13/09/2011
ANATOMI By. Paryono
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
1
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
2
1
13/09/2011
Allah SWT berfirman : QS AtAt-Tiin (95) : 4
“Sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya”.
“Dialah yang membentuk kamu dalam rahim sebagaimana dikehendaki-Nya tak ada tuhan (yang berhak di sembah) melainkan Dia, yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana”. 13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
3
Allah menciptakan Manusia dalam 4 model
PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIA
Proses Penciptaan Nabi Adam AS Proses Penciptaan Bunda Hawa Proses Penciptaan Nabi Isa AS Proses Penciptaan Kebanyakan Manusia
QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
4
2
13/09/2011
PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIA QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14 Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari suatu sari pati (berasal) dari tanah. Kemudian Kami jadikan sari pati itu air mani (yang disimpan) ditempat yang kukuh (rahim). Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging . Kemudian kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain. Maka Maha Sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik. 13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
5
Dari sudut medis, anatomi terdiri dari berbagai pengetahuan tentang bentuk, letak, ukuran, dan hubungan berbagai struktur dari tubuh manusia sehat sehingga sering disebut sebagai anatomi deskriptif atau topografis.
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
6
3
13/09/2011
WHAT IS ANATOMY ? • Anatomy (Greek: ana: apart; temmein: to cut) »“Cutting up apart” (Latin equivalent: dissecare dissection) Anatomy
Dissection
(Discpline Discpline/field /field of scientific study)
13/09/2011
(One of the methods/ techniques used in studying the body) Pyn/anatomi/2011
7
WHAT IS ANATOMY ? ANATOMY • The part of biological science that deals primarily with structure and function of the body • The study of living human beings »Cannot be learned completely by studying the bodies of dead persons
• The basis of medical language 13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
8
4
13/09/2011
Studying Anatomy MEMORISING vs
(New language:4500 words)
UNDERSTANDING The links between structure & function Intellectually more satisfying It makes its long term retention easier
• The study of etymology (derivation of words) » Helps remember anatomy and find the process enjoyable
• Cecum caecus (Lat.): blind • The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of ileum (Lat.: roll up/twist) » The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestines 13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
9
SEJARAH ANATOMI • Ilmu dasar medis paling tua dipelajari (500 thn S.M • Pertama kali ditulis oleh Papyruses antara 30002500 S.M. • Diajarkan oleh Hippocrates Thn 460377S.M.sekaligus disebut sebagai bapak kedokteran • Aristoteles (384-322 SM) sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah anatomi • Andreas Vesalius’s 1514-1564) mempublikasikan anatomi & era baru. Anatomi menjadi disipline ilmu yang obyektif. Dasar pertama seni ilmu kedokteran 13/09/2011 Pyn/anatomi/2011 10
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
5
13/09/2011
Lanjutan • Williem Harvey di era Hieroniymus Frabiceus (1537-1619) menemukan katub vena. • 1628 publikasi buku Harvey’s “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Anamalibus”. • Abad 17 diseksi manusia menjadi pembelajaran anatomi di sekolah-sekolah Eropa
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
11
GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
A N A T O M Y 13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
• MACROANATOMY
Naked eyes
(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy) Included: SURFACE Observation, ANATOMY palpation, percussion, auscultation
• MICROANATOMY CYTOLOGY HISTOLOGY
• EMBRYOLOGY • COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Pyn/anatomi/2011
Microscope cells tissues
Development of the structures Examine the structures of other animals12
6
13/09/2011
METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
RADIOLOGY X-ray (radiographs, contrast media, tomography, computer-assisted tomography/CAT/CT)
13/09/2011
•DISSECTION (Cadaver) •SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body) (observation, palpation, percussion,auscultation) •ENDOSCOPY (Living body: internal structures)/invasive •ORGAN IMAGE (noninvasive, nondestructive)
ULTRASONOGRAPHY (USG) ultrasound wave
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)* electromagnetic wave
RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING uptake of isotope radioactive
Pyn/anatomi/2011
13
PENDEKATAN BELAJAR ANATOMI • ANATOMI REGIONAL – Topografi tubuh manusia sebagai segmensegmen (kepala, leher, badan, anggota dll) – Mempelajari tubuh manusia yang memfokuskan pada bagian tertentu – Anatomi regional dapat dilihat dari : • Anatomi permukaan >>>pemeriksaan dng palpasi • Anatomi viceral>>>dengan radiografi
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
14
7
13/09/2011
Lanjutan • ANATOMI SISTEMIK – Mempelajari anatomi berdasarkan sistem (Integumen, skeletal, artikuler, muskuler,nervous, sirkulasi, digestivus, respiratorius, urinarius, reproduksi, endokrin)
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
15
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
16
8
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
17
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
18
9
13/09/2011
TERMINOLOGI ANATOMI • Posisi anatomi • Posisi bidang (median, sagital, frontal, transversa)
ISTILAH-ISTILAH ANATOMI • Superficial, intermediate & deep (lapisan) • Medial, lateral, external & internal (lokasi) • Posterior, anterior, inferior, superior, proksimal, distal (arah) 13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
19
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Description of the body based on the assumption of the anatomical position * Directions * Relation of the parts of the body
A person in anatomical position is standing errect with the head, eyes and toes directed foreward, heels and the toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by sides with the palms facing anteriorly 13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
20
10
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
21
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
22
11
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
23
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
24
12
13/09/2011
TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP (DIRECTIONAL TERMS/ TERMS OF COMPARISON) ( to describe: • relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position • the location of structures in the body with reference to the anatomical position • comparison of the relative position of two structures each other) 13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
25
TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP • Various terms are used to describe the relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position. • The terms listed below are used to indicate the location of structures in the body with reference to the anatomical position, irrespective of the position of the body of the patient or the cadaver. 13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
26
13
13/09/2011
Commonly used directional terms Term
Definition
Example
Superior
Toward the head
The heart is superior to the stomach
Inferior
Toward the feet
The stomach is inferior of the heart
Anterior
Nearer to the front of the body
The sternum is anterior to the heart
Posterior
Nearer to the back of the body
The heart is posterior to the sternum
Medial
Nearer to the median plane of the body
The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm
Lateral
Farther away from the median plane of the body
The radius is on the lateral side of the forearm
13/09/2011
Term
Pyn/anatomi/2011
Definition
27
Example
Proximal
Nearer the attachment of a limb or a structure
The elbow joint is proximal to the wrist joint
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a The wrist joint is distal to the limb or a structure elbow joint
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
The muscles of the arm are superficial to the bone
Profundal/ deep Farther from the surface
The humerus is deep/profundal to the muscles of the arm
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity
The parietal pleura lines the inside of the thoracic wall
Visceral
Pertaining to the
The visceral pleura covers the external
covering of an organ
surface of the lungs
(Inferior= caudal= below: toward the feet or lower part of the body Superior= cranial= cephalic= above Anterior= ventral= front= rostral 13/09/2011 Pyn/anatomi/2011 Posterior= dorsal= behind
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
28
14
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
29
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
30
15
13/09/2011
TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy is concerned with living body, hence there are various terms to describe the different types of movement of the limbs and other parts of the body. Movements take place at certain joints where two or more bones meet one another
13/09/2011
FLEXION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
OPPOSITION REPOSITION 13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
31
Bending or making a decreasing angle between the bones or parts of the body (-dorsiflexion: flexion in dorsal direction (in the ankle) -lateroflexion: lateral bending (of the trunk) Straightening of a bent parts of the body (-hyperextension: movement beyond the extension) -plantarflexion (at the ankle joint) Moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane (-abduction of the fingers and toes: spreading away) Moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane (-adduction of the fingers: moving the fingers toward the middle finger -adduction of the toes: moving the toes toward the second toe) The movement during which the thumb pad is brought to a finger pad The movement of the thumb from the position of opposition back to anatomical position Pyn/anatomi/2011 32
16
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
33
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
34
17
13/09/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
35
PROTRACTION Movement anteriorly (forward) (-drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward) RETRACTION
Movement posteriorly (backward) (-drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)
ELEVATION
Lifting, raising or moving a part superiorly (-elevating the shoulder when shrugging -raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)
DEPRESSION
Letting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorly (-depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs when standing at ease)
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
36
18
13/09/2011
CIRCUMDUCTION
Circular movement (to draw around or to form a circle). The combination of successive movements of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part being moved forms a circle. (This sequence of movements results in a cone of movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist, and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: the movement of the thumb and index finger)
ROTATION
Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its long axis (-rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and the femur at the hip joint) Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane of the body. Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median plane Pyn/anatomi/2011 37
13/09/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
38
19
13/09/2011
EVERSION OF THE FOOT
The movement turns the plantar surface or sole of the foot away from the median plane (the foot faces laterally)
INVERSION OF THE FOOT
The movement turns the plantar surface or sole of the foot toward the median plane of the body (the sole faces medially)
SUPINATION
The movement that rotates the radius of the forearm laterally around its long axis, so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in the anatomical position.
PRONATION
The movement that rotates the radius of the forearm medially around its long axis so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb is by the side in the anatomical position. Pyn/anatomi/2011 39
13/09/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
40
20
13/09/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
41
TUTORIAL Setelah mengikuti pertemuan materi ini, Anda dipersilahkan untuk menyebutkan bagian-bagian yang ditunjuk pada gambargambar berikut dengan benar, tanpa melihat uraian materi di atas. Setelah mengisi item-item latihan tersebut, cocokan dengan materi untuk mengetahui kebenaran jawaban Anda!!!
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
42
21
13/09/2011
A B
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
43
C D
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
44
22
13/09/2011
G
H E
I F J
K
13/09/2011
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
45
L
M
N
O
Pyn/anatomi/2011
46
23
13/09/2011
R
P Q
S
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
47
1
2
3 4 5 6
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
7
48
24
13/09/2011
8
9
10
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
49
11
12
13 18 14 15
19 20
16
21
17
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
50
25
13/09/2011
22 24
23
25
13/09/2011
Pyn/anatomi/2011
26
13/09/2011
Pyn/Anatomi/2011
51
27
Pyn/anatomi/2011
52
26
