and the March Front), in: Pintér, István (Ed.): Félszázad múltán a márciusi frontról (On the March Front after half a century), Budapest, 1989. Erdei /1910−1971/ was a sociologist who did a great deal during the interwar years to publicize rural poverty and injustice. After the war he was a crypto-communist in one of the agrarian parties. (Gerő reported to Rákosi at the end of 1944 that Erdei wanted to join the CP and it was agreed that his membership would be kept secret.) Győrffy, Sándor: “Tűzfelelősök” (Keepers of the flame), Magyar Nemzet, July 6, 1996. Győri, Anna (Ed.): Vérvádak üzenete (The message of blood libels), Budapest, 1996. Győri, Béla (Ed.): Vasárnapi Újság (Sunday Gazette), Budapest, 1989. Transcripts of interviews from this weekly radio program. Győri, György: “Küzdelem a lélektannal és a világgal” (At odds with psychiatry and the world), interview with Ferenc Mérei, Kortárs, No. 4, 1977.

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Gyurgyák, János: A zsidókérdés Magyarországon (The Jewish question in Hungary), Budapest, 2000. Hajdu, Tibor: “Magyar irodalom, Moszkvából nézve − 1952” (The Hungarian literary scene as viewed from Moscow in 1952), Mozgó Világ, No. 3. 1993. Hajdu, Tibor: “1949. május 23-án este Farkas Mihály elvtárs kihallgatta Szőnyi Tibort” (In the evening of May 23, 1949, Comrade Mihály Farkas interrogated Tibor Szőnyi), Mozgó Világ, No. 6, 1993. Hajduska, István: Tollforgató forgószélben (Writer in the whirlwind), Budapest, 1988. Halda, Aliz: Magánügy (Private matter), Budapest, 2002. Hanák, Tibor: Az elfelejtett reneszánsz (The forgotten renaissance), Budapest, 1993. Haraszti, Sándor: Befejezetlen számvetés (Unfinished reckoning). Budapest, 1986. Harmat, Pál: Freud, Ferenczi és a magyarországi pszichoanalízis (Freud, Ferenczi and psychoanalysis in Hungary), Bern, 1986. Háy, Éva: A barikád mindkét oldalán (On both sides of the barricades), Budapest, 2000. Háy, Gyula: Született 1900-ban (Born in 1900), Budapest, 1990. In English, the data are: Julius Hay: Born 1900, published in 1975. Hegedüs, András: Élet egy eszme árnyékában (Life in the shadow of an idea), Vienna, 1985. Hegedüs, András: A történelem és a hatalom igézetében (Under the spell of history and state power), Budapest, 1988. Hegedűs, András B.: “Petőfi Kör − a reformmozgalom fóruma 1956-ban” (Petőfi Circle: the forum of the reform movement in 1956), Világosság, No. 1, 1989. In the last two years of Hungary’s communist rule, censorship loosened in direct ratio to the communist rulers losing their bearings − thanks to Moscow and glasnost, and articles like this appeared in state-financed magazines. Hegedűs, András B., et al. (Eds.): A Petőfi kör vitái (The debates of the Petőfi Circle), Vols. I−VII, Budapest, 1989−1992. Unfortunately, not all of the Petőfi Circle debates have turned up; I especially regret that the NÉKOSZ debate is missing. The volumes are fascinating reading as people felt free to speak their mind for the first time in years. The self-criticisms are genuine and, indeed, dramatic. No wonder the Party’s leadership was horrified, but also too divided and too confused to stop it. Hegedűs, András B.: Azon a kedden (That certain Tuesday), Budapest, 2000. Tuesday is reference to October 23, 1956, which fell on a Tuesday. Hegedüs, Géza: A visszanyert élet (A life regained), Budapest, 1989. Heller, Ágnes: Bicikliző majom (Monkey on a bike), Budapest, 1998. Hermann, István: Lukács György élete (The life of György Lukács), Budapest, 1985. Hidvégi, Miklós: Mérnökkollégiumok: NÉKOSZ dokumentumkötet (Engineers’ colleges: documents on the people’s colleges), Budapest, 1989. Horváth, Ibolya, Pál Solt, Győző Szabó, János Zanathy, and Tibor Zinner (Eds.): Iratok az igazságszolgáltatás történetéhez (Documents on the history of jurisdiction), Vols. 1−5, Budapest, 1992−1996. A selection of over 500 declassified documents filling almost 5,000 pages, from both the inter-war period and after 1945. Horváth, Márton: “Zsidóság és asszimiláció” (Jewry and assimilation), Társadalmi Szemle, July 1946. Horváth, Márton: Lobogónk, Petőfi (Our banner: Petőfi), Budapest, 1950. Horváth, Márton: Holttengeri tekercsek (Dead Sea tapes), Budapest, 1970. Horváth, Márton: “‘Lobogónk: Petőfi’?” (‘Our banner: Petőfi’?), Kritika, No. 11, 1972. The title harks back to his 1950 book, questioning his own former position. Horváth, Márton: “A Lukács-vitáról” (On the Lukács debate), in: Ambrus, János (Ed.): Op. cit. Horváth, Márton: “A személytelenség statikus állapota” (The static state of impersonality), Élet és Irodalom, June 19, 1987. Huszár, Tibor: Történelem és szociológia (History and sociology), Budapest, 1979. Huszár, Tibor: Nemzetlét − nemzettudat − értelmiség (Nationhood, national consciousness, intelligentsia), Budapest, 1984. Huszár, Tibor: A hatalom rejtett dimenziói (The hidden dimensions of power), Budapest, 1995.

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Huszár, Tibor (Ed.): Bibó István (1911−1979): Életút dokumentumokban (István Bibó [1911−1979] A life in documents), Budapest, 1995. Huszár, Tibor: A politikai gépezet 1951 tavaszán Magyarországon (The political grinder in Hungary in the Spring of 1951), Budapest, 1998. Huszár, Tibor: Kádár, Vol. 1, Budapest, 2001. An excellent two-volume biography of János Kádár. Huszár, Tibor: Beszélgetések Nyers Rezsővel (Conversations with Rezső Nyers), Budapest, 2004. Ignotus, Paul: Political Prisoner, London, 1959. Ignotus, Paul: Hungary, London, 1972. Illyés, Gyula: “One Sentence on Tyranny,” The Literary Review, Spring, 1966. Also in Congdon, Lee, Béla K. Király, and Károly Nagy (Eds.): 1956: The Hungarian Revolution and War for Independence, pp. 329−335, Boulder, 2006. The poet György Petri (1943−2000) said in an interview (Beszélő, No. 11, 1999) that “while reading this poem, one begins to breathe differently.” High praise indeed as in fact Illyés’ felicitous lines take one’s breath away. Illyés, Gyula: Iránytűvel (With a compass), Budapest, 1975. Illyés, Gyula: Beatrice apródjai (Beatrice’s pages), Budapest, 1981. Izsák, Lajos: Polgári ellenzéki pártok Magyarországon 1944−1949 (Bourgeois opposition parties in Hungary 1944−1949), Budapest, 1983. Izsák, Lajos: “Rákosi, Révai, Rajk a többpártrendszer felszámolásáról” (Rákosi, Révai and Rajk on the liquidation of the multi-party system), História, No. 3, 1984. Izsák, Lajos, and Miklós Kun (Eds.): Moszkvának jelentjük… (Reporting to Moscow…), Budapest, 1994. These reports, content aside, are like any company’s rural branch reports to corporate headquarters, reflecting the relationship between the satellite leadership and the Kremlin. Jakab, Miklós: Társadalmi változás és a magyar értelmiség 1944−1948 (Social change and Hungarian intellectuals 1944−1948), Budapest, 1979. József, Attila: Összes művei (Collected works), Vol. 3, Budapest, 1958. Juhász, Géza: “Az egyetemi élet újraindulása Debrecenben” (Restarting the university in Debrecen), in: Mrs. Lányi, Ernő, Eta Nagy, and Katalin Petrák (Eds.): A szabadság hajnalán (At the dawn of freedom), Budapest, 1965. Juhász, Júlia: Hitek, sorsok, vallomások (Beliefs, fates, confessions), Budapest, 1996. Kabdebó, Lóránt: A háborúnak vége lett (The war’s over), Budapest, 1983. Kádár, Zsuzsanna: “A magyarországi szociáldemokrata perek története” (The history of the Hungarian show trials involving Social Democrats), Múltunk, No. 2, 1996. Kadarkay, Arpad: Georg Lukács, Oxford, 1991. Kadvany, John: Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason, Durham−London, 2001. Kahler, Frigyes, and Sándor M. Kiss: Kinek a forradalma? (Whose revolution?), Budapest, 1997. Kajári, Erzsébet: “Két 1958-as dokumentum a politikai nyomozószervek tevékenységéről” (Two 1958 documents on the activities of the political police), in: Rainer, János M., and Éva Standeisky (Eds.): Évkönyv 1999 (1999 annual of the 1956 Institute), Budapest, 1999. Kállai, Gyula, et al.: Új szellemi front (New intellectual front), Budapest, 1946. Writings by Kállai, Révai, Szekfű and others; the Hungarian word szellem connotes mentality, spirituality and intellect, and the essays were a plea for a new outlook. Kállai, Gyula: Életem törvénye (The rule guiding my life), Budapest, 1980. Kállai, Gyula: Két világ határán (On the border of two worlds), Budapest, 1984. Kampis, George, Ladislav Kvasz, and Michael Stoltzner (Eds.): Appraising Lakatos: Mathematics, Methodology and the Man, Dordrecht, 2002. Kanyó, András (Ed.): Kádár János: Végakarat (János Kádár: Last will), Budapest, 1989. Karády, Viktor: “Szociológiai kísérlet a magyar zsidóság 1945 és 1956 közötti helyzetének elemzésére” (A sociological attempt at analyzing the situation of Hungarian Jewry in the period between 1945 and 1956), in: Kende, Péter (Ed.), Paris, 1984, listed below.

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Kardos, Éva D.: Vörös alkony (Red sunset), Budapest, 2004. Rákosi’s niece, married to a top communist, István Dékán, gives an upclose look at the life of the communist elite. After her husband’s death, she fell on hard times and ended up a prostitute in socialist Hungary, a tale she tells without self-pity. Kardos, László: Hármaskönyv (Tripartitum), Budapest, 1978. Kardos, László, et al. (Eds.): A fényes szelek nemzedéke (The generation of the splendid winds), Vols. I−II, Budapest, 1980. This is a monumental collection of documents, first-person accounts, and photographs. “Splendid winds” refers to the People’s Colleges’ anthem. The volume did not include the then classified communist party documents on the demise of the people’s colleges, a gap filled years later by László Svéd. Kardos, László: Börtönírásai 1957−1963 (Prison writings 1957−1963), Budapest, 1992. Kardos, László: “Rajk László és a népi kollégiumok,” (László Rajk and the people’s colleges), Múltunk, No. 3, 1999. Kardos, László: Amikor a népi kollégiumokról vallanom kell (When I must speak of the people’s colleges), Budapest, 2000. Kardos, Pál: “Marxizmus és zsidóság” (Marxism and Jewry), in: Szemere, Samu (Ed.): Évkönyv (Annual), Budapest, 1948. (Annual of the Israelite Hungarian Literary Society.) Karinthy, Frigyes: Idomított világ (Tamed world), Vol. 2, Budapest, 1981. Karinthy’s writings, precisely because of the humor, are very difficult to translate adequately; very few of his dozens of books are available in English. See his recently re-issued A Journey Round My Skull (New York Review Books); Oliver Sacks’ introduction was also published separately in The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Karinthy, Frigyes: Felvesznek a csecsemőklinikára (Admitted to the baby clinic), Budapest, 1992. Karsai, Elek, and Magda Somlyai (Eds.): Sorsforduló (Fateful turn), Budapest, 1970. The two-volume work contains 688 documents from September 1944 to April 1945. A fascinating survey of the nuts and bolts of getting a country back on its feet again. Karsai, Elek, and Magda M. Somlyai (Eds.): A felszabadulás krónikája (Chronology of the Liberation), Budapest, 1970. Karsai, László (Ed.): Kirekesztők: Antiszemita írások 1881−1992 (Those who ostracize: anti-Semitic writings 1881−1992), Budapest, 1992. Katona, Béla: Várad a viharban (Várad in the storm), Nagyvárad, 1946. (Várad is today’s Oradea.) The preface is by Béla Zsolt. Katona wrote about meeting Dr. Miklós Nyiszli after the war. One of the German officers at Auschwitz complained to Nyiszli, a German-university educated doctor, but a prisoner nevertheless, assigned to assist Mengele, about his chest pains. Nyiszli told him it was the stress of the job, “all these dead bodies.” “Nah,” replied the German, “that doesn’t bother me at all. I can go on killing these people all day long. It must be the smoke, that’s my guess,” he said and wandered off. Kelen, Jolán: Eliramlik az élet… (Life is fleeting…), Budapest, 1976. Kelevéz, Ágnes (Ed.): Egy kémikus a régi Eötvös Collégiumban (A chemist in the old Eötvös College), Budapest, 2006. Kelevéz, Ágnes (Ed.): Ahol a maximum volt a minimum (Where maximal performance was the minimal requirement), Budapest, 2007. Kende, Péter (Ed.): Zsidóság az 1945 utáni Magyarországon (Jewry in Hungary after 1945), Paris, 1984. Kende, Péter: Az én Magyarországom (Hungary as I see it), Budapest, 1997. Kerepeszki, Róbert: “A numerus clausus 1928. évi módosításának hatása Debrecenben” (The impact of the 1928 amendment of the numerus clausus in Debrecen), Múltunk, No. 4, 2005. Kerepeszki, Róbert: “Debrecen és a Volksbund” (Debrecen and the Volksbund), Múltunk, No. 4, 2007. The Debrecen chapter of the Hungarian ethnic Germans’ pro-Germany organization, the Volksbund, was not organized until 1942. Keresztury, Dezső: “A két Válasz körül” (On the two periods of “Válasz”), interviewed by Ágnes Széchenyi, in: Új Hold Évkönyv, Budapest, 1986.

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Keresztury, Dezső: “Emlékezés az Eötvös Collégium utolsó éveire” (Remembering the final years of Eötvös College), Valóság, No. 3, 1989. Keresztury, Dezső: Önismeret (Autognosis), Budapest, 2001. Kéri, Piroska: Sugárkoszorú (Halo), Budapest, 2003. The story of Júlia Sós, who was married to Leo Lám (György Lázár), who looked like a Wehrmacht officer from central casting. Király, István: “A múltról a mának” (On the past for the present), Kritika, No. 4, 1981. Király, István: Útkeresések (Explorations), Budapest, 1989. Király, István: “A Lukács modell” (The Lukács model), Kritika, Nos. 7 and 8, 1989. Kiss, György: Jegyzetek az első évekről. 1944−1948 (Notes on the initial years: 1944−1948), Budapest, 1976. Kiss, István: “Az MKP megalakulása és szervezeti fejlődése Hajdú és Bihar megyében 1944−1948” (The formation and organizational growth of the Hungarian Communist Party in Hajdú and Bihar Counties 1944−1948), in: Serflek, István (Ed.): A Magyar Kommunista Párt szervezeti fejlődése Hajdú és Bihar megyében 1944−1948 (The organizational growth of the Hungarian Communist Party in Hajdú and Bihar Counties 1944−1948), Debrecen, 1974. Koestler, Arthur: Arrow in the Blue, New York, 1961. Koestler, Arthur: Darkness at Noon, London, 1964. Kolozsvári Grandpierre, Emil: Béklyók és barátok (Fetters and friends), Budapest, 1979. Koltay, Gábor, and Péter Bródy (Eds.): El nem égetett dokumentumok (Documents that were not burned), Vol. 1, Budapest, 1990. A slim volume of allegedly pirated documents; further volumes were promised but never published. Komoróczy, György: “A politikai szervezetek kialakulása a felszabadult Bihar megyében” (The formation of political organizations in liberated Bihar County), in: Módy, György (Ed.): A debreceni Déri Múzeum évkönyve 1968 (The 1968 annual of the Debrecen Déri Museum), Debrecen, 1970. Komoróczy, György (Ed.): Hajdú-Bihari történelmi olvasókönyv (Hajdú-Bihar County historical reader), Debrecen, 1973. Konrád, György: “Vigyázz rá, értékes ember!” (Take care of him, he’s valuable!), Élet és Irodalom, December 22, 1989. Kontra, György: Karácsony Sándor, Budapest, 1995. Kónya, Judit: Sarkadi Imre, Budapest, 1971. Short biography of the Debrecen-born writer, Imre Sarkadi, 1921−1961. Kónya, Sándor: A magyar tudományos tanács 1948−1949 (The Hungarian science council 1948−1949), Budapest, 1998. Koós, Anna: A nem kívánt hagyaték (Unsought legacy), Budapest, 2006. Kopácsi, Sándor: Életfogytiglan (Life sentence), Nyíregyháza, 1989. First published in French, in 1987 an English edition was published in Toronto, titled In the Name of the Working Class. Chief of Budapest police in 1956, Kopácsi sided with the revolutionaries and the Nagy government, for which he was given a life sentence in 1958. Later amnestied, he emigrated to Canada. Korányi, Tamás G. (Ed.) Egy népfelkelés dokumentaiból (Selections from the documents of an insurrection), Budapest, 1989. Kornai, János: A gondolat erejével (With the power of thought), Budapest, 2005. The autobiography of the well-known economist. The first chapters are well worth reading by those interested in the postwar years as the author writes with candor about being a “sleepwalker Stalinist.” The second, roughly third, of the book is about his scholarly work and the help rendered by the mathematician Tamás Lipták, while the closing chapters, at least in the Hungarian edition, are too much of a been-there, done-that sort of inventory. It was published in English in 2007 by MIT Press under the title By Force of Thought: Irregular Memoirs of an Intellectual Journey. Kornis, Pál: Tanúként jelentkezem (Volunteer witness), Budapest, 1988.

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Korom, Mihály: Magyarország ideiglenes nemzeti kormánya és a fegyverszünet 1944−1945 (Hungary’s provisional national government and the 1944−1945 armistice), Budapest, 1981. (1981/a) (The author should not be confused with the communist politician of the same name.) Korom, Mihály: Népi demokráciánk születése (The birth of our people’s democracy), Debrecen, 1981. (1981/b) Korom, Mihály: A népi bizottságok és a közigazgatás Magyarországon 1944−1945 (People’s committees and public administration in Hungary 1944−1945), Budapest, 1984. Korom, Mihály (Ed.): “A moszkvai magyar emigráció 1944. őszi megbeszélései a programkészítésről” (The discussions of the Hungarian communist emigrés in Moscow in the fall of 1944 on their program), Múltunk, No. 1, 1993. Korom, Mihály: “A Rákosi-uralom legfőbb törvénysértő szerve és fő felelősei” (The foremost institution and people responsibe for violations of the law during the Rákosi era), in: Izsák, Lajos, and Gyula Stemler (Eds.): Vissza a történelemhez… (Back to history…), Budapest, 1996. Korom, Mihály: “A magyar kommunista emigráció vezetőinek tevékenysége a Szovjetunióban a második világháború idején” (The activities of the leaders of the Hungarian communist emigrés in the Soviet Union during the Second World War), Múltunk, No. 2, 1997. Kovács, András: “Magyar zsidó politika a háború végétől a kommunista rendszer bukásáig” (Hungarian Jewish policy from the end of the war until the collapse of communism), Múlt és Jövő, No. 3, 2003. Kovács, Sándor Iván: “A ‘Forum’ szerepe felszabadulás utáni irodalmunk történetében” (The role of Forum in the history of our literature after 1945), Acta Historiae Litterarum Hungaricum, Szeged, 1964. Kozák, Gyula, Gábor Pataki, János M. Rainer, and Éva Standeisky (Eds.): A fordulat évei 1947−1949 (The years of the turn 1947−1949), Budapest, 1998. Kő, András, and Lambert J. Nagy: Levelek Rákosihoz (Letters to Rákosi), Budapest, 2002. Kövér, György: Losonczy Géza 1917−1957, Budapest, 1998. Kubinyi, Ferenc: Fekete lexikon (Black encyclopedia), California, n.d. Kubinyi was an ex-communist with good sources, whose book is a who’s who of communist leaders and members of the secret police and some of their victims. Kulcsár, Kálmán, and Pál Pritz (Eds.): Az új Magyarország 40 éve (Forty years of the new Hungary), Budapest, 1985. Kun, Miklós: “A Csokoládé írójának titka. Sztálin és Taraszov-Rogyionov” (The secret of the author of Chocolate. Stalin and Tarasov-Rodionov), in the author’s Oroszország válaszúton (Russia at the crossroads), Budapest, 2005. Kun’s volumes of interviews on Stalin’s life, or on the Prague Spring, offer a rare glimpse behind the scenes of how the men in the Kremlin viewed the world. Kutrovácz, Gábor: “Imre Lakatos’ Hungarian dissertation,” in: Kampis, et al. Kutrovácz, Gábor: “Lakatos’ philosophical work in Hungary,” Studies in East European Thought, February, 2008. Kutrucz, Gizella: “Milyen volt Csibe?” (What was Csibe like?), Valóság, No. 2, 1983. “Csibe” was the nickname of Erzsébet Litkei, the writer Zsigmond Móricz’s adopted daughter. Lakatos, Imre: “Molnár Erik: Dialektika” (Review of Erik Molnár’s book on dialectics), Valóság, March−May 1946. Lakatos, Imre: “A fizikai idealizmus bírálata” (A critique of idealism in physics); a review of Susan Stebbing’s Philosophy and the Physicists, in: Athenaeum, No. 3, 1946. Lakatos, Imre: “Citoyen és munkásosztály” (Citoyen and the working class), Valóság, June−September 1946. Lakatos, Imre: “Eötvös Collégium − Györffy Kollégium,” Valóság, February 1947. Unlike the other Lakatos articles, this drew a great deal of media attention. There were replies published in several magazines (see text), but it was also summarized in the press review sections of those which did not publish reactions, e.g., the February 1, 1947, issue of Embernevelés, the March 1, 1947, issue of Köznevelés, and Tiszatáj, No. 1, 1947.

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Lakatos, Imre: Review of two articles, one by Lukács and one by Alexits, which had appeared in the monthly Társadalmi Szemle, in the press review section of Embernevelés, No. 2, 1947. Lakatos, Imre: “Természettudományos világnézet és demokratikus nevelés” (Scientific worldview and democratic upbringing), Embernevelés, No. 2, 1947. Lakatos, Imre: “Vonatkerékből a világ egyik legpontosabb atomfizikai műszere” (One of the world’s best nuclear physics precision instruments made from a train wheel); unsigned article on a visit to the Institute of Physics in Debrecen, Tovább, March 15, 1947. The author was identified to me by the physicist, Éva Csongor Szalay. She said that Lakatos showed her the article as it mentions both her and Professor Szalay. Lakatos, Imre: “Huszadik Század” (On the periodical “Twentieth Century”), Forum, April 1947. After Miklós Gimes attacked this progressive, but non-communist periodical in April 1947 in Szabad Nép, Imre Csécsy, its editor, in the May−June 1947 issue of Huszadik Század, defended his magazine against the charge that it was the mouthpiece of bourgeois radicalism. Csécsy expressed the view that Gimes was not expressing the Party’s viewpoint given that “the Party’s outstanding young ideologist, Imre Lakatos, had written an excellent, objective and understanding critique in Forum.” Lakatos, Imre: “Modern fizika − modern társadalom” (Modern physics − modern society), in: Kemény, Gábor (Ed.): Továbbképzés és demokrácia (Extension courses and democracy), Budapest, 1947. In this volume of over 400 pages, Lakatos is in the company of some of the best minds in the country, writing on a wide range of subjects. The essays were originally lectures for so-called re-education courses for high school teachers, organized by the Ministry of Religion and Public Education. There is an English translation of this essay in Kampis, et al. Lakatos, Imre: “‘Haladó tudós’ a demokráciában” (A “progressive scholar” in a democracy), Tovább, June 13, 1947. A vicious attack on the respected and influential jurist, the academician Gyula Moór (1888−1950), who knew there was no difference between Hitler and Stalin. Lakatos’ piece set the tone and, after having lost his university post, Moór was fired from the Academy in 1949. Tolnai’s memoir has a line by Révai (p. 460), dismissing Moór as a “Horthy supporter,” which is a lie. According to Miklós Szabolcsi, Révai would give his subordinates a few pointers, name the target, and they would go after that person. Lakatos, Imre: “Jeges Károly: Megtanulom a fizikát” [Review of Jeges’ book on studying physics], Társadalmi Szemle, June 1947. Lakatos, Imre: “John Hersey: Hiroshima” [Review of Hersey’s book], Társadalmi Szemle, July−August 1947. Lakatos, Imre: Vigilia [Review of the Roman Catholic periodical, Vigilia], Forum, September 1947. Lakatos, Imre: “Az atomkorszak új betegségei” (New diseases in the nuclear era), Tovább, September 12, 1947. Lakatos, Imre: “A ‘Válasz’ a lejtőn” (“Válasz” on the skids), Szabad Nép, September 25, 1949. I tried my best to find everything published by Lakatos before 1956. Gábor Vajda said that Lakatos had articles in the communist party daily, but they were not signed. He said that sometimes initials referred not to the first, but the last letters of a name. The “on the skids” may have been borrowed from Révai as I came across an editorial by him, blasting Milovan Djilas in 1948, and ending with the observation that he and his Party are “on the skids.” Lakatos, Imre: Speech at the Pedagogy Debate of the Petőfi Circle on September 28, 1956; transcript published in Hegedűs, András B. (Ed.): A Petőfi Kör vitái (The debates of the Petőfi Circle), Vol. VI, Budapest, 1992, pp. 34−38. This was translated into English and given the title “On rearing scholars” and it is in the Lakatos archives in London. It was published in Motterlini, Matteo (Ed.): For and Against Method, Chicago, 1999. In a British Home Office document, Lakatos wrote that he had published an article in the periodical Kortárs in Budapest. However, the periodical of this name, which saw only 17 issues published between 1947 and 1948 and which was edited by Lajos Kassák, was an arts and literature publication of the Social Democratic Party and there was nothing written by Lakatos. The post-1956 communist

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regime revived it as a literary magazine, publishing new works by contemporaries. Its first issue was due to be out in April, but was delayed until September 1957, long after Lakatos had left the country. Its editors were József Darvas and Gábor Tolnai. Lakatos, László: Hajnal István, Budapest, 2001. Hajnal was one of the country’s most original historians, whose career came to a sudden end in 1949 as signalled by Imre Lakatos’ diatribe damning the periodical Válasz and those who published in it. Láng, Péter (Ed.): Hatvan harcos esztendő (Sixty militant years), Budapest, 1978. Lányi, Gusztáv: “Rákosi Mátyás politikai antiszemitizmusa” (The political anti-Semitism of Mátyás Rákosi), in: Szenvedély-betegségek, No. 5, 1994. Using psychohistory and social psychology, the author examines in this medical journal Rákosi’s personality in light of his anti-Semitic statements which he used for political effect, but which also reflect Jewish self-hatred. Lányi, Gusztáv: Magyarság, protestantizmus, társaslélektan (Hungarians, Protestantism, social psychology), Budapest, 2000. Larvor, Brendan: Lakatos: An Introduction, London−New York, 1998. Lelki, Béla: “Szemelvények a régi Eötvös Kollégium utolsó éveinek történetéhez 1945−1950” (Selected documents on the history of the final years of Eötvös College 1945−1950), Levéltári Szemle, No. 3, 1995. Lemhényi, Jenő: A debreceni népi kollégiumok története (The history of the Debrecen people’s colleges), unpublished MS in the Institute of Political History. Lendvai, Ferenc: Egy magyar filozófus: Karácsony Sándor (A Hungarian philosopher: Sándor Karácsony), Budapest, 1993. Lengyel, Béla: Szovjet irodalom Magyarországon 1919−1944 (Soviet literature in Hungary 1919−1944), Budapest, 1964. Libik, György: Üzenet a lesiklásból (Message from the slalom), Stockholm, 1981. Libik, György: “Vendégségben Péter Gábornál” (Visiting Gábor Péter), Népszabadság, September 29, 1990. Litván, György: “Zsidó szerepvállalás a magyar kommunizmusban, antisztálinizmusban és 1956-ban” (The role of Jews in Hungarian communism, anti-Stalinism and in 1956), Szombat, No. 8, 1992. Litván, György: “Két őrület áldozata” (Victim of dual madness), Élet és Irodalom, January 6, 1995. Litván, György: Októberek üzenete (The message of Octobers), Budapest, 1996. Litván, György: “Politikai gondolkodás az átmenet éveiben (Political thought in the years of transition), in: Standeisky, Éva, et al. (Eds.): A fordulat évei 1947−1949 (The years of transition 1947−1949), Budapest, 1998. Litván, György: “Mérei és a ‘Krampusz’” (Mérei and the bogyman), in: Tomkiss, Tamás (Ed.): Mérei életmű (On Mérei’s life and work), Budapest, 2006. Long, Jancis: “Lakatos in Hungary,” Philosophy of the Social Sciences, June 1998. Dr. Long is a psychologist and she makes interesting analytical comments about Lakatos, an area where I feared to tread. Long, Jancis: “Lakatos Imre Magyarországon,” Magyar Filozófiai Szemle, Nos. 1−3, 1999. Long, Jancis, and Alex Bandy: “Dress Rehearsal for a Revolution?” The Hungarian Quarterly, Spring 2000. (Unfortunately, in this and in the Hungarian version, the name of the distinguished Professor Imre Törő was misspelled as Török, which was my fault.) Long, Jancis: “The Unforgiven: Imre Lakatos’ Life in Hungary,” in: George Kampis, et al. Losonczy, Géza: “Beszéd a KEB előtt az irodalmi határozat ügyében” (Speech before the Central Control Commission on the decree on literature), in: Hanák, Gábor: “1956. február” (February 1956), an interview with Mr. and Mrs. Szilárd Ujhelyi, História, No. 1, 1990. Losonczy, Géza: “Levele Révai Józsefnek 1949. július 14.-én (Letter to József Révai on July 14, 1949), Budapesti Negyed, No. 8, 1995. Löwinger, Sámuel: Zsidókérdés Magyarországon 1944 után (The Jewish question in Hungary after 1944), Budapest, 1948. (A nine-page pamphlet discussing the issue in light of István Bibó’s essay and the blood libel pogroms.)

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Lukács, György: “A demokrácia útja” (The path of democracy), Szabad Nép, November 25, 1945, p. 5; Part Two was published on December 2, on p. 3. “Lukács György előadása az orosz tudományos életről” (Presentation on scholarly life in Russia), Embernevelés, Nos. 1−2, 1946. (This was a report on Lukács’ September 22, 1945, speech.) Lukács, György: “Az értelmiség ismerje meg a marxizmust!” (Intellectuals must become familiar with Marxism!), in: Értelmiség és népi demokrácia (Intellectuals and people’s democracy), Budapest, 1946. The booklet contains speeches by Lukács, Albert Szent-Györgyi, Géza Losonczy, and Tamás Major, among others, at the communist party’s Third Congress held in 1946. It is also in the full volume of the proceedings, titled A népi demokrácia útja (The path of people’s democracy). Lukács spoke on September 30. Lukács, György: “Arisztokratikus és demokratikus világnézet” (Aristocratic and democratic worldviews), expanded text of his Geneva presentation, first published in Forum, November 1946, then in: Lukács, György: A polgári filozófia válsága (The crisis of bourgeois philosophy), Budapest, 1949. Lukács, György: Irodalom és demokrácia (Literature and democracy), Budapest, 1947. Lukács, György: A marxista filozófia feladatai az új demokráciában (The tasks of Marxist philosophy in the new democracy), Budapest, 1948. A 58-page pamphlet containing Lukács’ December 20, 1947, speech at the congress of Marxist philosophers, held in Milan, Italy. Lukács, György: “A marxista filozófusok milánói konferenciájáról és az irracionalizmus elleni küzdelem fontosságáról” (On the Milan conference of Marxist philosophers and on the importance of the struggle against irrationalism), Szabad Nép, March 7, 1948, p. 9. Lukács, György: “Kultúrforradalom és népi demokrácia” (Cultural revolution and people’s democracy), Szabad Nép, May 1, 1948. Lukács, György: “Művelt, harcos, haladó értelmiségért!” (For a cultured, militant, progressive intelligentsia!), in: Harcba a népi demokrácia egyeteméért − öntudatos, szakképzett értelmiségért! (The struggle for the university of the people’s democracy − for a class-conscious, professional intelligentsia!), Budapest, 1948. Lukács, György: “A béke védelme és az értelmiség felelőssége” (Safeguarding peace and the responsibility of intellectuals), Csillag, October 1948. (Lukács’ report on the Wroclaw, Poland, peace congress.) Lukács, Georg: Record of a Life, London, 1983. Lukácsy, Sándor: “Rákosi mint Judás” (Rákosi as Judas), in Pomogáts, Béla: Tiszta beszéd (Plain talk), Budapest, 2006. Magosh, György M.: Vadfa (Wild tree), Budapest, 1994. Márai, Sándor: Memoir of Hungary 1944−1948, Budapest, 1996. Written in exile, it captures well the atmosphere of those post-war years and I would advise anyone wishing to pursue a study of the period to read it before the Aczél and Méray book. At first courted, later criticized by an assortment of communists, including Lukács, Márai’s principles were not for sale. Márai, Sándor: Ajándék a végzettől (Destiny’s gift), Budapest, 2004. Márkus, István: Az ismeretlen főszereplő (The unknown main participant), Budapest, 1991. Marosán, György: Az úton végig kell menni (You have to go all the way), Budapest, 1972. Marosán, György: Nincs visszaút (There’s no turning back), Budapest, 1988. Márványi, Judit: “Köszönet helyett” (In lieu of thanks), in: Bibó emlékkönyv (Bibó Festschrift), Budapest, 1991. Matolcsy, György: Amerikai birodalom (American empire), Budapest, 2004. Mátrai, László: Műhelyeim története (The story of my workshops), Budapest, 1982. Mayer, Helmut: “Feyerabend és Lakatos” (Feyerabend and Lakatos), Valóság, No. 3, 2001. Translated from the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, no date given. Mérei, Gyula: A magyar népi demokrácia története 1944. október−1948. június (The history of the Hungarian people’s democracy October 1944−June 1948), Budapest, 1955. Mihályi, Gábor: “Egy életkudarc története” (One of life’s failures), Replica, June 1998.

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Mikecz, Ferenc (Ed.): Hajdú-Bihar megye és Debrecen eseménynaptára 1945. április 4. − 1948. június 16. (Chronology of events in Hajdú-Bihar County and Debrecen, April 4, 1945−June 16, 1948), Debrecen, 1970. Mikecz, Ferenc: “Népi demokratikus forradalmi átalakulás 1944−1948” (People’s democratic revolutionary transformation 1944−1948), in: Tokody, Gyula (Ed.): Hajdú-Bihar megye és Debrecen munkásmozgalmának története (The history of the labor movement of Hajdú-Bihar County and Debrecen), Debrecen, 1970. Mikecz, Ferenc: Az MKP vezette forradalmi erők harca a népi demokratikus átalakulásért Hajdú megyében 1944−1948 (The struggle of the revolutionary forces led by the HCP for the people’s democratic transformation in Hajdú County 1944−1948), Budapest, 1984. Mindszenty, József: Memoirs, New York, 1974. Chapters deal with his arrest on false charges and his encounters with Gábor Péter. Mocsár, Gábor: Szellem és századok (Spirit and centuries), Debrecen, 1962. Mocsár, Gábor: Minden időben (At all times), Budapest, 1989. Mód, Aladár: “A népi demokratikus forradalom és a magyar népi demokrácia elvi és történelmi kérdései” (The people’s democratic revolution and questions on the principle and history of the Hungarian people’s democracy), Valóság, No. 3, 1965. Moldova, György: Az utolsó töltény (The last bullet), Vol. 3, Budapest, 2005. Molnár, Erik: A zsidókérdés Magyarországon (The Jewish question in Hungary), Budapest, 1946. Molnár, János (Ed.): Tanulmányok a MEFESZ történetéből 1945−1948 (Studies on the history of the Federation of Hungarian University and College Associations 1945−1948), Budapest, 1981. Molnár, Miklós: “Őszinte szó a zsidókérdésről” (Frank words on the Jewish question), Valóság, March−May 1946. Molnár, Zoltán: Egy márciusi nap (One day in March), Budapest, 1965. Molnár, Zoltán: Fakerék (Wooden wheel), Budapest, 1982. Motterlini, Matteo (Ed.): For and Against Method, Chicago, 1999. The Lakatos−Feyerabend correspondence offers valuable insights into Lakatos’ psychology. There is much gossip and childishness as well as the meanness characteristic of some adolescents, but most outgrow it. Lakatos also offered some autobiographical tidbits to his students as in Lecture 6, such as his access to Western newspapers at the Central Committee headquarters. “There were about two hundred people who shared this privilege with me,” he said. (p. 67) Mózes, Teréz: Váradi zsidók (The Jews of Nagyvárad), Nagyvárad, 1997. Murasko, Galina Pavlovna: “Néhány ecsetvonás Rákosi Mátyás politikai portréjához” (A few touches to the political portrait of Mátyás Rákosi), Múltunk, No. 2, 1992. On the basis of Soviet advisors’ reports to Moscow, Murasko shows that among all of the Eastern Bloc leaders, Rákosi was the most diligent in concocting show trials, not only in Hungary, but in the Bloc as a whole; he was a veritable Denouncer-in-Chief. The “Decider,” of course, was Stalin. Murasko, G.P., and A.F. Noskova: “A szovjet tényező Kelet-Európa országainak háború utáni fejlődésében, 1945−1948” (The Soviet factor in the post-war development of East-European countries, 1945−1948), Múltunk, No. 2, 1996. Nagy, András: “A patkány és a klasszikus” (The rat and the classic), Liget, No. 2, 2001. Nagy, András: [Untitled rejoinder to Gábor Vajda’s critique. − A.B.], Liget, No. 9, 2001. Nagy, Ferenc: Küzdelem a vasfüggöny mögött, Budapest, 1990. Translation of the author’s The Struggle behind the Iron Curtain, New York, 1948. Nagy, Imre: Snagovi jegyzetek (Snagov notes), Budapest, 2006. The writings of the martyred prime minister in 1956−1957, while held in Snagov, Romania. Nagy, József Zsigmond, and István Szijártó (Eds.): Tanulmányok az Eötvös Collégium történetéből (Studies on the history of Eötvös College), Budapest, 1989. Nagy, Magda K.: A Válasz: tanulmány (“Válasz:” A study), Budapest, 1963. Nagy, Péter: “Különös sorsok” (Strange fates), Nagyvilág, No. 7, 1984.

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Nagy, Zsuzsa: Fél évszázad krónikása (Chronicler of half a century), Debrecen, 1994. Nemes, György: Bal-jobb, bal-jobb (Left-right, left-right), Budapest, 1983. Nemes, János: Rákosi Mátyás születésnapja (Mátyás Rákosi’s birthday), Budapest, 1988. Németh, Béla G.: “A demokrácia hagyománya” (The tradition of democracy), Népszabadság, November 19, 1988. Németh, Béla G.: “Folyóiratok karaktere és szerepe 1945−47 között: Valóság” (The character and role of periodicals between 1945−1947: “Valóság”), Kortárs, No. 7, 1998. Németi, Irén: Egy milliomos emlékiratai (Memoirs of a millionaire), Budapest, 1996. The title is misleading; Németi is not a millionaire, but the ex-editor of the country’s sole women’s weekly during the communist era, which, by the mid-1980s, had a press run of a million. She spent her school years in Debrecen, moved to Budapest, but was ordered back to Debrecen by Endre Ságvári. Her husband was József Németi, whom she married in 1945 and divorced in 1963. He was one of the people vouching for Lakatos in 1948. Nógrádi, Sándor: Történelmi lecke (Historical lesson), Budapest, 1970. Normai, Ernő: Beatrice egyik apródja (One of Beatrice’s pages), Budapest 1987. Nyáradi, Nicholas: My Ringside Seat in Moscow, New York, 1952. Nyirő, András (Ed.): Segédkönyv a Politikai Bizottság tanulmányozásához (Handbook for the study of the Politburo), Budapest, 1989. Orosz, László: “Szabadon szolgál a szellem” (Spirit needs freedom to serve), Forrás, August 1987. (An interview with Dezső Keresztury.) Ötvös, László: “A madarasi antiszemita megmozdulás” (The Kunmadaras anti-Semitic incident), Jászkunság, February 1990. Paál, Jób, and Antal Radó: A debreceni feltámadás (The resurrection of Debrecen), Debrecen, 1947. Paksa, Rudolf (Ed.): Keresztury Dezső, az Eötvös Collégium igazgatója 1945−1948 (Dezső Keresztury: Director of Eötvös College, 1945−1948), Budapest, 2004. Pálóczi-Horváth, György: Freud: vagy egy illúzió eredete (Freud, or the origins of an illusion), Budapest, 1948. Paloczi-Horvath, George: The Undefeated, London, 1959. Parragi, György: “A ‘kisnyilasok’” (The rank and file members of the Arrow-Cross Party), Magyar Nemzet, August 31, 1945. Parragi, György: “A nyilas alvilág üzenete” (Messages from the Arrow-Cross underworld), Magyar Nemzet, September 6, 1945. Pártay, Tivadar: Veszélyes évszázad (Dangerous century), Budapest, 1997. Pásztor, József M.: “Az író beleszól…” (“The writer speaks out”), Budapest, 1980. The title was the name of a magazine published in the late Thirties, which sought to reconcile various camps of writers. Pataki, Ferenc (Ed.): A valóság pedagógiája (The pedagogy of reality), Budapest, 1974. Pataki, Ferenc: A NÉKOSZ-legenda (The People’s Colleges legend), Budapest, 2005. Pelle, János: “Sarokba szorítva: Zsidó alternatívák 1945 után, három dokumentum tükrében” (Cornered: Alternatives facing Jews after 1945 in the light of three documents), Világosság, No. 5, 1990. Pelle, János: “A forradalom árnyai” (The dark side of the revolution), Mozgó Világ, No. 2, 1991. Pelle, János: Az utolsó vérvádak (The last blood libels), Budapest, 1996. Péteri, György: “Születésnapi ajándék Sztálinnak. Vázlat a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia államosításának történetéhez 1945−49” (Birthday present for Stalin: Notes on the history of the nationalization of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1945−1949), Századvég, Nos. 1−2, 1989. Péteri, György: Academia and State Socialism, New York, 1998. Péteri deals mainly with the 1945−1947 period, which predates Lakatos’ activities in this connection. Péteri’s main target was Albert SzentGyörgyi (1893−1986), who harbored hopes of reorganizing the Academy under his own presidency. Although he was the 1937 Nobel Laureate for medicine, Szent-Györgyi had an exaggerated estimate of his own potential as blackmailer when he threatened to use his fame to expose the Russians’ mass deportation of Hungarians to work camps.

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His laudation of Stalin − “not a dictator, but the father of his people” − his warm praise for what he saw in the Soviet Union in 1945, his speaking at the communist party’s Third Congress in 1946, and his role in the Hungarian−Soviet Cultural Society, should be seen in this context. (See the speech he gave at a meeting of the teachers’ union on July 23, 1945, in Embernevelés, Nos. 1−2, 1945−1946; the quote is on p. 60.) Those who have read his “Lost in the Twentieth Century” (Annual Review of Biochemistry, No. 32, 1963) know his dilemma. This autobiographical piece was included in a selection of his writings published in Hungarian in 1983, but the passages about the Red Army’s atrocities after the war were cut. Basically, Péteri’s book is a good companion volume to Huszár’s volume on the purging and reorganization of the Academy of Sciences, the phase in which Lakatos was an active participant. Pető, Andrea: Rajk Júlia, Budapest, 2001. Petrák, Katalin, and Ernő Vágó: Harcok, emlékek (Battles, memories), Budapest, 1969. Pór, Edit, and Miklós Vásárhelyi (Eds.): Lesz magyar újjászületés (The coming Hungarian rebirth), Budapest, 1975. Pótó, János: “1956 az Akadémián” (1956 at the Academy), Történelemi Szemle, Nos. 1−2, 2006. Prepuk, Anikó: “A kirekesztéstől a deportálásig: A debreceni zsidóság deportálása” (From ostracization to deportation: The deportation of the Jews of Debrecen), História, Nos. 2−3, 2004. Pünkösti, Árpád: Rákosi a hatalomért (Rákosi’s drive to power), Budapest, 1992. Pünkösti, Árpád: “Szücs Ernő és Szücs Miklós agyonveretése, 1950” (The beating to death of the Szücs brothers in 1950), Mozgó Világ, No. 2, 1996. Pünkösti, Árpád: Rákosi a csúcson (Rákosi at the pinnacle of power), Budapest, 1996. Rainer, János M.: Nagy Imre, Vol. 1, Budapest, 1996. Rainer, János M.: “Kémeink az Oxford streeten” (Our spies on Oxford Street), in: Kőrösi, Zsuzsanna, Éva Standeisky, and János M. Rainer (Eds.): Évkönyv 2001 (Annual 2001 of the 1956 Institute), Budapest, 2001. Rákosi, Mátyás: Válogatott beszédek és cikkek (Selected speeches and articles), Budapest, 1955. Rákosi, Mátyás: Visszaemlékezések 1940−1956, Vols. I−II (Memoirs 1940−1956), Budapest, 1997. Although parts had been deleted by his brother, the four volumes − the first two deal with the period 1892−1925 − are over 2,000 pages long; the “missing” years are his time in prison in Szeged. Rákosi, Mátyás: “Rákosi Mátyás előadása Moszkvában 1945 júniusában” (Mátyás Rákosi’s presentation in Moscow in June 1945), Múltunk, No. 4, 1999. Rákosi, Sándor: A MADISZ, 1944−1948 (The Hungarian Democratic Youth Federation 1944−1948), Budapest, 1984. Rákosi, Sándor, et al. (Eds.): A munkásosztály az újjáépítésért 1945−1946 (The working class and reconstruction 1945−1946), Budapest, 1960. Révai, József: “A demokrácia támadásban” (Democracy on the offensive), Szabad Nép, July 22, 1945. This is the article according to which an anticommunist is by definition a reactionary. Révai, József: “Ködösítés” (Clouding the issues), Szabad Nép, March 31, 1946. Révai, József: “Pogrom és népmozgalom” (Pogrom and popular movement), Szabad Nép, June 16, 1946. Révai, József: “Népi és polgári demokrácia” (People’s and bourgeois democracy), in: A nemzeti felemelkedés útja (The path of national progress), Budapest, 1946. Speech on September 29 at the Third Congress of the Hungarian Communist Party. Révai, József: Marxizmus, népiesség, magyarság (Marxism, populism, Hungarians), Budapest, 1949. The Hungarian word népiesség is not easy to translate. Duczynska and Polányi used the word “populism,” which is not to be confused with political populism. Although lexically it means “people,” in usage it refers to the peasantry, and for the March Front and the peasant writers, “the people” was near synonymous with the landless peasantry. These writings may be best called “peasant realism” and in intent they did for the poor peasantry what socialist realism intended to do for the workers. However,

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since the latter was turned into a state project, it quickly became phantasmagoria and went nowhere. (See Standeisky, Éva, Múltunk, No. 1, 2004.) Révai, József: Élni tudtunk a szabadsággal (We made the best of freedom), Budapest, 1949. Révai, Valéria (Ed.): Törvénytelen szocializmus (Unlawful socialism), Budapest, 1991. Révész, Sándor: Egyetlen élet (Only one life), Budapest, 1999. The biography of Miklós Gimes, which is also a history of the 1945−1956 period. Excellently researched and written, it deserves to be translated along with the author’s biography of György Aczél, a key figure of the post-1956 era. Robotos, Imre: “Ügy nincs” (No case), Élet és Irodalom, August 11, 1989. Robotos, Imre: Pengeváltás (Crossing swords), Nagyvárad, 1997. Román, József: Távolodóban (Retreating), Budapest, 1990. Romsics, Ignác: Magyarország története a XX. században (The history of Hungary in the 20th century), Budapest, 1999. The work of this excellent historian is available in English under the title Hungary in the Twentieth Century, published the same year. Ropolyi, László “Lakatos and Lukács,” in: Kampis, et al. Ságvári, Ágnes: Tömegmozgalmak és politikai küzdelmek Budapesten 1945−1947 (Mass movements and political struggles in Budapest 1945−1947), Budapest, 1964. Ságvári, Ágnes: Mert nem hallgathatok (Because I cannot remain silent), Budapest, 1989. Salamon, Konrád: Utak a Márciusi Front felé (On the road to the March Front), Budapest, 1982. Salamon, Konrád: “A Válasz és a népi demokrácia” (“Válasz” and people’s democracy), in: Válasz évkönyv 1989/I (“Válasz” annual 1989/I), Budapest, 1989. Sánta, Ilona: A két munkáspárt egyesülése 1948-ban (The merger of the two labor parties in 1948), Budapest, 1962. Sárközi, Mátyás: “Ő mondja meg ki voltál…” (He decides who you were…), Századvég, Nos. 4−5, 1987. Sárközi, Mátyás: “Koestler angliai magyar barátai” (Koestler’s Hungarian friends in England), Polanyiana, Nos. 1−2, 2005. Schöpflin, Gyula: Szélkiáltó (Woodcock), Budapest, 1991. Serflek, István (Ed.): A Magyar Kommunista Párt szervezeti fejlődése Hajdú és Bihar megyében 1944−1948 (The organizational development of the Hungarian Communist Party in Hajdú and Bihar Counties 1944−1948), Debrecen, 1974. Serge, Victor: Memoirs of a Revolutionary, London, 1984. Shiels, Duncan: A Rajk fivérek (The Rajk brothers), Budapest, 2007. Translated from the French, this is a posthumous work by a fine British reporter, formerly based in Budapest. Endre and László Rajk were brothers; the former was a leader of the fascist Arrow-Cross Party, the latter of the Hungarian Communist Party. Shtikalin, Alexsandr, and Vycheslav Sereda (Eds.): “Lukács György moszkvai tükörben” (György Lukács in Moscow’s mirror), Múltunk, No. 4, 2001. Singer, Magdolna: Partitura (Musical score), Budapest, 2007. Sinka, Erzsébet: Két hold alatt (Under two moons), Budapest, 1999. Sinka, a literary historian, was Zoltán Zelk’s second wife. The book is a collection of autobiographical segments written by Zelk (1906−1981), which were at the same time a personal account of much of the 20th century as the author was not only a noted poet and writer, but also repeatedly arrested during the interwar period, persecuted as a Jew during the fascist era, and again incarcerated for his role in the 1956 uprising. Sinkó, Ervin: Egy regény regénye (Novel about a novel), Novi Sad, 1961. Several of the Hungarian books in this bibliography would deserve to be translated into English and I would put this one high on such a list. It was published in German in the 1960s. Its insights into the personalities and events in Moscow in the interwar years are fascinating. It was allowed to be published in Hungary only in 1988.

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Sólyom, Ildikó: Összetört-szétszakadt-elillant (Broken-torn-escaped), Budapest, 2003. Sólyom is the daughter of the politician executed along with László Rajk and the two-volume work contains many valuable documents. Somlyai, Magda: Nagy csaták után: Az új élet kezdete Magyarországon 1944−1945 (After big battles: Life starts anew in Hungary 1944−1945), Budapest, 1975. Somlyai, Magda: Történelemformáló hétköznapok 1944 ősze−1945 tavasza (Epochal days: Fall 1944−Spring 1945), Budapest, 1985. Standeisky, Éva: “Lukács György és a Magyar Kommunista Párt irodalompolitikája” (György Lukács and the literary policy of the Hungarian Communist Party), in: Soós, Pál (Ed.): Lukács György és a művelődéspolitika (György Lukács and cultural policy), Debrecen, 1986. Standeisky, Éva: A Magyar Kommunista Párt irodalompolitikája 1944−1948 (The literary policy of the Hungarian Communist Party 1944−1948), Budapest, 1987. Standeisky, Éva: “Sokféleségtől a parancsuralomig” (From diversity to dictatorship), Magyar Nemzet, May 14, 1990. Standeisky, Éva: “A miskolci pogrom − ahogyan Rákosiék látták” (The pogrom in Miskolc as seen by Rákosi & Co.), Társadalmi Szemle, No. 11, 1990. This was the first time that Rákosi’s August 2, 1946, speech to the Central Leadership was made public. Standeisky, Éva: “Antiszemita megmozdulások Magyarországon a koalíciós időszakban” (Anti-Semitic incidents in Hungary during the coalition period), Századok, No. 2, 1992. Standeisky, Éva: “A kígyó bőre: Ideológia és politika” (The snake skin: Ideology and politics), in: Standeisky, Éva, et al. (Eds.): A fordulat évei 1947−1949 (The years of transition 1947−1949), Budapest, 1998. Standeisky, Éva: “A magyar irodalmi élet szovjetizálása 1949 és 1951 között” (The Sovietization of Hungarian literary life between 1949 and 1951), Múltunk, No. 1, 2004. Standeisky, Éva: “A kommunisták politikai antiszemitizmusa 1945−1957” (The political anti-Semitism of the communists 1945−1957), Századvég, No. 2, 2007. Stark, Tamás: “A magyar zsidóság a vészkorszak után” (Hungarian Jewry after the Holocaust), História, No. 8, 1995. Steven, Stewart: Operation Splinter Factor, London, 1976. Sükösd, Mihály: “A Collégium bukása” (The end of the College), Új Tükör, March 30, 1986. Sulyok, Dezső: Két éjszaka nappal nélkül (Two nights without a day), Budapest, 2004. Svéd, László: “Sej, a mi lobogónkat…” (Hey, our banner…), Magyar Nemzet, March 18, 1989. Svéd, László (Ed.): Megforgatott világmegforgatók (Cheated revolutionaries), Budapest, 1994. A collection of documents, previously classified, on the liquidation of the people’s college movement. Szabó, Bálint: Forradalmunk sajátosságai 1944−1948 (The peculiarites of our revolution 1944−1948), Budapest, 1962. Szabó, Bálint: Népi demokrácia és forradalomelmélet (People’s democracy and the theory of revolution), Budapest, 1974. Szabó, Bálint (Ed.): A szocializmus útján (On the path of socialism), Budapest, 1982. Szabó, Bálint: Az “ötvenes évek” (The “Fifties”), Budapest, 1986. Szabó, Éva: “A Magyar Kommunista Párt” (The Hungarian Communist Party), in: Erényi, Tibor, and Sándor Rákosi (Eds.): Legyőzhetetlen erő (Invincible force), Budapest, 1968. Szabó, Ferenc A.: “Pusztulás és újjászületés: A zsidó származású lakosság helyzete a felszabadulás után (Death and rebirth: The situation of the Jewish population after 1945), Valóság, No. 11, 1988. Szabó, József N.: “Lukács György értelmiség-politikai felfogása a népi demokratikus átalakulás idejében” (György Lukács’ intelligentsia policy concept during the people’s democracy transformation period), in: Soós, Pál (Ed.): Lukács György és a művelődéspolitika (György Lukács and cultural policy), Debrecen, 1986. Szakács, Sándor, and Tibor Zinner: A háború “megváltozott természete” (The “distinctive nature of the war”), Budapest, 1997. (Reference to Stalin’s dictum as cited by Milovan Djilas in his Conversations

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Timár, Lajos: “Asszimiláció vagy cionizmus?” (Assimiliation or Zionism?), Múlt és Jövő, No. 1, 1994. Almost the entire issue is dedicated to the history of Debrecen’s Jewry, and includes an excerpt from György Magosh’s autobiography. Tokody, Gyula (Ed.): Debrecen története 1919−1944 (The history of Debrecen 1919−1944), Debrecen, 1986. Tolnai, Gábor: Szóbeli jegyzék: Róma 1949−1950 (Verbal note: Rome 1949−1950), Budapest, 1987. An ambassador and later university lecturer on literature, Tolnai (1910−1990) played a major role, along with József Szigeti and Tibor Szamuely, in the post-1956 “housecleaning” in the country’s educational institutions. Tóth, Péter Pál: Metszéspontok (Intersections), Budapest, 1983. Tóth, Péter Pál: Messiások (Messiases), Budapest, 1987. Tömöry, Márta: Új vizeken járok. (A Galilei Kör története) (Breaking new paths: [The history of the Galilei Circle]), Budapest, 1960. Trócsányi, Zoltán: “A csokoládé” (Chocolate), Budapest Hírlap, February 14, 1937. Ungváry, Krisztián: “Két röpirat − politikai hangulat Magyarországon 1945−1946-ban” (Two pamphlets: The political atmosphere in Hungary in 1945−1946), 2000, May 2002. Ungváry, Krisztián: “A tények” (The facts), Élet és Irodalom, December 7, 2007. Urbán, Károly: “Révai József,” Párttörténeti Közlemények, September 1978. Urbán, Károly: Lukács György és a magyar munkásmozgalom (György Lukács and the Hungarian labor movement), Budapest, 1985. Urbán, Károly: “Lukács és a magyar népi demokrácia” (Lukács and Hungarian people’s democracy), in: Balogh, Sándor (Ed.): A felszabadulás utáni történetünkről (On our post-Liberation history), Vol. 1, Budapest, 1987. Vajda, Gábor: “Szabados arckép-elrajzolás?” (Loose sketch of a portrait?), Liget, No. 9, 2001. Vajda, Mihály: “Egy tűrhetetelen egzisztencia” (An intolerabe existence), Szombat, September 2007. (Interview done by Márton Csáki.) Vambery, Rustem: Hungary: To Be or Not to Be, New York, 1946. Vámos, György (Ed.): Sorshelyzetek (Fateful situations), Budapest, 1986. Varannai, Aurel: Toll és bilincs (Pen and handcuffs), Budapest, 1989. Varga, János: “A miskolci népítélet, 1946” (Lynch law in Miskolc in 1946), Medvetánc, Nos. 2−3, 1986. Varga, László: “A magyar zsidóság 1945 után” (Hungary’s Jewry after 1945), Hiány, February 27, 1990. Varga, László: “‘Zsidókérdés’ 1945−1956” (The “Jewish question” 1945−1956), Világosság, No. 1, 1992. Varga, László (Ed.): Kádár János bírái előtt (János Kádár facing his judges), Budapest, 2001. Varga, Mihály: “A szocialista kultúra kezdetei Szovjet-Oroszországban” (The beginnings of socialist culture in Soviet Russia), in: Illés, László, and Farkas József (Eds.): “Az újnak tenni hitet”: Tanulmányok a szocialista irodalom történetéből (Faith in the new: Studies on the history of socialist literature), Budapest, 1977. Varga, Tünde: “Lakatos Imre, a szintetikus modernizmus megalapozója” (Imre Lakatos, the founder of synthetic modernism), Debreceni Szemle, No. 2, 1998. This article was reprinted as the Afterword to the 1998 Hungarian edition of Lakatos’ Proofs and Refutations and also in her 2007 book Híres matematikatanárok és tanítványok a debreceni iskolákban (Famous teachers and students of mathematics in Debrecen schools). Varga, Zoltán: “Debrecen felszabadulás utáni politikai életének néhány kérdése” (A few questions of the political life of Debrecen after the Liberation), Alföld, Nos. 1955/6−1956/1 (combined issue), and Nos. 2, 3 and 5, 1956. Várkonyi, Endre (Ed.): Történelem jelen időben (History as present), Budapest, 1977. Várnai, Ferenc: Nem hallgathatok tovább (I can no longer keep silent), Budapest 2002. Vas, Zoltán: Hazatérés, 1944 (Homecoming, 1944), Budapest, 1970. Vas, Zoltán: Viszontagságos életem (My eventful life), Budapest, 1980. Vas, Zoltán: Akkori önmagunkról (The way we were), Budapest, 1982.

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Vas, Zoltán: “Levelei 1944, 1974” (Letters from 1944 and 1974), História, No. 5, 1988. Vas, Zoltán: Betiltott könyvem (My banned book), Budapest, 1990. Vásárhelyi, Miklós: Ellenzékben (In opposition), Budapest, 1989. Vaskó, László: “A Hajdú és Bihar megyei párt- és társadalmi szervezetek tevékenysége a közoktatás demokratizálásáért a felszabadulás évében (1944−1945)” (The activities of the Party and civil organizations in Hajdú and Bihar Counties for the democratization of public education during the year of Liberation [1944−1945]), in: Serflek, István (Ed.): Tanulmányok és források Hajdú-Bihar megye munkásmozgalmának történetéhez (Studies and source material on the history of the working-class movement of Hajdú-Bihar County), Debrecen, 1975. Vaskó, László: “Az ifjúsági mozgalom fejlődése Hajdú-Bihar megyében 1944−1950 között” (The development of the youth movement in Hajdú-Bihar County between 1944 and 1950), in: Szekeres, Melinda (Ed.): KISZ-történeti füzetek (Communist Youth Federation publications), Debrecen, 1982. Vass, Henrik (Ed.): “Dokumentumok Rákositól-Rákosiról” (Documents by and about Rákosi), Múltunk, Nos. 2−3, 1991. Vass, Henrik: Egy életút a XX. században (A life in the 20th century), Budapest, 2003. Vass met Csatári and Soós in the course of his career, but knew nothing of the Izsák murder. He wrote that Soós, on October 27, 1956, called the 1956 uprising “our people’s glorious national revolution” (p. 167), yet later became Party Secretary at the communist party’s daily, and later was in the foreign service. Vass, Henrik, Endre Bassa, Ernő Kabos, and Róbert Vértes (Eds.): Munkásmozgalomtörténeti Lexikon (Encyclopedia of the history of the labor movement), Budapest, 1976. Vekerdi, József: “Aki nem vállalta…” (He who refused…), Fejér Megyei Szemle, No. 2, 1984. Entire issue dedicated to Dezső Keresztury on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Veres, István: Apám mellett, apám helyett (At my father’s side, standing in for my father), Budapest, 1994. Vezér, Erzsébet: Megőrzött öreg hangok (Preserved old voices), Budapest, 2004. Vida, István: Koalíció és pártharcok 1944−1948 (Coalition and party rivalries 1944−1948), Budapest, 1986. Vida, István: Iratok a magyar-szovjet kapcsolatok történetéhez: 1944. október−1948. június (Documents on the history of Hungarian−Soviet relations: October 1944−June 1948), Budapest, 2005. Mrs. Vig, Vilmos (Ed.): Az első évek (The initial years), Budapest, 1970. Vince, József: Évek és küzdelmek nyomában (On the years and struggles), Budapest, 1987. Vitányi, Iván: 5 meg 5 az 13 (5 and 5 are 13), Budapest, 1993. Vogeler, Robert A.: I was Stalin’s Prisoner, New York, 1951. Völgyesi, Zoltán: “Majd meglátják a zsidók, mi lesz velük, ha az oroszok kimennek” (The Jews will see what’ll happen to them once the Russians leave), in: Valuch, Tibor (Ed.): Hatalom és társadalom a XX. századi magyar történelemben (Power and society in 20th century Hungarian history), Budapest, 1995. Vörös, Éva: “Kunmadaras,” Múlt és Jövő, No. 4, 1994. Weber, Eugen: Varieties of Fascism, Toronto, 1964. Zimán, Mária: Betűsírkő Évának: 1925−1944 (A gravestone of words for Éva: 1925−1944), Raanana (Israel), 1989. This was published in Hungarian and Hebrew in one slim volume. Dr. Jancis Long commissioned a translation by Hajnal Csatorday into English, which is in the Lakatos Archives under the title Memorial of Words for Éva. Zinner, Tibor: Adalékok a magyarországi koncepciós perekhez (On the Hungarian show trials), Székesfehérvár, 1988. Zinner, Tibor: “Valahol utat vesztettünk” (Somewhere we’ve lost our way), postscript to Béla Szász’s book when it was first published in Hungary in 1989; the Hungarian version had been published years before in the West.

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Zinner, Tibor: “40 év távlatából…” (From a distance of 40 years…), introduction to the reprint edition of Rajk László és társai a népbíróság előtt (László Rajk and his associates before the people’s court), Budapest, 1989. Zinner, Tibor: “Árpád-sávos kommunisták” (Arrow-Cross members turned communist), Rubikon, No. 10, 1992. Zinner, Tibor: XX. századi politikai perek (Twentieth century political trials), Budapest, 1999. Zinner, Tibor: “1000 years of supreme jurisdiction in Hungary,” in: The History of the Supreme Courts of Europe and the Development of Human Rights, Budapest, 1999. Zinner, Tibor: “Az egyik gyújtózsinór a Rajk−Brankov-ügyhöz (is)” (One of the fuses of the Rajk−Brankov case [as well]), in: Okváth, Imre: Katonai perek a kommunista diktatúra időszakában 1945−1958 (Military court cases during the communist dictatorship era 1945−1958), Budapest, 2001. Zsolt, Béla: “Rejtély nélkül” (Without mystery), in: A végzetes toll (The fateful pen), Budapest, 1992.

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INDEX

Abakumov, Viktor Semyonovich, 190, 398 Abel, Rudolf, 233, 313 Acheson, Dean, 418 Aczél, György, 163 Aczél, Tamás, 395, 430 Ádám, György, 201 Adams, John, 80 Adibekov, Grant, 189 Adorno, Theodor, 88 Ady, Endre, 180 Agassi, Joseph, 24, 265, 419, 422 Alapi, Gyula, 164, 391 Alexander, Bernát, 324 Alexander, Ferenc (Franz), 324 Alexits, György, 72, 114, 157, 230 Ames, Aldrich, 274 Andersen, Hans Christian, 378 Andics, Erzsébet, 64, 114, 115, 166, 216, 224, 294, 396, 423, 424, 425 Andics, Margaret, 424 Andropov, Yuri, 369, 399, 408 Antal, Frigyes, 171, 390 Antal, Helén, 157, 375, 379 Apró, Antal, 190, 402 Armas, Carlos Castillo, 326 Ascher, Oszkár, 39 Auden, Wystan Hugh, 322, 423 Ausch, Sándor, 87, 133, 136 ff., 144, 158, 263, 387 Babel, Isaac, 31 Babits, Mihály, 142

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Bácskai, Vera, 134 Bajáki, Veronika, 158 Bakó, Endre, 340 Balabán, Péter, 397 Balázs, Béla, 425 Balázs, Tibor, 18, 413 Balázs, Vilma, 15, 17, 56, 66, 108, 110, 121, 170, 200–201, 215, 268, 270, 310, 383, 389 Bálint, Mihály, 370 Balogh, Edgár, 396 Balogh, Elemér, 28, 36, 344, 347, 353, 425 Balogh, Margit, 410 Baracs, János, 252 Barbusse, Henri, 334 Bárd, András, 164, 166, 391 Baring, Maurice, 405 Barna, Éva, 243, 415 Barra, György, 357 Barrett Browning, Elizabeth, 58 Barsi, Éva, 117 Bartley, William W., 267 Bartók, Béla, 334 Báti, László, 251 ff., 276, 297–298, 308 Batista, Fulgencio, 233 Bauer, Otto, 173 Bebel, August, 89 Bebrits, Anna, 356, 432 Bebrits, Lajos, 356 Beer, János, 354 Békesi, András, 260 Beki, Ernő, 379 Bellamy, Alex, 398

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464

INDEX

Ben Amnon, Shlomo, 44 Benavente, Jacinto, 26 Bence, György, 405 Benda, Julien, 142 Benjamin, László, 57, 211, 408 Benjamin, Olivér, 175 Benkő, Károly (March Front), 436 Benkő, Károly (archivist), 103 Benkő, Zoltán, 282 Béni, Ari (Ottó), 368 Benny, Jack, 112 Bényei, Miklós, 352 Benyhe, János, 123, 375 Benoschofsky, Imre, 358 Berczeller, Éva, 24 Berecz, János, 382 Berei, Andor, 114, 115, 197–198, 329, 370, 396, 424 Berényi, László, 337 Beria, Lavrenti, 76 Berkesi, András, 372 Berkovits, László, 62, Berlin, Isaah, 414 Bernal, John Desmond, 113 Bernari, Carlo, 417 Betlen, Oszkár, 88, 93 Bettelheim, Bruno, 359 Bialik, Chaim Nachman, 30, 342 Bibó, István, 88, 106 ff., 360, 373 Bihari, Ottó, 66, 353 Biró, Zoltán, 95, 114, 391 Biszku, Béla, 408 Bizám, Lenke, 417 Blackmon, Douglas, 406 Boda, Livia, 33 Boday, Pál, 32 Bodnár, György, 126, 159, 338 Bognár, József, 393 Bohr, Niels, 26 Bóka, László 133, 228 Boldizsár, Iván, 197–198, 422, 430 Bolgár, Pál, 180–181 Bollók, János, 379 Bone, Edith, see Hajós Bonnerjea, René, 118

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Borbándi, Gyula, 338 Borgos, Gyula, 223 Borsányi, György, 363 Borsányi, Imre, 257 Bosnyák, Zoltán, 367 Bottomore, Thomas B., 392 Braham, Randolph, 345, 369 Braithwaite, Richard, 20, 267, 341 Brandt, Willy, 329 Brankov, Lazar, 188, 386 Brecht, Bertold, 11, 69 Brezhnev, Leonid, 324 Bródy, Ferenc, 100 Browder, Earl, 188 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 330, 361 Buber, Martin, 96 Buda, Béla, 224, 227–228 Bugán, József, 167 Bukharin, Nikolai, 320, 409 Burchett, Wilfred, 330 Cagney, James, 345 Carmichael, Stokely, 268 Carnap, Rudolf, 411 Castro, Fidel, 233 Cervantes, Miguel de, 378 Chernikov, Yuri, 188 Chornoky, Viktor, 342 Christie, Agatha, 321 Churchill, Winston, 338 Cleaver, Eldridge, 125 Cohen, Stephen, 409 Colby, William, 327 Confucius, 421 Congdon, Lee, 317, 320, 325, 333 Conrad, Clyde Lee, 233 Cooper, Gary, 392 Crowther, James Gerald, 113 Csabai, Tibor, 60 Csanak, Dóra, 317 Csatári, Dániel, 18, 37, 120, 128, 163, 220, 380 Csécsy, Imre, 54, 161, 272, 349, 354, 358, 451 Csécsy, Magda, 349

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INDEX

Cseh, Bendegúz Gergő, 328 Csendes, Károly, 72, 156 ff., 247 Cseresznyés, Sándor, 189, 201 Cserépfalvi, Imre, 331, 435 Cséri, Lili, 77 Csikós-Nagy, Béla, 362 Csongor, Barnabás, 30, 130 Csongor, Éva, 332, 374 Csoóri, Sándor, 243 Czellér, Lajos, 40 Cziffra, György, 412 Czigány, Loránt, 323 Czóbel, Ernő, 76 Dahrendorf, Ralph, 13 Dankó, Imre, 352 Dante, 102 Darvas, József, 92, 99 Dávid, Margit, 357 Davidson, Basil, 331 Deák, Lukács, 199 de Gaulle, Charles, 15 d’Harcourt, Pierre, 293 Debray, Régis, 329, 409 Décsi, Gyula, 396 Déry, Tibor, 340, 361, 369 Dimitrov, Georgi, 51, 75, 171 Ditrői, Ákos, 243 Djilas, Milovan, 328, 363, 373, 451 Domokos, Mátyás, 150, 161, 321 Donahue, Bernard, 250 Donáth, Ferenc, 25, 28, 205, 220, 349, 386, 405, 426 Dostoyevsky, Feodor Mikhailovich, 362, 419 Drózdy, Győző, 358 Dubcek, Alexander, 324 Duczynska, Ilona, 390, 405, 456 Dulles, Allen, 327, 329 Eban, Abba, 415 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 31, 324 Eisenhower, Dwight, 231, 413 Ék, Sándor, 192 Eliot, Thomas Stearns, 26 Elkán, Gábor Péter, 288, 421

Bandy.indd 465

465

Ellsberg, Daniel, 392 Ember, Judit, 399, 436 Engels, Friedrich, 146 Eörsi, István, 22, 75, 200, 392, 414 Eötvös, József, 117 Eötvös, Loránd, 117 Erasmus, 102 Erdei, Ferenc, 28, 74, 104, 354, 357, 389, 426 Erdős, Pál, 20, 257, 324 Erdős, Péter, 324 Erki, Edit, 18, 45, 182, 217, 241 ff., 415, 426 Fábián, Ferenc, 352 Fábry, Zoltán, 336 Fadeyev, Alexander, 31, 383 Fahidi, Éva, 90 Faludy, György, 23, 206, 243, 282, 318, 399, 423 Faragó, László, 245 Faragó, Péter, 120, 256, 308, 379 Farkas, Dezső, 344 Farkas, Loránt, 250, 257 Farkas, Mihály, 16, 46, 53, 146, 163, 187, 191, 229, 325, 328, 330, 354, 361, 401, 423 Farkas, Vladimir, 16, 49, 96, 154, 162, 186, 193, 199, 204, 233, 240, 262, 277, 325–326, 361, 401, 417 Fazekas, Anna, 426 Fazekas, Erzsébet, 426 Fazekas, György, 402 Fazekas, Jenő, 342 Fazekas, László, 390 Fedor, Ágnes, 357 Fehér, Ferenc, 96, 243 Fehér, Lajos, 36, 353 Fehér, Lili, 357 Fejér, Lipót, 324 Fejtő, Ferenc, 316, 393, 399, 427 Fekete, Gyula, 94 Fekete, Sándor, 53. 96, 144, 147, 172, 191, 263 Felix, Christopher (McCargar), 22, 326 Ferenczi, Sándor, 97, 333 Ferenczy, Béni, 363 Ferenczy, Edmond, 372

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466

INDEX

Feyerabend, Paul, 100 Field, Noel, 196, 397 Field, Sally, 217 Figder, Éva, 328 Filippov, I.F., 400 Fischer, Ernst, 173 Fischer, Ruth, 76 Fodor, András, 117 ff., 161, 167, 321, 375, 382, 427 Fogarasi, Béla, 115, 228, 389, 403, 427 Fokas, Nikos, 441 Fonseca, Isabel, 356 Fonyó, Sári, 78 Ford, Henry, 338 Formosus, Pope, 174 Fórizs, Béla, 433 Fornet, Béla, 109 Földes, Éva, 206 Földes, Pál, 334 Földi, Júlia (Mrs. Rajk), 66, 197 Förster, Vera, 208, 406, 419 Frankl, (Falus) Róbert, 126, 159, 380–381 Freud, Sigmund, 26, 97 ff., 228 Freudenthal, Gad, 355 Friedman, Alexander, 26, 140 Friedmann, Endre, 298 Friedmann, Endre (Robert Capa), 298 Fulbright, William, 329 Furet, François, 341–342 Gábor, Andor, 363 Gábor, Róbert, 327 Gabor, Zsa Zsa, 404 Gabori, George, 206, 402, 406 Gács, László, 194, 399 Gaddis, John Lewis, 87 Gagarin, Yuri, 233 Gagyor, Éva, 244 Gál, Lajos, 51 Galgóczy, Károly, 200 Gáll, Ernő, 396 Gallai, Tibor, 324 Gara, László, 371 Garai, Imre, 244 Garbai, Sándor, 96

Bandy.indd 466

Gartner, Pál, 359 Geréb, Sándor, 239, 414 Gerebélyes, László, 335 Gereben, Ágnes, 140 Gergely, Jenő, 344 Gergely, Sándor, 57, 191 Gergely, Viktor, 60 Germuska, Pál, 285 Gerő, Ernő, 54, 65, 71, 82ff., 131, 135, 146, 163, 171, 209, 214, 328, 330, 347–349, 365–366, 369, 427–428 Geyer, Arthur, 88 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 366 Giddens, Anthony, 14 Gimes, Miklós, 161, 172, 186, 212, 216, 240, 364 Gladkov, Fyodor, 47 Gleiman, Anna, 94, 358 Glück, Lili, 38 Gobbi, Hilda, 39 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 86, 374, 393 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 194, 249 Gonda, György, 38 Gonda, Moshe Elijahu, 25, 344 Gonzales, Alberto, 378 Goodlink, Monica, 378 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 409 Gorkij, Maxim, 342 Gough Aberle, Kathleen, 327 Görgey, Gábor, 433 Graham, Sheelagh, 342 Grajewski, Wiktor, 408 Gramsci, Antonio, 80 Greene, Graham, 7, 316 Griffin, Kathy, 315 Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm, 378 Grősz, József, 174 Gulyás, Klára, 341 Gulyás, Pál, 28, 341 Gunther, John, 329 Gyarmati, György, 328, 407, 417 Gyarmati, Miklós, 45 Gyenis, Albert, 103 Gyergyai, Albert, 117, 118, 371 Gyertyán, Ervin, 95

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

INDEX

Gyires, Béla, 109 Győrffy, Sándor, 45, 74, 220 Gyurgyák, János, 351 Háber, Zoltán, 335 Hadas, Miklós, 441 Hajdú, Lili, 99 Hajdu, Tibor, 187, 399–400, Hajduska, István, 112 Hajnal, István, 103, 354, 390, Hajós, Edit (Edith Bone), 198, 363, 425 Hajós, György, 120, 324 Halász, Alfréd, 428 Halda, Aliz, 172, 212 Haley, Bill, 19 Hallett, Michael, 333, Haluska, Zoltán, 207–208 Hanák, Péter, 269, Hanák, Tibor, 429 Hankiss, Elemér, 320, 380 Hanssen, Robert, 274 Haraszti, Éva, 102 Haraszti, Mária, 345 Haraszti, Sándor, 211, 395, 408, 428 Hardcastle, William, 323 Hardi (Halpern), Róbert, 28, 57 ff., 352, 360 Harich, Wolfgang, 397 Harmat, Pál, 98, 371 Harsányi, Zoltán, 256, 258 Harsányi, Zsolt, 419 Hauser, Arnold, 333 Havas, Endre, 395 Hay, Diana, 284 Háy, Éva, 427 Háy, Gyula, 157, 172, 372 Hayek, Friedrich August von, 273 Hazai, Jenő, 85, 139, 350, 366, 428 Házi, Ferenc, 78 Házi, Károly, 78 Házi, Sándor, 78 Hegedüs, András, 104, 125, 150, 182, 205, 330, 337, 428 Hegedűs, B. András, 14, 220, 287 Hegedüs, Géza, 142–143, 387, 395

Bandy.indd 467

467

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 26, 86, 107, 362, 381, 416 Heller, Ágnes, 160, 225, 228, 243, 348, 362, 382, 397, 417 Heltai, György, 401 Hermann, Alice, 99 Hermann, Imre, 97, 99, 357, 371 Hermann, István, 100, 228, 243, 340, 417 Hernádi, Gyula, 371 Herodotus, 317 Herzfeld, Margit, 25, 333 Hidas, Antal, 400 Hitler, Adolf, 54, 334, 349 Holló, Erzsébet, 33, 347 Holló, János, 51 Hollós, Ervin, 135, 146, 227, 239, 242 ff., 307, 325, 414–415 Horthy, Miklós, 98, 334 Horváth, Imre, 404 Horváth, Márton, 83, 114, 147, 182, 187, 350, 379, 386, 394, 429 Horváth, Zoltán, 198, 357 Hódy, Béla, 353 Hrabecz, József, 129, 159, 382 Huizinga, Johan, 416 Hussein, Saddam, 174 Huszár, István, 254 Huszár, Tibor, 146, 155, 340, 372, 377, 390 Ignatieff, Michael, 414 Ignotus, Pál, 21, 188, 198, 243, 417 Illés, Béla, 340 Illés, Éva, 158 Illés, László, 382 Illyés, Gyula, 22, 62, 99, 104, 213–214, 316– 317, 336, 371, 390, 429 Ivanov, A. A., 229 Izsák Éva, 37, 39–49, 156, 165, 256, 276, 304, 345, 356, 391 Izsák, Mária (see Zimán) Jakab, Miklós, 100, 347 Jamrich, Mihály, 187 Jánossy, Ferenc, 362 Jausz, Béla, 221, 411

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

468

INDEX

Jászi, Oszkár, 390 Jenkins, Roy, 277 Jonás, Pál, 144, 205–206 Joyce, James, 26 József, Attila, 102, 337, 405 Juhász, Géza (poet), 58, 341 Juhász, Géza (administrator), 117 Juhász, József, 59, 216, Jurmics, László, 103 Justus, Pál, 66, 198, 397, 429 Kafka, Franz, 288, Kahane, Ernst, 113 Kainz, György, 16 Kajári, Erzsébet, Kalmár, László, 20, 29, 216, 324, 341, 430 Kamarás, Antal, 428 Kant, Immanuel, 102, 107 Kanyó, András, 252 Kapitány, István, 419 Karácsony, Sándor, 29, 59, 63–65, 107 ff., 224 ff., 320, 341, 355, 429 Kardos, Albert, 341 Kardos, Éva, 324 Kardos, Imre, 260 Kardos, László, 33, 57, 58, 352, Kardos, László (NÉKOSZ), 142, 144, 153, 220, 240, 284 Kardos, Pál, 28, 57, 341 Karig, Sára, 371 Karikás, Frigyes, 335, 352, 424–425 Karinthy, Ferenc, 432 Karinthy, Frigyes, 89, 336, Kartun, Derek, 330 Kassai, Géza, 400 Kassák, Lajos, 138, 170, 317 Katona, Béla, 37 Katona, József, 210 Katona, Katalin, 243 Kádár, János, 78, 183, 190, 209, 229, 249, 326, 328, 331, 387 Kállai, Éva, 401 Kállai, Gyula, 28, 50, 110, 112, 357, 379, 429 Kányási, István, 216 Kármán, Tódor, 334

Bandy.indd 468

Károlyházy, Frigyes, 159 Károlyi, Mihály, 334 Kárpáti, László, 53 Kelemen, István, 358 Kelen, Jolán, 76, 101 Kelen, József, 76 Keleti, Ferenc, 167, 430 Keller, Andor, 112 Kellér, Dezső, 112, 366, 376 Kende, Péter, 103, 161, 211, 236, 243, 306, 432 Kenedi, János, 105 Kennan, George F., 329 Kenyeres, Ágnes, 247, 383, 416, Kerékgyártó, Elemér, 64, 102, 126, 225 ff., 273 Kerényi, Károly, 84, 341 Keresztes, Mihály, 427 Keresztury, Dezső, 26, 102, 116 ff., 280, 330, 379, 380 Kertész, György, 226, 412 Keynes, John Maynard, 20 Khartashov, Sergei, 190 Khoór, Miklós, 63–64, Khruschev, Nikita, 408 Kicsi, Sándor, 225 Király, István, 14, 45, 65, 107 ff., 160, 176, 221, 375, 395, 411 Király, Kálmán, 153 Király, Mária, 30, 45, 176 Kirkpatrick, Jean, 326 Kisházi, Ödön, 428 Kiss, Kálmán, 60 Kiss, Károly, 78, 163, 166, 390 Kiss, E. Sándor, 62 Klaniczay, Margit, 338 Klaniczay, Tibor, 126 Knapp, Miksa, 261 Kodály, Zoltán, 117, 130, 412 Koestler, Arthur, 71, 268, 332, 363, 405, 421, 422 Kolakowski, Leszek, 402 Kolmogoroff, Andrej, 20 Kolozsvári Grandpierre, Emil, 402 Komlósi, Sándor, 59, 352–353

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

INDEX

Komor, Imre, 212 Konrád, György, 243, 264 Kontra, György, 29, 63, 224 ff., 341, 355, 374 Kónya, Judit, 333 Kónya, László, 353 Kopácsi, Sándor, 425 Kornai, János, 23, 157, 203, 324, 332, 354, 403, 432 Korom, Mihály, 53, 64, 355 Kosáry, Domokos, 122, 264–265, 420 Kossa, István, 136, 190, 401 Kossa, Mária, 135–136, 401 Kovács, András, 260 Kovacs, Carlo, 19 Kovács, Ferenc, 228 Kovács, István (functionary), 401 Kovács, István (crook), 407 Kovács, Kálmán, 34, 335 Kosztolányi, Dezső, 110, 299 Kozáry, Andrea, 328 Kozmutz, Flóra, 99 Köböl, József, 403 Körösi-Swartz, István, 40 Kőnig, Dénes, 324 Köpeczi, Béla, 105 Köte, Sándor, 133, 155 ff. Köves (Zulauf), Tamás, 19, 102, 123, 167, 217 Kövesi, Ninon, 250 Kraft, Victor, 20 Krassó, György, 228, 411 Krassó, Miklós, 243, 265, 341, 398, 405, 414, 417 Krokovay, Zsolt, 202, 383 Kropotkin, Peter, 55 Kucka, Péter, 219 Kucsman, Árpád, 128, 160, 379 Kuhn, Thomas, 318 Kukk, György, 60 Kun, Ágnes, 400 Kun, Béla, 27, 334, 362–363 Kun, Miklós, 76, 188, 320, 331, 342, 388 Kunovitz, Imre, 93, 368 Kutrovátz, Gábor, 108

Bandy.indd 469

469

Kutrucz, Gizella, 28, 57, 65, 71, 164, 166, 170, 312, 367, 373 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 437 Labedz, Leopold, 311 Lajtai, Vera, 415 Lakatos, Éva, 166, 391 Lakatos, Géza, 355 Lakatos, György, 352 Lakatos, István, 317 Lakatos, László (administrator), 111 Lakatos, László (historian), 390 Lám, Leo (see Lázár) Lánczos, Kornél, 324 Lányi, Gusztáv, 96, 224, Lányi, Kamilla, 134, 138, 139 Lányi, Olga, 77, 362 Lányi, Sarolta, 76 Larvor, Brendan, 230 Lator, László, 127, 159, 381–382, 432 Lázár (Lám), György, 97, 99, 126, 157, 245, 375, 397, 430 Lázár, György (Premier), 430 Lederer, Ignác, 170 Leibnitz, Gottfried, 75 Lemaire, Jacques, 418 Lemhényi, Jenő, 52, 59 Lendvai, Ferenc, 224 Lengyel, Balázs, 57 Lengyel, József, 77 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 14, 26, 76, 146, 318, 416 Lepesinskaya, Olga, 368 Lessing, Gotthold, 75 Lévai, Jenő, 357 ff. Lewin, Kurt, 358, 369 Lewis, Flora, 326, 329 Lifschitz, Mikhail, 55 Linkletter, Art, 392 Lippmann, Walter, 26 Lipsitz, Jakab Márton, 25, 26, 236, 278, 333, 433 Lipták, Tamás, 17, 122, 159, 200 ff., 243, 269, 324, 382, 413, 415

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

470

INDEX

Litván, György, 49, 221, 240, 351, 414, 418, 430 London, Artur, 402 Long, Jancis, 113, 122, 307, 320, 325, 380, 401, 420, 423 Loránt, György, 388 Losonczy, Géza, 23, 28, 64, 104, 126, 177, 199, 332, 344, 378, 386, 403 Lovas, Márton, 77 ff. Lőcsei, Pál, 104 Lőwinger, Sámuel, 360, 367 Lugovskaya, Nina, 374 Lukács, György, 26, 55, 63, 75 ff., 113, 114, 142, 171, 256, 280, 291, 333, 342, 349, 353–354, 362–363, 366, 373–374, 416 Lukácsy, Sándor, 105, 121, 122, 134, 430 Lutter, Éva, 120, 131, 134, 140, 160, 162, 168, 210, 248, 258, 266, 267, 270, 276, 299, 300–301, 303–305, 383, 392, 406, 417, 430–431 Lutter, Ferenc, 433 Lutter, Tibor, 103, 115, 127 ff., 157, 159, 167, 200, 219, 245 ff., 269, 300, 371, 382, 394, 397, 416, 431–433 Luxemburg, Rosa 75 Lüger, Karl, 364 Lükő, Gábor, 353 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 345 Macourek, Milos, 214 Magosh, György, 18, 26, 30, 32, 203, 341 Mahler, Gustav, 380 Maier, John, 19, 218 Majerszky, Klára, 28, 62, 123, 344, 370 Majláth, Jolán, 389 Major, Frigyes, 376 Major, Jenő, 124 Major, László, 153 Major, Tamás, 39, 157, 379 Majtényi, András, 89, 347, 417 Makk, Károly, 210 Maléter, Pál, 426 Malraux, André, 336 Mann, Thomas, 26, 341, 362 Mannheim, Károly (Karl), 228, 333

Bandy.indd 470

Mansfield, Kathrine, 251 Manuilsky, Dmitri, 171 Mao Tse Tung, 283, 329 Márai, Júlia, 355 Márai, Sándor, 35, 84, 171, 355, 403, 433 Marcuse, Herbert, 362 Máriássy, Félix, 337 Máriássy, Judit, 337, 424 Marjai, József, 138 Markos, György, 60 Márkus, István, 56, 104 ff., 360, 373, 434 Márkus, László, 352 Marosán, György, 111, 175, 189, 400 Maróti, Károly, 164, 391 Márványi, Judit, 106 Marx, Karl, 26, 86, 221, 342, 393, 411 Masaryk, Jan, 356, 432 Matolcsy, György, 22 Mátrai, László, 97, 118, 226 ff., 379, 412 Mátyás, László, 347 Meehl, Paul, 339 Mencken, Henry Louis, 336 Menczel, György, 341 Ménes, János, 348 Méray, Tibor, 249 Mérei, Anna, 181, 201, 420 Mérei, Ferenc, 97, 99, 103, 114, 147, 153, 219, 221, 241, 244, 263, 269, 296, 307, 342–343, 371, 386, 434 Mérei, Vera, 208, 216, 418 Mészáros, István, 182–183, 228–229, 243, 248, 392, 397, 417 Mezei, Gyula, 27, 34 Michener, James, 19 Michnai, Gyula, 406 Mihályi, Gábor, 114, 121, 122, 124, 127 ff., 159, 177, 182, 246, 269, 380, 381, 432 Mikecz, Gyula, 353 Mikes, George, 366 Mikes, György, 366 Miklós, Gábor, 389 Miklós, Pál, 159, 246 Mikszáth, Kálmán, 334 Miliband, Ralph, 323 Milosz, Czeslaw, 364

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

INDEX

471

Mindszenty, József, 18, 173, 196, 229, 338, 394, 423 Mink, András, 19 Mitterrand, François, 409 Mocsár, Gábor, 27, 112 Mód, Aladár, 144, 393 Mód, Péter, 197, 342 Módy, György, 356 Moldova, György, 35 Molnár, Erik, 95, 136, 400, 434 Molnár, Ferenc (playwright), 322, 345 Molnár, Ferenc (political prisoner), 345 Molnár, Miklós, 160, 186, 340, 389 Molnár, René, 434 Molnár, Tibor, 33, 36, 343 Molnár, Zoltán, 18, 33, 36, 113, 273, 282, 343, 346–347, 434 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 18, 54, 78 Montaigne, Michel E. de, 251 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 81 Moór, Gyula, 341, 354, 357, 359, 451 Moravia, Alberto, 258, 417 Móricz, Zsigmond, 341 Motley, John Lothrop, 322 Mózes, Teréz, 35, 38 Mozsik, Imre, 233 Mráz, Ilonka, 40 Munkácsi, Ernő, 359 Murasko, Galina Pavlova, 330, 398 Musgrave, Alan, 14, 15, 276–277, 299, 411, 420 Mussolini, Benito, 26, 334 Münnich, Ferenc, 183

Nagy, Zsuzsa, 57, 346 Nemes, Dezső, 348, 401 Nemes, György, 103, 112, 376 Nemes Nagy, Ágnes, 367 Nemeskürty, István, 93, 368 Németh, G. Béla, 123, 380 Németh, Dezső, 135, 199, 247, 384 Németh, László, 341, 361 Németi, Irén, 343 Németi, János, 60 Németi, József, 60, 113, 344 Neu, Piroska, 413 Neumann, János, 324 Niederhauser, Emil, 121 Nieheim, Dietrich von, 422 Niemöller, Martin, 363, 423 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 253, 380 Non, György, 146, 202, 329 Normai, Ernő, 82, 425 Noszlopi, László, 97, 358 Nyáradi, Nicholas, 341 Nyilas, Vera, 133, 134, 247, 252, 416 Nyiszli, Miklós, 359, 448

Nabokov, Vladimir, 433 Nádler, Béla, 39, 48 Nádor, György, 157, 228 Nádor, Tamás, 329, 386 Nagy, András, Sr., 123, 380 Nagy András, Jr., 420, Nagy, Balázs, 220 Nagy, Imre, 95, 209, 331, 389, 401–402, 434 Nagy, Lajos, 158 Nagy, Péter, 58, 189, 342, 416, 434 Nagy, Tamás, 144, 269, 385

Page, Gillian, 113, 122 Pais, Dezső, 130 Pál, Lénárd, 208–209, 407 Palasik, Mária, 328 Pálffy, György, 194 Palkó, Vilma, 358 Pallai, Péter, 411 Pálóczi-Horváth, György, 21, 23, 98, 198, 243, 246, 284, 325, 331–332 Pándi (Kardos), Pál, 127, 160, 349, 352, 382, 388–389

Bandy.indd 471

Okhotin, Nikita, 388 Oltványi, Ambrus, 243, 435 Ónodi, Irma, 34, 52, 347 Orbán, László, 114 Orgoványi, István, 412 Ortutay, Gyula, 160, 177, 224, 227–228, 280, 435 Orwell, George, 214, 288, 408 Ostrovsky, Nikolay, 31

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

472

INDEX

Pap, Endre, 16, 18, 217, 286 Pap, Éva, 17, 217, 271, 307 Pap, Gábor, 17, 238 ff., 262, 286 Pap, Nelli, 17 Parragi, György, 92 ff., 358 Pártay, Tivadar, 206 Partos, Gabriel, 320 Pasternak, Boris, 214 Pataki, Ferenc, 155 ff., 193, 220, 222, 380, 388 Pauker, Ana, 366, 368 Paul, Denis, 306, 325 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 98 Pécsi, Kálmán, 220 Pelle, János, 89, 90 Peter, the Hermit, 287 Péter, Gábor, 149, 152, 163, 191, 328, 394, 401 Péteri, György, 377 Petrák, Katalin, 362 Petri, György, 447 Pfeiffer, Zoltán, 393 Pillér, Gyula, 175 Plekhanov, Georgi V., 416 Poindexter, John, 393 Polányi, Károly, 171, 333, 390, 456 Polányi, Mihály, 171, 422 Polcz, Alaine, 437 Pólya, György, 171, 324, 390 Pope, Alexander, 433 Popper, Karl, 13, 20, 26, 71, 217, 255, 273, 310 Posztós, Vince, 258 Power, Thomas, 413 Powers, Gary, 233 Prepuk, Anikó, 346 Prohászka, Ottokár, 341, 423 Prokofiev, Sergei, 209 Proust, Marcel, 26 Pukánszky, Béla, 60, 108, 116, 118 Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, 167 Pushkin, Georgi Maximovich, 189 Pünkösti, Árpád, 187, 336 Rácz, Zoltán, 18, 37 Radics, Kálmán, 29 Radisics, Elemér, 360 Radnóti, Miklós, 269

Bandy.indd 472

Radó, István, 28, 58 Radványi, Géza, 355, 366 Rainer, M. János, 325, 417 Rajk, András, 352 Rajk, László, 64, 143, 149, 201, 291, 328, 393, 401 Rajk, Zoltán, 133, 151, 154 Rák, Vilmos, 248 Rákosi, Mátyás, 51, 54, 65, 79, 83 ff., 95, 96, 136, 138, 143 ff., 152, 168–169, 190, 205, 228, 318, 326, 339–340, 347, 365–366, 386, 390, 391, 394, 398, 412 Ravasz, János, 245 Reeves, Rosser, 85 Reinitz, Egon, 207–208 Reismann, János, 298 Reitlinger, Gerald, 358 Reményi, József, 50 Rényi, Alfréd, 17, 20, 216, 269, 283 Rényi, András, 33, 343 Rényi, Edit, 104 Rényi, Péter, 104, 364, 432 Réti, László, 101, 372 Rév, Mária Solange, 158 Révai, Gábor, 186 Révai, József, 52, 61, 72, 81 ff., 101, 104, 107, 114, 121, 139, 161, 170–195, 199, 247, 280, 321–322, 328, 360–361, 364–365, 371, 372, 386, 393, 396, 400, 401, 415 Révai, Valéria, 325 Révész, Éva, 36, 38, 40, 44, 101, 109, 162, 280, 344 Révész, Géza (communist), 26, 191, 312, 352, 372, 382, 435 Révész, Géza (psychologist), 334 Révész, Sándor, 172 Révi, Dezső, 427 Rex, József, 175 Réz, Pál, 37 Ries, István, 299 Robbins, Lionel, 13, 14, 277 Robinson, Edward G., 366 Robotos, Imre, 346, 435 Roheim, Géza, 333 Rohonyi, Katalin, 31, 45, 103, 164, 390

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

INDEX

Román, József, 377, 422 Román, Pál, 102, 208–209, 407 Romsics, Ignác, 368 Rooney, Mickey, 131 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 26 Rose, Hilary, 13, Rózsa, György, 48, 136–137, 198, 214, 216, 435 Rózsa, Péter, 29, 430 Rudas, László, 61, 80, 132, 137, 182, 192, 198, 383, 390, 398 Rumsfeld, Donald, 315, 421 Sabashkov, Pavel Ivanovich, 350 Safire, William, 310 Ságvári, Ágnes, 55, 72, 163, 193, 335, 350 Ságvári, Endre, 335, 343 Saltzberger Jenő (Eugen Szabó), 37, 41, 43, 46, 141, 162, 346 Samu, István, 58, 62, 317 Sanders, Edgar, 404 Sanders, George, 404 Sándor László, 331 Sánta, Ilona, 112 Sántha, Kálmán, 62 Sári, Ferenc, 138 Sárközi, Márta, 321–322 Sárközi, Mátyás, 73, 422 Sárközi, Sándor, 312 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 85 Savio, Mario, 362 Schiller, Friedrich, 65 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 253 Schöpflin, Gyula, 91, 347, 367, 371 Schram, Gustav, 432 Sebes, Sándor, 164, 391, 402 Sebestyén, Károly, 260 Seldes, George, 329 Senesh (Szenes), Hanna, 415 Sereda, Vycheslav, 188 Seres, Géza, 137, 156, 247, 262, 387, 398 Serge, Victor, 371, 422 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 369 Shakespeare, William, 393 Shane, Scott, 406

Bandy.indd 473

473

Shaw, Bernard, 26 Shiels, Duncan, 151 Shtikalin, Alexsandr, 188 Sík, Endre, 76, 79, Sík, Sándor, 358 Simó, Jenő, 250 Simon, Jolán, 65, 77, 152, 163, 197 Sinkó, Ervin, 403 Slansky, Rudolf, 402 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 77, 387 Soós, Levente, 18, 37, 41, 52, 57, 113, 120, 163ff., 256, 289, 344, 383 Sós, Endre, 360 Sólyom, Ildikó, 187 Sós, Vera, 185, 204, 399 Söregi, János, 50 Sőtér, István, 219, 250 Stakhanov, Aleksei, 403 Stalin, Joseph, 54, 66, 75, 146, 149, 173, 209, 279, 320, 348, 355, 378 Standeiszky, Éva, 93, 173, 389–390 Stark, Tamás, 351 Steiner, György, 206 Stephen VI, Pope, 174 Steven, Stewart, 22, 327–328 Stone, Isidor Feinstein, 87 Strindberg, August, 26 Sulyok, Dezső, 330, 350 Sulzberger, C.L., 413 Surányi, János, 154 Sükösd, Mihály, 23 Süle, Antal, 358 Svéd, László, 141 Swiatlo, Jozef, 327 Szabó, Árpád, 18, 29, 57, 60, 104, 108, 109, 140, 219, 224, 228, 257, 263, 269, 274, 317, 435–436 Szabó, Éva, 259 Szabó, Gergely, 133, 134, 139, 384 Szabó, István (politician), 65, 343 Szabó, István (historian), 389 Szabó, József N., 75 Szabó, Kálmán, 228, 412 Szabó, Klára, 162, 436

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

474

INDEX

Szabó, László, 321 Szabó, Magda, 57 Szabó, Miklós, 19, 420–421 Szabó, Piroska, 164, 391–392 Szabó, Tamás, 259 Szabó, Zoltán (writer), 57, 104, 107 Szabó, Zoltán (spy), 233 Szabolcsi, Miklós, 72, 102, 110, 121, 177, 199, 215 Szakasits, Árpád, 190, 401 Szakolczai, Attila, 325 Szakolczai, Éva, 412, 418 Szalai, András, 157, 196 Szalai, Béla, 135 Szalai, Sándor, 55, 97, 201, 230, 242–243, 269, 274, 286, 359, 413, 436 Szalay, Sándor, 374 Szálasi, Ferenc, 346, 359 Szántó, Béla, 401 Szántó, Miklós, 192, 401 Szántó, Piroska, 384 Szántó, Rezső, 398, 401 Szántó, Zoltán, 138, 184, 401 Szántó, Zsuzsa, 192 Száraz, György, 73, 389 Szász, Béla, 328, 342, 377 Szász, Imre, 120, 124, 351, 379 Szebenyi, Endre, 175 Szegő, Gábor, 19, 287, 324, 421 Székely, Éva, 432 Székely, Gábor, 413 Székely, Ilona, 228 Székely, Katalin, 131, 162 Szekfű, Gyula, 360, 380 Szele, Tibor, 29, 430 Szélig, Imre, 428 Szemerényi, Oszwald, 119, 142, 157, 375, 379, 436 Szendi, György, 192, 401 Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 455–456 Szent-Iványi, Domokos, 89 Szentkuthy, Miklós, 128, 381, 390 Szép, Ernő, 358 Szepesi, György, 329 Szepesi, Imre, 348

Bandy.indd 474

Szerdahelyi, István, 178, 181, 396 Szerényi, Sándor, 78 Szigeti, József, 66, 99, 104, 107 ff., 157, 179, 186, 214, 226 ff., 245, 280, 368, 375, 382, 412 Szikla, Péter, 235 Sziklai, László, 335 Szilágyi, József, 28, 164, 345, 348, 391, 436– 437 Szilárd, Leo, 334 Szirmai, István, 228, 412 Szirmai, Rezső, 359 Szkladán, Ágoston, 81 Szobek, András, 81, 136, 151 ff., 320, 387– 388, 437 Szolnoki, László, 260 Szondi, Lipót, 99 Szőnyi, Tibor, 157, 187–188, 196 Sztáray, Zoltán, 206–207 Szücs, Ernő, 153, 157, 180, 183 ff., 337, 398, 404, 437 Szűcs, Ferenc, 139, 312 Szücs, Miklós, 185, 437 Tabi, László, 87, 366 Tálas, András, 269 Tánczos, Gábor, 220, 386 Tamás Aladár, 334, 336 Tamm, Thomas, 392 Tarasov-Rodionov, Aleksandr, 27, 31, 176, 334 ff., 395, 422 Tardos, András, 356 Tardos, Márton, 138 Tardos, Tibor, 236, 383, 437 Tariska, István, 28, 30, 64, 74, 98, 113, 342, 344, 348, 361, 437 Tarján, Imre, 308 Tarr, Zoltán, 406 Telegdi, Zsigmond, 228, 412 Teleki, Géza, 379 Teller, Ede, 328, 334 Tétényi, Pál, 138 Tildy, Zoltán, 322 Timár, Katalin, 103 Tisza, István, 59

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

INDEX

Tito, Josip Broz, 154, 361, 388 Togliatti, Palmiro, 172 Tolnai, Gábor, 81, 104 Tomasz, Jenő, 118 Tordai, Péter, 34 Torquemada, Tomás de, 287 Tóth, Imre, 23, 39, 48 Tóth, Miháy, 348 Tóth, Péter Pál, 28, 340 Tóth, Tibor, 159 Tömpe, András, 94, 387, 437–438 Török, Pál, 62 Törő, Imre, 227 Trencsényi-Waldapfel, Imre, 102 Trocsányi, Zoltán, 337 Trotsky, Leon, 66, 76, 417 Tully, Andrew, 329 Turán, Pál, 257, 324 Twain, Mark, 336 Újfalussy, József, 57, 356–357 Ujhelyi, Szilárd, 28, 220, 339–340, 344 Ulbricht, Walter, 397 Ul-Haq, Aziz, 46, 357 Ungvári, Tamás, 441 Ungváry, Krisztián, 89, 93, Urbán, Károly, 83, 104, 194, 400, 401 Vági, Ferenc, 174 Vajda, Anna, 162, 170, 215, 217 Vajda, Gábor, 18, 26, 36, 42, 56, 104, 140, 162, 269, 338, 373 Vajda, Mihály, 342, 371 Valkó, Iván Péter, 113 Vámbéry, Rusztem, 394 Varga, Béla, 260 Varga, György T., 187, 199 Varga, István, 435 Varga, Jenő (Eugene), 76, 86, 361, 388, 390, 403 Varga, László, 184, 405 Varga, Mihály, 336 Varga, Ottó, 116, 324, 341 Varga, Tamás, 29, 341, 430 Varga, Tünde, 108, 346

Bandy.indd 475

475

Vargha, Balázs, 63 Várkonyi, Pál, 60 Várnai, Ferenc, 146 Várnai, György, 414 Várnay (Weisz), Alfonz, 40, 47–48, Vas, Edit, 399 Vas, István, 384 Vas, Zoltán, 52, 79, 97, 187, 329, 347, 348, 350, 384 Vásárhelyi, Miklós, 30, 36, 82, 104, 153, 177, 192, 200, 210, 216, 344, 430 Vásáry, István, 338 Vass, Henrik, 461 Vázsonyi, István, 58 Végh, Dezső, 51, 54, 61, 343, 347, 348, 438 Vekerdi, József, 123, 317 Vekerdi, László, 317, 323, 411 Veres, István, 143 Veres, Péter, 57, 61, 146, 361 Veress, Géza, 59 Vermes, Miklós, 118 Vígh, Rudolf, 133, 152, 263 Vihar, Béla, 359 Vince, József, 31 Virág, György, 263 Virág, Teréz, 343 Vitányi, Iván, 52, 153, 172, 335 Vogeler, Robert, 404 Vonnegut, Kurt, 26 von Mises, Ludwig, 26 von Ranke, Leopold, 228 Voroshilov, Kliment, 190 Vrannai, Kálmán, 33 Wagner, Richard, 130 Wajda, Andrzej, 405 Waldapfel, József, 385 Wallenberg, Raoul, 359 Watkins, John, 13, 20, 267, 278, 314, 333 Wazyk, Adam, 214 Weber, Eugen, 368 Wedderburn, William, 323 Weil, Emil, 379 Weinstein, Zoltán, 38, 346 Weisz, Alfonz (see Várnay)

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476 Weisz, Lajos, 40 Weld, Tuesday, 131 Welles, Orson, 366 Wells, Herbert George, 26 Weöres, Sándor, 390 Wetter, Gustav, 328 Wetternek, Ödön, 37 Wieland, William, 233 Wiesel, Elie, 49, 346, 415 Wilder, Billy, 345 Wilson, Harold, 58, 250 Worrall, John, 355 Young, Loretta, 366 Zádor, István, 243, 412 Zalai, Katalin, 373

Bandy.indd 476

INDEX

Zelk, Zoltán, 62, 354, 361 Zentai, Béla, 113, 377 Zhavolsky, A. Z., 188 ff. Zhdanov, Andrei, 82 Zilahy, Lajos, 57, 424 Zimán, Mária, 39–49, 162, 345, 351, 390 Zimányi, Tibor, 205, 207 Zinner, Tibor, 19, 153, 160, 173, 193, 209, 313, 327, 351, 354, 385, 387, 394, 407 Zoltai, Dénes, 160, 178 ff., 248, 382, 417 Zöld, Sándor, 28, 354, 385 Zsámboki, Zoltán, 181 ff., 245, 397 Zsiga, Ferenc, 256–257, Zsigmondi, Endre, 192, 201, 376, 402 Zsinkó, Margit, 164 Zsirai, Miklós, 103, 372 Zsolt, Béla, 35, 215–216

2010.01.24. 18:53:28

Alex Bandy CHOCOLATE AND CHESS (UNLOCKING LAKATOS) AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST

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