DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. ......................., Selected Powder Difraction Data For Minerals, First Edition, Joint Committee on Powder Difraction Standard,Pensylvania,1974 2. ……………..., Petunjuk Teknis Manuskrip Standard SNI untuk Pelaksanaan Pengendalian Mutu Genteng Keramik, Direktorat Jenderal Industri Kecil, Departemen Perindustrian, 1953, hal 1-49. 3. Abouzeid A., Z. M. Mineral Processing Laboratory Manual, Series on Mining Engineering Vol 9, Trans Tech Publication, 1990. 4. Soepriyanto, S., Lumanauw, D., Swandayani, J., Analisis Penyusutan Linier Pada Produk Sintering, Jurnal Teknologi Mineral No 2 Vol II, 1995. 5. Baumjart, W. Dunham, A.C., Amstutz, G.C., Process Mineralogy of Ceramic Materials. Elseveir, New York, 1984. 6. Ben Sabarna Pemanfaatan Lapukan Rempah Gunungapi dari Jenis Pumisit untuk Bahan Baku bata, genteng, Cetakan Keramik (Foundry), Isolator Panas dan Bunyi, Direktorat Sumberdaya Mineral, Bandung, 1993, hal 1-47. 7. Blackwood, N.K. and Klein, L.C. Evaluation of Feldspar Sources for Eutectic Melts, Vol 81, No 2, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, February 1982, hal 231-231. 8. Brown, G.G., Unit Operations, John Willey & Sons, 3rd printing, New York, 1951. 9. Carol, D., Clay Mineral: A Guide to Their X-Ray Identificatin, Geol.Soc. Am., 1970. 10. Coble, R.L., Burke, J.E., Sintering In Ceramics, Technology Press & John Wiley, New York, 1960. 11. Colw, W.F. and Crook, D.N., High Temperature Reactions of Clay Mineral Mixtures and Their ceramic Properties, Vol 9, No 1, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, May 1973, hal 14-18. 12. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the RockForming Minerals, Second Edition, John Wiley & sons., Ins., New York, 1992, hal 279-472.
13. Grim, R.E., Clay Mineralogy, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1953, hal 191-239. 14. Harijanto S., Lempung, Zeolit, Dolomit dan Magnetit-Jenis, Sifat Fisik, Cara Terjadi dan Penggunaannya, Publikasi Khusus, Direktorat Sumberdaya Mineral, Bandung, 2001. 15. Kelly, E.G., Spottiswood, D.J., Introduction to Mineral Processing, john Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982. 16. Kingery, W.D., Bown H.K., Uhlman D.R., introduction to Ceramica, Wiley – Interscince, New York, 1976. 17. Manning, D.A.C., Introduction to Industrial Minerals, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 18. Pettijohn, F.J. Sedimentary Rock, Second Edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1987, 1957,hal 16-139. 19. Ramdhani, M.A., Penentuan Mekanisme Sintering dan Kinetika Pertumbuhan Butir Keramik Al2O3, yang didoping MgO, Tugas Sarjana, Program Studi Teknik Material ITB, Bandung, 2000. 20. Reed, J.S., Introduction To Priciples of Ceramic Processing, John Wiley 7 Sons, New York, 1985. 21. Reinholz, Ch. S., On the Effect of Feldspar in Brick Bodies and Products, Tile and Brick International, M 7862, 2/95 April, A Vertag Schmid Publication,D79042 Freiburg, Germany, 1995,hal 79-87. 22. Sagala, M., Perubahan Kimia-Fisika dan Mineral pada Pembakaran Lempung, Informasi Teknologi Keramik & Gelas, No 76-77 tahun XXI 2000. 23. Sakinang, H., Ceramics, Buttrworth & Co. London, 1961, hal 20-199. 24. SNI No 15-0255-1989, Cara Penentuan Susut Kering Bahan Bakar Bahan Mentah Keramik, Departemen Perindutrian, 1989. 25. SNI No 15-0294-1991, Mutu dan Cara Uji Bata Merah Pejal, Departemen Perindutrian, 1991. 26. Subari dan Suhaeni Barmawi, Percobaan Pendahuluan Pembuatan Komposisi Badan Keramik Jenis Pumice Body, Jurnal Informasi dan Teknologi Keramik dan Gelas, No 48 Th XII, September 1990, Bandung, hal 5-9.
27. Totok Darijanto, Syoni Soepriyanto, dan A.Y. Humbarsono., Lempung Serap sebagai Pencampur Bahan Baku Keramik di Kasongan, Yogyakarta, Workshop Industri Keramik Indonesia, 6-7 Agustus 1996, di ITB, Bandung, 1996, hal 1-6. 28. Waspodo Martojo dan Syoni Supriyanto, Komponen Bahan Baku Ubin Keramik dan Fungsinya Dalam Proses, Kolokium Teknologi Pengolahan Bahan Galian untuk Industri Indonesia, Puslitbang Teknologi Mineral, DJPU, Bandung, Maret 1997, 13 h. 29. Widiasmoro, KardiyonoTjokrodimulyo, Sri Fatimah, Petrologi, Potensi dan Kegunaan Konglomerat Batuapung di Daerah Piyungan, Yogyakarta Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Bata dan genteng Ringan, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Convention of The Indonesian Association of Geologist, 1993, hal 874-880.
LAMPIRAN A
MUTU DAN CARA UJI BATA MERAH PEJAL (SNI No.15-0294-1991)
1. Ruang Lingkup Standar meliputi cara uji bata merah pejal yang dibuat dari tanah dan dibakar.
2. Definisi Bata merah adalah unsur bangunan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan konstruksi, dibuat dari tanah dengan atau tanpa campuran bahan-bahan lain, dibakar pada suhu tinggi hingga tidak dapat hancur lagi bila direndam dengan air.
3. Klasifikasi Bata merah pejal dibagi berdasarkan kuat lentur minimum rata-rata dalam 6 kelas Kelas
Kuat lentur minimum
1 2 3 4 5 6
rata-rata (kg/cm2) 25 50 100 150 200 250
Koefisien variasi yang diijinkan (%) 25 22 22 15 15 15
4. Syarat Mutu Ukuran Modul M-5a M-5b M-6
Tinggi 65 65 55
Ukuran (mm) Lebar 90 140 110
Panjang 190 190 230
File: SAMPEL-1.DI 23-Aug-2006 14:19 ============================================================================ == Philips Analytical X-Ray B.V. Departemen Tambang ITB Sample identification: sampel 1 Data measured at: 1-Aug-2006 20:22:00 Diffractometer type: PW1710 BASED Tube anode: Cu Generator tension [kV]: 40 Generator current [mA]: 30 Wavelength Alpha1 [ ]: 1.54056 Wavelength Alpha2 [ ]: 1.54439 Intensity ratio (alpha2/alpha1): 0.500 Divergence slit: AUTOMATIC Irradiated length [mm]: 12 Receiving slit: 0.2 Monochromator used: NO Start angle [ø2é]: 10.010 End angle [ø2é]: 89.990 Step size [ø2é]: 0.020 Maximum intensity: 278.8900 Time per step [s]: 0.400 Type of scan: CONTINUOUS Intensities converted to: FIXED Minimum peak tip width: 0.00 Maximum peak tip width: 1.00 Peak base width: 2.00 Minimum significance: 0.75 Number of peaks: 19 Angle d-value d-value Peak width Peak int Back. int Rel. int Signif. [ø2é] à1 [ ] à2 [ ] [ø2é] [counts] [counts] [%] 19.830 20.895 23.915 25.245 26.650 28.045 31.710 35.010 36.580 39.450 42.345 45.650 50.260 55.095 59.985 62.110 68.255 70.735 79.980
4.4735 4.2478 3.7178 3.5249 3.3422 3.1790 2.8194 2.5609 2.4545 2.2823 2.1327 1.9857 1.8138 1.6655 1.5409 1.4932 1.3730 1.3308 1.1986
4.4846 4.2584 3.7271 3.5336 3.3505 3.1869 2.8264 2.5672 2.4606 2.2879 2.1380 1.9906 1.8183 1.6697 1.5447 1.4969 1.3764 1.3341 1.2016
0.240 0.100 0.200 0.320 0.140 0.120 0.120 0.320 0.160 0.160 0.640 0.480 0.280 0.960 0.320 0.960 0.320 0.120 0.480
55 77 7 20 279 32 28 21 21 17 7 5 12 3 10 4 6 3 2
83 76 62 58 52 48 35 28 25 22 18 16 12 12 10 10 7 7 6
19.6 1.61 27.8 1.35 2.4 0.85 7.3 0.80 100.0 6.02 11.6 1.47 10.1 1.18 7.6 0.76 7.6 0.81 6.0 0.92 2.6 0.91 1.9 1.39 4.4 1.89 1.0 1.07 3.4 1.48 1.6 1.80 2.2 1.02 0.9 0.89 0.7 0.83
Albite
Quartz
Orthoclass
Kaolinite
Halite
KERING Berat Sampel (gr) 3.71 3.92 3.59 3.85 3.65 3.68 2.87 2.89 2.85 3.19 3.21 3.3
Diameter (cm) 1.626 1.623 1.55 1.623 1.548 1.56 1.535 1.537 1.583 1.59 1.565 1.625
Tinggi (cm) 1.128 1.213 1.076 1.183 1.135 1.185 0.91 1.055 0.885 1.012 1.02 1.15
Berat Sampel (gr) 3.166 3.307 2.993 3.299 3.077 3.076 2.467 2.487 2.401 2.76 2.776 2.8
Diameter (cm) 1.569 1.559 1.54 1.54 1.539 1.547 1.516 1.531 1.556 1.58 1.55 1.533
Tinggi (cm) 1.107 1.146 1.024 1.117 1.085 1.056 0.894 0.931 0.87 0.945 1.01 1.08
Berat Sampel (gr) 4.08 3.86 4.188 4.012 4.448 4.051
Diameter (cm) 1.591 1.566 1.567 1.585 1.594 1.604
Tinggi (cm) 1.072 1.061 1.075 1.09 1.072 1.074
3.403 3.256 3.456 3.362 3.7 3.405
1.577 1.55 1.573 1.563 1.573 1.565
1.055 1.054 1.072 1.074 1.146 1.08
Komposisi 0 0 0 10 10 10 25 25 25 40 40 40
Suhu 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Waktu tahan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Suhu 600 700 800 600 700 800 600 700 800 600 700 800
Waktu tahan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Komposisi 10 25 10 25 10 25
Suhu 600 600 700 700 600 600
Waktu tahan 2 2 2 2 3 3
10 25 10 25 10 25
600 600 700 700 600 600
2 2 2 2 3 3
BAKAR Komposisi 0 0 0 10 10 10 25 25 25 40 40 40 TAHAN
THE MINERAL ALBITE • • • • • •
Chemistry: NaAlSi3 O8, Sodium aluminum silicate. Class: Silicates Subclass: Tectosilicates Group: Feldspars Uses: ornamental stone, ceramics and mineral specimens. Specimens
Albite is a common felspar and is the "pivot" mineral of two different feldspar series. It is most often associated with the plagioclase series where it is an end member of this series. The plagioclase series comprises felspars that range in chemical composition from pure NaAlSi3 O8 to pure CaAl2 Si2 O8 . The various plagioclase feldspars are identified from each other by gradations in index of refraction and density in the absence of chemical analysis and/or optical measurements. Albite is also an end member of the alkali or Kfeldspars whose series ranges from pure NaAlSi3 O8 to pure KAlSi3 O8. This series only exists at high temperatures with the mineral sanidine being the potassium, K, rich end member. At lower temperatures, the K-feldspars will seperate from the albite in a process called exsolution. The albite will form layers inside the k-feldspars crystals. Some times these layers are discernable to the naked eye and the stone is referred to as perthite. Albite by definition must contain no less than 90% sodium and no more than 10% of either potassium and/or calcium in the cation position in the crystal structure.. Albite is the last of the feldspars to crystallize from molten rock. The process of crystallization from a molten rock body serves to isolate rarer elements in the last stages of crystallization and therefore produces rare mineral species. Thus albite is often found with some lovely rare and beautiful minerals. Although usually not an exceptional collection mineral in itself, albite can be a nice accessory mineral to other mineral species. A variety associated with tourmaline is called cleavelandite and forms extremely thin, platy, white and sometimes very transparent crystals. All plagioclase feldspars show a type of twinning that is named after albite. Albite Law twinning produces stacks of twin layers that are typically only fractions of millimeters to several millimeters thick. These twinned layers can be seen as striation like grooves on the surface of the crystal and unlike true striations these also appear on the cleavage surfaces. The Carlsbad Law twin produces what appears to be two intergrown crystals growing in opposite directions. Two different twin laws, the Manebach and Baveno laws, produce crystals with one prominant mirror plane and penetrant angles or notches into the crystal. Although twinned crystals are common, single crystals showing a perfect twin are rare and are often collected by twin fanciers.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: • • • • •
• • • • • • •
• •
Color is usually white (Albite is derived from the same root word as albino) or colorless but can be shades of blue, yellow, orange and brown. Luster is vitreous to dull if weathered.. Transparency crystals are translucent to opaque and only sometimes transparent. Crystal System is triclinic; bar 1 Crystal Habits include blocky, tabular and platy crystals. The typical crystal has a nearly rectangular or square cross-section with slightly slanted dome and pinacoid terminations. A variety called Cleavelandite forms very thin platy crystals that can grow rather large (15+ cm across) but can maintain an even thickness of only a few millimeters. Twinning is almost universal in albite. Crystals can be twinned according to the Albite, Carlsbad, Manebach and Baveno laws. Albite is a common constituent of granitic and syenite rocks. Can also be massive. Cleavage is perfect in one and good in another direction forming nearly right angled prisms. Fracture is conchoidal. Hardness is 6 - 6.5. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.61 (average) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are quartz, tourmaline and muscovite. Other Characteristics: index of refraction is 1.53. Lamellar twinning may cause a grooved effect on cystal surfaces that appear as striations. Some albite may show an opalescence due to twinning and is referred to as moonstone. Notable Occurrences include Labrador, Canada and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Best Field Indicators are occurence, crystal habit, twinning, striations, density and index of refraction.
The Mineral KAOLINITE • • • • •
Chemistry: Al2Si2O5(OH)4, Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide Class: Silicates Subclass: phyllosilicates Groups: The Clays and The Kaolinite Group. Uses: In the production of ceramics, as a filler for paint, rubber and plastics and the largest use is in the paper industry to produce a glossy paper such as is used in most magazines.
Kaolinite, which is named for its type locality, Kao-Ling, Jianxi, China; is a common phyllosilicate mineral. It lends it name to the Kaolinite Group, members of which also belong to the larger general group known as the Clays. Kaolinite's structure is composed of silicate sheets (Si2O5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layers (Al2(OH)4) called gibbsite layers. Gibbsite is an aluminum oxide mineral that has the same structure as these aluminum layers in kaolinite. The silicate and gibbsite layers are tightly bonded together with only weak bonding existing between these silicate/gibbsite paired layers (called s-g layers). The weak bonds between these s-g layers causes the cleavage and softness of this mineral. The structure is very similar to the Serpentine Group and at times the two groups are combined into a Kaolinite-serpentine Group. Kaolinite shares the same chemistry as the minerals halloysite, dickite and nacrite. The four minerals are polymorphs; meaning they have the same chemistry, but different structures. All four minerals form from the alteration (mostly weathering) of aluminum rich silicate minerals such as feldspars. Kaolinite is by far the most common and most clay deposits contain at least some kaolinite. In fact, clay deposits will frequently be nearly 100% kaolinite pure! Kaolinite is important to the production of ceramics and porcelain. It is also used as a filler for paint, rubber and plastics since it is relatively inert and is long lasting. But the greatest demand for kaolinite is in the paper industry to produce a glossy paper such as is used in most magazines.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: • • • •
Color is usually white, colorless, greenish or yellow. Luster is earthy. Transparency: Crystals are translucent. Crystal System is triclinic; 1.
• • • • • • • • •
•
Crystal Habits include foliated and earthy masses. Crystals of any size are quite rare, usually microscopic. Cleavage is perfect in one direction, basal. Fracture is earthy. Hardness is 1.5 - 2 (can leave marks on paper). Specific Gravity is 2.6 (average). Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Clay like properties when water is added. Associated Minerals include fluorite, microcline, pyrite, hemimorphite, augite, dickite, halloysite, montmorillonite, quartz, muscovite and other clays. Notable Occurrences are spread around the world including the type locality of Kao-Ling, Jianxi, China as well as Cornwall and Devon, England; Haute-Vienne, France; Near Dresden, Saxony, Germany; Donets Basin, Ukraine; Huberdeau, Quebec, and near Walton, Nova Scotia, Canada and in the United States at Macon, Georgia; Dixie Clay Company Mine, South Carolina; near Webster, North Carolina; Arkansas; Mesa Alta, New Mexico and Sterling Hill, New Jersey. Best Field Indicators are habit, softness, color, luster and clay like properties.
THE MINERAL HALITE • • • •
Chemistry: NaCl, Sodium Chloride Class: Halides Uses: Major source of salt and as mineral specimens. Specimens
Halite, better known as rock salt, can easily be distinguished by its taste. Since taste is an important property of salt, there is a right way to taste a specimen of halite (or an unknown mineral that is similar to halite) and a wrong way. The right way is to first lick your index finger, rub it against the specimen and then taste the finger. This limits the amount of the mineral that actually gets in your mouth, an important consideration when you consider that there are poisonous minerals that resemble halite. Halite is found in many current evaporative deposits such as near Salt Lake City, Utah and Searles Lake California in the U.S., where it crystallizes out of evaporating brine lakes. It is also found in ancient bedrock all over the world where large extinct salt lakes and seas have evaporated millions of years ago, leaving thick deposits of salt behind. The cities of Cleveland and Detroit rest above huge halite deposits that are mined for road salt. Perfectly formed cubes of halite are typical of the habit of this mineral. However it does form some unusual interesting habits that are much sought after by collectors. One habit is called a hopper crystal which forms what has been termed a skeleton of a crystal. Just the edges of a hopper crystal extend outward from the center of the crystal leaving hollow stairstep faces between these edges. Hopper crystals form due to the disparity of growth rates between the crystal edges and the crystal faces. Another habit of interest is the vein filling fibrous habit found at Mulhouse, France and at some other locallities. Often specimens are brightly colored purple and blue and with the silky luster due to the fibers, they represent a wonderful and a very uncharacteristic variety of halide. These specimens are a must have for teachers of mineral identification classes that want a stumper for those end of the session ID exams. Of course they are still easy to identify with the oft forgot simple taste test. Well crystallized specimens of halite cubes can be very impressive and popular. Some are colored an attractive pastel pink by inclusions of bacterial debris that are trapped during crystallization in an evaporative lake. Often these specimens that are sold world wide in rock shops and in mineral shows where grown within the past year. In fact, the crystals form so fast and so well in some evaporative lakes that mineral dealers are using their imaginations to enhance their inventory. They are putting sticks, animal skulls and other
imaginative items into these lakes and retrieving them a relatively short time later covered in clusters of white or pink halite cubes.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
Color is clear or white but can be found blue, purple, pink, yellow and gray. Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits are predominantly cubes and in massive sedimentary beds, but also granular, fibrous and compact. Some crystals show a crystal type called a hopper crystal discribed above. Cleavage is perfect in three directions forming cubes. Fracture is conchoidal. Hardness is 2 Specific Gravity is 2.1+ (light) Streak is white. Associated Minerals include other evaporite deposit minerals such as several sulfates, halides and borates. Other Characteristics: Salty taste. Notable Occurrences include Searles Lake, California and Utah in the U.S., Germany, and Mulhouse, France. Best Field Indicators are taste, cleavage and crystal habit.
