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Towards Open Markets & ManketTransparency;TFre Taiwan Experience by Kuo-|uon Llang Ph.P" Commissione+ Fair Trade Cornmission, Chinese Taipei
DOKUMEI\JTAI;I& ANSIT'
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Name:
Kuo - yuan Liano
Education: o Ph.D.,Economics, DukeUniversity,U.S.A .
Universityof Wisconsin M;A.,PublicPoliryand Administration, U.S.A Wisconsin, Madison,
.
M.A.,Economics, SoochowUniversity
o 8.A., InternationalTrade,TamkangUniversity
Experience: . Departmentof Economics, NationalTsingHuaUniversity .
on NationalIncomeStatistics, Member,ReviewComrnission DirectorateGeneralof Budget,Accounting& Statistics
o VisitingResearch Scholar,Departmentof Economics, Universityof California,LosAngeles,U.S.A .
Co-editor,TaiwanEconomicForecastand Policy,Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica
.
Economist, EconomyPlanningCouncil,ExecutiveYuan
uCompefrtionPolicy And Economic Growth; IssuesAnd Opttions" 22-23May 2000,Jakarta, Indonesia Shangri-LaHotel
TOWARDS OPEN MARI(ETS AND MARKET TRANSPARENCY--THE TATWANEXPERIENCE
Kuo-yuanLiang,Ph.D. Fair TradeCommission, Commissioner, ChineseThipei
ORGANISEDBY: TheWorldBank,GRZ,USAID,CIDA andTheAsianDevelopment Bank in conjunctionwith Ministry of Industry and Trade The Capital Markef Societyof Indonesia
TowardsOpen Markets and Market Transparency-The Thiwan Experience
Kuo-yuanLiang, Ph.D. ChineseTaipei Fair TradeCommission" Commissioner,
Summary
Taiwan'seconomyhasundergonea transformationfrom a lessdeveloped, highly regulatedeconomyto a dynamic newly industrializedeconomy. Many of Taiwan's markets, once dominated by govern-mentstate enterprises,are being opened up by governmentpolicies of ftade liberalization, deregulationandprivatization.
The Fair Trade Commissionhas assistedin this transformationby its aggressiveenforcementof the Fair Trade Law and by its work in conductingin-depthreviews of various marketsand their regulatory framework.
TowardsOpen Markets and Market Transparency-
TheThiwanExperience Kuo-yuanLiang,Ph.D. Fair TradeGommission,ChineseTaipei Commissioner, Thank you 'Mr. Chairman. First of all" I wish to thank our hosts for organizingthis conference.I am zuret}reviews exchangedand sharedin this two-day conferencewill contributesignificantlyto the implementationof competitionpoliciesand laws in each our respectivecountries. In my presentationtoday, I intend to speak about the experienceof Taiwan in liberalizingits marketsand in promptingmarkettransparency.We all know thereare howeveropen markets,I think is the towardsmarkettransparency, many approaches mosteffectiveapproach.This is the approachTaiwanhaschosen. The economyof Taiwanhasexperiencedmuchgrowth over the past 50 yearsand has successfullytransformedfrom a lessdevelopedand highly regulatedeconomyinto a andopeneconomy. dynamicnewlyindustrialized Despitethe openingup of Taiwan's economy,a wide spectrumof businessactivities, from public utilities to financial and insurancebusiness,and from healthcareto school fees remain regulatedby the government. Hence, it is said that the governmentto someextent continuesto control "demand" and "supply" in a "black box". However, this is changing with increasingglobal competition and changesin the international trading environment exerting substantialpressurefor regulatory reform.
To illustrate Taiwan's experiencein liberalizing its markets and prompting market transparency,I'd like to first speak about Taiwan's trade liberalization policies and its deregulationand privatizationmeasures.
Trade Liberalization
Since the mid-1980's Taivranhas implementeda seriesof measuresto open up its
markets.For instance,the averagenominaltaritrlevel hasbeenreducedfromZ?.\3Yo in 1986to 8.22yoin 1999;a notablecut of 64%, quantitativerestrictionsthat are not GATTAilTO justifiable have been eliminated,and in the serviceindustry,Taiwan's draft scheduleof specificcommitmentshasbeenconsideredby its tradingPartners,as lists whencomparedwith similarly situated oneof the mostliberalandcomprehensive economies. Trade liberalization in Taiwan has seen more competitors enter the local market. For local consumers,the benefits are cheaper prices and a better supply of goods and senrices. Local industries,however, face the challengeof remaining competitive in the face of global competition. This is, however, somethingwe consider to be a necessary processto en$re our industriesremain competitive in the world market.
Deregulation
Since the mid-1980s, dcregulationhas been one of the most important aspectsof Taiwan's economic policy. Prior to deregulatiog the economy was subject to intensive government regulation, this did not impede the steadyand fast gfowth of the economy in the 1960sand 1970s,but becamean obstacleto growth in the 1980's, as Taiwan's economy burgeoned.
Consequently,Taiwan's government adopted a series of
deregulationmeasures. This processbegan with the lifting of the various foreign exchange and interest controls. Then markets such as the securities market, the banking market, the transportation market, and the telecomrnunicationsmarket were openedto new entrants,local as well as foreign. In addition,the number of regulatory requirementson firms and other types of government intervention were gradually reducedeither as an initiative of the responsibleadministrativeauthority or as a joint initiative of the responsibleadministrativeauthority and the Fair TradeCommission.
Privatization
Prior to the 1980's, Taiwan relied heavily on state-ownedenterprisesto engagein many important economic activities that involved either high commercial risks or enormous capital.
However, this philosophy has greatly changed.
Taiwan's
government now favors competitive markets and less government intervention. It
encouragespnvare enterprisesto engagein a full rangeof businessactivities and has commencedseveralprivatizationinitiatives aimedat reducinginefficiency. .?
So far, Taiwan has privatized a number of state owned enterprises,including banks, its state-owned steel company, its petrochemical company, its civil S-gio."ring company, its property insurance company, and its fertilizer company. A number of state enterprises,..suchas telecommunications,petroleum and power companies are on the list for future privatization.
As the competition law enforcer, one of the most the important duties of the Fair Trade Commission in this privatization process is to monitor the operation of these enterprisesto ensure th'at these enterprises avoid abusing their residual monopoly powers. The Commission also helps advise administrative authorities when drafting the regulatory requirements of their industry.
This ensures that the regulatory
requirementsof the administrativeauthorities are consistentwith competition goals.
Earlier, I briefly reviewed the approach taken by Taiwan's government to trade liberalization" deregulation and privatization to illustrate the opening of Taiwan's markets and its promotion of market transparency. Now, I would like to speak about the role of the Fair TradeLaw and Fair Trade Commissionin aidine Taiwan's eoal of open market and market transparency.
Fair Trade Law
The Fair TradeLaw consistsof antitrustand unfair competitionprovisions,which seek to maintain the trading ordeq protect mnsumer interests,ensurefair competitiorqand promoting economic stability and prosperity. Specifically,the Law provides rules to re-zulatemonopolistic/oligopolisticpricing, abuse of market power, mergers, price fixing and other horizontal collaboration agreementsamong competitors, resale price maintenanceand vertical restraintswhich are likely to impede fair competition. In additiog the Law also provides rules for regulating unfair trade practices such as passin-e-off and counterfeiting, false and deceptive advertising, ffid commercial disparagement. Also encompassedwithin the Fair Trade Law is a regulatory framework for multi-level sales.
To ensurecompliance,t}reLaw givesthe Fair TradeCommissioncertainsemi-judicial powersandfunctions. l'he Fair TradeCommissionhasthe powerto investigate@ses, the powerto issuea ceaseand desistorder,requirethe correctionof illegal practices and imposeadministrativefines. In addilion"under the Fair Trade Law civil and criminalpenaltiescanbe imposed. FinallX iourts and prosecutorsfrequentlyrely on decisionsnladeby the Fair TradeCommission. of competitionpolicy in Taiwan,is TheFair TradeLaw, asoneof the corecomponents enforced. In addition,the Commissionis also expectedto expectedto be aggressively that fall within the competenceof initiate liberalizationan&br deregulationprocesses otherauthorities. the role of Fair TradeCommissionin Taiwanis somewhatunique as Consequently, Commissionhasthe powerto issueceaseand desistorders,imposefines,as well as recommend initiatives and participate in the liberalizatiorq deregulation and process. privatization Role of the Fair Trade Commission in Promotins Taiwan's Onen Market
As statedabove,Taiwanbeganto liberalizeits marketsin certain sectorsin the 1980s. The establishmentof the Fair Trade Commission in i992 further contributedto the liberalization of these markets.
Firstly the case-by-caseinvestigation by the
Commission in certain markets ensured compliance with the Fair Trade Law. Secondlythe Commissionidentified non-competitivemarkets and establishedspecial task forces to identify the potential competition issues arising from the newly deregulatedmarkets. Case-by-caseinvestigations conducted by the Commission include:the breakupof a monopolisticdistributor for householdliquid-gas,openingof the bills underwriting market and securities refinancing market. The special task forces establishedby the Commissionwere: Article 46 paragraphl(46-1) Task Force in 1994and DeregulationTaskForce in 1996.
Article 46. oaraeraoh I (46-1) Thsk Force
Article 46 of the Fair Trade Law used to provide that the provisions of the Fair Trade Law would not apply to any act performed in accordancewith any other law. The Fair Trade Law did not grant across-the-board exemptions, rather, Article 46, only exemptedcertain firm behavior allowed by "other laws".
The Fair Trade Commissio4 shortly after conduaing its monopoly review progranL identified several areas of regulatory reform in which to be actively involved. The Commission'swork in this area was expandedwith the establishmentof a special task force known as "46-l Task Force", at the beginning of 1994. The function of the tasldorce was to investigate and examine all the existing "other lawsn that provided a legal basis for exemptionsunder the Fair Trade Law. A number of these "other laws" concernedstate enterprises.
The task force consistedof sevenstudy groups,and held 5l meetings. There were 215 laws and regulations under review. Starting from November 1994, the Commission held 19 consultation meetings respectively with relevant administrative agencies to discussthe revision or even the repeal of provisions in laws or regulationsthat were not compatiblewith competitionpolicy.
The consensusreached was that a total of 122 provrsrons in i+ l"*,
should be
amended. In addition to circulating these results to the relevant administrative agencies,the Commissionalso submitteda report to the Executive Yuan - Taiwan's cabinet. As a consequenceof the repoq the Executive Yuan amendedsubstantial poftion of the laws and regulations. This resulted in a hi-eherproportion of the activitiesof stateenterprisesbeing subjectto the provisionsof the Fair TradeLaw.
The needto establishthe 46-1 task force and the subsequentamendmentof exempting conduct under the Fair Trade Law is a reflection of the needto remove entry barriers or other market intervention in regulated industries. This was especially important when thesebarriers or inten'entions were the result of governmentpolicy.
Article 46 itself was amendedin February 1999. The new version of the provision provides that the Fair Trade Law will not apply to acts performed in accordancewith other laws only if the other laws do not conflict with the legislative purpose of the Fair
Trade Law.
Dereeulation Thsk Force Although much had been achievedby the 46-1 Task Force, the Fair Trade Commission felt that this was far from zuffrcient.
A much more anbitious
move by the
Commissio.nwas the establishmentof the Deregulation Task Force in 1996 to carry out a deregulation program aimed at accelerating the deregulation process. The task force was responsiblefor enhancingthe understandingof international trends, coordinating and conducting sector specific researcb, iszuing a white paper and implementing the Commission'saction plan.
The main objectives of the task force were: (i). to identifu and remove dnnecessaryor undue regulatory control so as to maintain a fair and competitive environment with due account being given to the international competitiveness of locai industries; (ii). to review and assesscompetition in highly concenfated markets, with a view to ensuring sufficient competition in the relevant market and the protection of consumerwelfare; and (iii). to identiff and review trade and investment barriers with a view to introducing more competition from abroad, in keeping pace with the trade and investment Iib eralization under a multi Iateral framework.
Ten divisions were establishedunder the task force. After careful delibeiation, 12 specificmarketswere targetedby the task force for review,namely: (1) the consumers' cooperativefor governmentemployeesand teachers;(2) the cable television industry; (3) the basic telecommunicationsservices market; (4) the bidding market for the import shippingof bulk commoditiesof governmentagenciesand stateenterprises;(5) n'arehousing and transportation at the export processing zone; (6) information providers to the securitiestrading market; (7) restrictions on the first whole-sale trade on deep-seafishing, (8) customs networking market; (9) salt products market; (10) petroleum products market, (11) digital switchboard market; and (12) the liquefied petroleum gas import n:arket.
Many of these areas were dominated by state
enterprises. The Commission'sTask Force identified 173 laws and regulations,and
219 articlesandprovisionsthat requiredrevising. Initial findings in these12 specificmarketswere listed and reform planswere drawn up by the Fair TradeCommission.The Commissionthen submittedthesederegulation plansto the ExecutiveYuanin December1997. In March 1998,the ExecutiveYuan decidedto integratethesereform plans into its RegulatoryAffairs RestnrcttuingTeam of the GovernmentReinvention Promotion Committee for consideration. The ExecutiveYuan also requestedrelevant administrativeagenciesto condua further plans. reviewsandto initiateimplementation
Conclusion The Fair Trade Commission has assisted Taiwan's transformation to a newly industrialized economy by its aggressiveenforcementof the Fair Trade Law and by its work in conducting in-depth reviews of various markets and their regulatory framework. These reviews identified areas which required competition reform and made various recommendationsfor reform. As a consequenceof the Commission's recommendations, the Executive Yuan has substantially amended a number of regulationsand askedseveraladministrative agenciesto review their regulations.
Taiwan's goal of open markets and market transparency,however, is a continuous processand requires long-term work.
The Commission shall continue to actively
enforcethe Fair Tradelaw and implementits action plan as proposed. \4tth regardto the unfinishedtasks,the Commissioncontinuesto work in closecollaborationwith the relevantagenciesto establisha competitiveenvironmentfor freer competition.
Thankyou.
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i\Ienuju Pasar Terbuka dan Transparansi Pasar PengalamanTairran Kuo-yuan Liang, Ph.D. Komisaris,Fair Trade Commission.Cina Taipei
Ringkasan Ekonomi Taiwan elah menjalani transformasi dari ekonomi dengan banyak peratumn dan kurang berkembangmenjadi ekonomi industrialisasibaru -"-angdinamis. Banl'ak pasarTaiwan. )'ang dulunl'a didominasi oieh. badan-badanusaha milik negara, kini sedang dibuka oleh kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintahtentangli beralisasiperdagangan,deregulasidan privatisasi. Fair Trade Commission relah raembanru transformasi ini melalui pelaksanaan Undang-undane PerdaganeanYang Adil secara agresif dan melalui karyanya dalam meiakukan tinjauan rane mendalam Entang berbagai pasar dan kerangka perarurannya.
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i\IenujuPasarTerbuka dan TransparansiPasar* Taiwan Pengalaman Kuo-vuanLiang.Ph.D. CinaTaipei Komisaris, FairTradeCommission. terimakasihkepadatuanrumah sayaingin menyampaikan TerimakasihBapakKetua.Penama-tama yaliin pandangan-pandangan konperensiini. Saya )'angdipenukarkan 1'angtelahmenyelenggarakan dan dibagikandalamkonperensiselamadua hari ini akanmemberisumbangan 1'angsienifikanbagi persaingan di ne-sara kita masing-masing. implementasi kebijakandanundang-undang Tai*'andalam untukberbicaramengenaipengalaman sayahari ini, sayabermaksud Dalampresentasi pasar.Kita semuatahu pasar-pasarnya dan dalammendorongterjadinvatransparansi meliberalisasi ada banyak pendekatantransparansipasar, tetapi, pasar-pasarterbuka. menurut saya. adalah yangpalingefektif.Inilahpendekaunyangtelahdipilih olehTairvan. pendekatan EkonomiTaiwantelahmengalamibanyakpertumbuhan selama50 tahunterakhirdan telahberhasil dari ekonomidenganbanyakperaturandan kurangberkembangmenjadiekonomi bertrasformasi industrialisasi baruyangdinamisdanterbuka. padaekonomiTaiwan,berbagaispektrumakivitas usaha,mulai dari lvleskipunterjadiketerbukaan sampai keperiuanumum sampaiusahakeuangandan asuransi.dan mulai dari perawatankesehatan uang sekolah,tetap diatur oleh pemerinuh.Oleh karenaitu. dapat dikatakanbahwa pemerintah "permintaan"dan"penawaran"dalamsebuah"kotak sampaipadataraftertentuterusmengendalikan hitam". Tetapi, ini sedangberubahdenganmeningkatnl'apersainsanglobal dan pergantian lingkunganperdagangan internasionalyang memberitekanan1'angbesaruntukmelakukanreformasi peraturan-peraturan. pasar-pasarnva dan mendorong pengalaman Taiwandalammeliberalisasi Untuk mengilustrasikan kebijakan pasar, liberalisasi tranparansi terlebih ingin berbicara mensenai terjadinya dulu saya dereguiasi danprivatisasinya. perdagangan Taiwanbesertatindakan-tindakan LiberalisasiPerdagangan tindakanuntukmembuka sederetan Sejakpertengahan l980an,Taiu'antelahmengi:nplementasikan pasar-pasarnl'a. telahditurunkandari 22.83%padatahun Misalnl'a,tinskattarif nominalrata-rata vang menonjolsebesar610/o,pembatasan1986menjadi8.22% padauhun 1999;pemotongan pembatasan CATT/\\'TOtelahdihapus.dan dalamindustri kuantitatifyangtidakdapatdibenarkan jasa, rancansanjadwal komitrnenspesifik Tairvan tela.r dipertimbangkan oleh para rekan bila dibandingkan perdagangannya sebagaisalahsatudaftaryang palingliberaldan komprehensif yangserupa. densanilmu-ilmuekonomidengankeadaan semakinbanyakpesaingmemasukipasar perdagangan di Taiwantelahmengakibatkan Liberalisasi barangdan vanglebihmurahdanpenarvaran lokal.\,{anfaat lokaladalahharga-harga bagikonsumen jasa;-anglebihbaik.Tetapi,industri-industri untuktetapbersaing tantangan dalam lokalmenghadapi global.Inilah sesuatuvang kami anggapsebagaiprosesyang diperlukan menghadapi persaingan di pasardunia. untukmemastikan industri-indusrri kamitetaobersains
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Deregulasi Sejakpenengahanl980an.dereguiasitelah menjadisalahsatu aspekterpentingdaiam kebijalian tunduk kepaciapensaturanpemerinuh1'ang ekonomiTaiwan. Sebelumderegulasi,perekonomian penumbuhan)'ang manup dan cepatdari perekonomianpada inrensif,hal ini tidak menghambat paciatahun i980an.ketika menjadi rintanganbagi pertumbuhan tapi dan l970an, rahunl960an sederetan rindakan Akibatnl'a.pemerintahTaiwanmengadopsi perekonomian Taiwanberkembang. Prosesini dimulai dengandicabutnyaberbagaikontrol devisadan bunga.Pasar-pasar cieregulasi. *'ak1uitu. sepertipasarsekuritas,pasarperbankan.pasarransponasidan pasartelekomunikasi. terbukabagi para pesenayang baru masuk,lokal maupunasing.Selainitu, jumlah kerenruan peraturanperusahaan dan bentukintervensipemerintah1'anglain secarabertahapdikuraneibaik jawabotoriusadministratif penanggung sebagai inisiatif.dari maupunsebasaiinisiarifbersama dari jawab otoritasadministratifdanFair TradeCommission. penanggung Privatisasi Sebelum l980an, Taiwan sangatmengandalkanbadan-badanusahamilik negara untuk melakukan banyak akivitas ekonomi penting yang meiibatkan risiko komersial tinggi maupun modal besar. Tetapi, filsafat ini mengalami perubahanyang besar. PemerintahTairvan sekarang lebih menyukai pasar-pasarpersaingandaripadaintervensipemerintah.Hal ini mendorongbadan-badanusahas'*'asta untuk terlibat dalam seluruhjenis aktivitas usaha ciantelah memulai beberapainisiatif privatisasi yang bertujuanmengurangiinefisiensi. Sejauh ini, Tairvan telah memprivatisasi sejumlah badan usaha milik negara, termasuk. bank. perusahaanbaja milik nesaftr,perusahaanpetrokimia. perusahaanteknik sipil, perusahaanasuransi properti dan perusahaan pupuk. Sejumlahbadanusahamilik negara.sepeni perusahaan-perusahaan telekomunikasi,minyak dan iistrik, ada dalam daftar untuk diprivarisasikandi masa 1'ane akan datang. Seba-eaipelaksana undang-undang persaingan. saiah saiu tugas terpenting dari Fair Trade Commissiondalam prosesprivatisasiini adalah memonitor operasi badan-badanusaha ini untuk memastikanbahwa badan-badanusahaini menghindaripenvalahgunaan kekuasaanmonopoli yang dirvariskankepadamereka.Komisi inijuga membantumernberisarankepadaotoritasadministratif ketika menyusun syarat-syaratperaturan industri. ini memastikan supaya syarat-svararperaruran otoritasadministratiftersebutkonsistendengantujuan-tujuanpersainean. Sebelumnva,secarasingkat telah saya tinjau pendekatanvang diambil oleh pemerinuh Tairvan terhadap liberalisasiperdagangan,deregulasidan privatisasi uniuk menc'ilustrasikanperbukaan pasar-pasarTaiwan dan peningkatantransparansipasar.Sekarang.sa1,'ainein berbicarar':,enqenai perananUndang-undangPerdaganganYang Adil (Fair Trade Laii') dan Fair Tra{e C.-,rnmission dalam membantuTaiwan mencapaitujuan pasarterbukadan rransparansi pasar. Undang-undangPerdaganganYang Adil Undang-undangPerdaganqanYang Adil terdiri dari ketentuan-kerentuan tentanq antir.rustdan persaingantidak adil, berusaha memelihara ketertiban perdaganean,melindungi kepentingan konsumen.memastikanpersainganyang adil dan meningkatkanstabilitasdan kemakmuranekonomi. Secarakhusus,Undang-undangini menetapkanketentuan-kelentuan vang mengaturpenenruanharga secaramonopolistis/olieopolistis,penyalah.unaankekuasaanpasar.merger.penetapan-harea [.price fi.ring] ciankesefakatankerjasamahorizontallain di antarapara pesaing,pengendalianhargajual-
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vertikal yang dapatn3nghambatpersaingan)'ang aciil. Selainiiu. ulanq serrarinrangan-rinangan unruk menertibkanprakrek-praktek Undang-undangini _iugameneupkan ketenruan-ketentuan iklan palsu puftt-pura(passing-off)danpenjiplaican. yangtidakadil sepertiperdagangan perdagangan dan iklan bersifat penghinaan.\'ang juga tercakupdalam Undang-undang dan menl'esatkan, YangAdil ini adalahkerangkaperaturanunrukpenjualanberjenjang[multi-let'el]. Perdagangan Untuk memastikankepatuhan,Undang-undangini memberi Fair Trade Commissionbeberapa kekuasaandan fungsi semi-yuridistertentu.Fair Trade Commissionmemiliki kekuasaanuntuk kekursaanuntuk meneeluarkanperintah penundaandan penehenrian. menyelidiki kasus-kasus. ilegal dan menjatuhkandendaadministratiLSelain itu. d memintakoreksiatas praktek-praktek Perdagangan Yang Adil ini hukumanperdatadan pidanadapatdijatuhkan. bawahUndang-undang yang dibuatoleh Fair danjaksa seringmengandalkan keputusan-keputusan Akhirnya,pengadilan TradeCommission. Perdagangan cii Yang Adil. sebagaisalahsatukomponeninti kebijakanpersaingan Undang-undang juga diharapkandapat secaraaeresif.Selain itu, Komisi Taiwan. diharapkandapatdilaksanakan prosesliberalisasi wewenang memprakarsai dan/atauderegulasi berada dalam otoritaslainnya. 1'ane Oleh karenaitu, perananFair TradeCommissiondi Tairvanagak unik karenaKomisi ini memiliki perintahpenundaandan penghentian, kekuasaanuntuk mengeluarkan menjatuhkandendamaupun merekomendasikan inisiatifdanberpartisipasi dalamprosesliberalisasi,deregulasi danprivatisasi. PerananFair Trade Commission dalamMempromosikanPasarTerbuka di Tai*'an pasar-pasarnya Sepertidinyatakandi atas,Taiwanmulai meliberalisasi di sektor-sektor tertentupada tahun l980an.PendirianFair TradeCommissionpadatahun 1992selanjutn,va menrumbanekepada liberalisasipasar-pasar penyelidikankasusper kasusoleh Komisi di pasar-pasar ini. Pertama, tertenru mema.stikan dipatuhin-va Undang-undang Perdagangan Yang Adil. Kedua.Komisi mengidentifikasi pasar-pasar non-persaingan tugas khusus untuk mengidentifikasi dan membentuksatuan-satuan pokok-pokokpersoalan persaingan yang barudideregulasi. potensiall'ans timbul dari pasar-pasar Penyelidikan kasusperkasusyangdilakukanolehKomisiini mencakup: pembubaran distributorgas cair rumahtanggayangbersifatmonopoli,pembukaan pasaryang menjaminrekening-rekening dan pasar)'ang yang membiayai-kembali sekuritas.Satuan-satuan tugas khususyang dibentuk oleh Komisi adalah:satuantusasPasal46 ayat1 (16-l) tahun199-ldan SatuanTusasDereeulasi tahun 1996. Satuan Tugas Pasal46 ayat 1 (46-1) Pasal46 Undang-undangPerdaganganYang Adil dulunva menetapkanbahwa ketentuan-ketentuan Undang-undangPerdagangan Yang Adil tidak berlakubaei perbuatanapapunyang dilakukansesuai denganundang-undanglain. Undang-undangPerdaganganYang Adil tidak memberi pengecualian bagi semua.tetapi, Pasal46, hanyamengecuaiikanperilakuperusahaan tertentuyang diperbolehkan oleh''undang-undang lain." Fair Trade Commission, tidak lama setelah mensadakan program tinjauan monopolinya, mengidentifikasibeberapabidang dari reformasi peraturan).ang di dalamnya akan terlibat secara aktif. PekerjaanKomisi di bidang ini diperluas dengan didirikannya satuan tugas khusus yang dikenalsebagai"SatuanTugas46-1", di awal 199-1. Funssisatuantugasini adalahmenyelidikidan memeriksa semua "undang-undang lain" ) ang berlaku. yang memberi dasar hukum bagi
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laih" ini YangAdil. Sejumlah"undang-undang Perdagansan pengecualian di ba.*'ahUndang-undang usahamilik negara. melibatkanbadan-badan 5l kali pertemuan.Ada ll5 Satuantueasini terdiri dari tujuh kelompokstudi dan mengadakan yangditinjau.lvlulaidari November199-1. l9 kali undang-undang Komisi mensadakan danperaturan pertemuankonsulasi masing-masingdengan badan-badanadministratif )'ang relevan unruk revisiataubahkanpencabutan ketentuan-ketentuan dalamundang-undanq atauperaturan membahas tidali persaingan. selarasdengankebijakan ;"ang Konsensusyang dicapaiadalahbahwa sejumlah ll? ketentuandalam 74 unda:rs-undang harus diubah.Selainmengedarkan ini ke badan-badan hasil-hasil adminisratifyangrelevan.Komisijuga menyampaikanlaporanke Eksekutif Yuan - kabinet fairvan. Sebagaiakibat dari laporan iru. EksekutifYuanmengubahsebagian besarundang-undang danperaturantersebut.Ini mengakibarlan lebih banyak aktivitas badan-badan usahamilik negara)-ang harus tunduk kepadaketentuanketentuan Undang-undang Perdagangan YangAdil. Kebutuhanuntuk membentuksatuantugas 46-l dan perubahan-"-angmengikutinyamengenai pengecualian perilakudi bawahUndang-undang Perdagangan Yang Adil merupakanpencerminan kebutuhanuntuk mencabutrintanganlangkah-masuk pasar atau intervensipasar lainnya dalam industri-industri1'ang diatur. Hal ini khususnyapenting ketika rintangan atau intervensi ini merupakan hasilkebijakanpemerintah. Pasal46 itu sendiridiubahpadabulanFebruariI999. Versi baru dari ketentuanitu menetapkan bahwaUndang-undang Perdagangan Yang Adil tidak akan berlakubagi perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilakukansesuaidenganundang-undang lain hanl'a apabila undang-undang lain tersebuttidak bertentangan dengantujuanlegislatifdari Undang-undang Perdaganaan YangAdil. SatuanTugasDeregulasi MeskipunbanyakyangdicapaiolehSatuanTugas46-1.Fair TradeCommission merasabahwahal ini masihjauh dari cukup.Gerakanyangjauh lebih ambisiusoleh Komisi adalahpembentukan SatuanTugasDeregulasipadatahun 1996untuk melaksanakan programderegulasiyang bertujuan untuk mempercepat prosesderegulasi.Satuantugas ini bertanggung jawab untuk memperbaiki pengertiantentangkecenderungan internasional, mengkoorciinasikan dan mengadakan penelitian sekortertentu, mengeluarkan bukuputihdanmengimplemen-rasikan rencana aksiKomisi. N'{aksud tujuanutamasatuantugasini adalah: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
mengidentifikasi danmencabut kontrolDeraturan tidakperluatautidak tepatguna )'an-g inemeliharalingkunganpersaingany'aneadil denganmemperhitungkan daya saing internasional dariindustri-indusrri lokal: meninjaudan menilai persaingan di pasar-pasar yang terkonsentrasi tinggi, dengan maksuduntukmemastikan persaingan vangmemadaidi pasarrelevandanperlindungan kesejahteraan konsumen; dan mengidentifikasi dan meninjaurintansanperdagangan dan investasidenganmaksud untukmemperkenalkan persaingan 1'anelebih besardari luar negeri,dalammengikuti Iajuliberalisasi perdagan-san daninr,estasi di bawahkerangka multilateral.
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Sepuluhdevisidibentukdi ba*zh satuantugasini. Setelahdipertimbanekan densancerrnar.l3 pasar spesifik ditargetkanoleh satr:antugas untuk ditinjau. yaitu: (l) koperasikonsumenunruk para kar,va'*'an dan guruneseri;(2) indusri elevisi kabel;(3) pasarjasa telekomunikasi dasar;(-t) pasar tender untuk pengirimanimpor komoditascurah dari badan-badanpemerintahdan badan-badan usahamilik nesara;(5) pergudangan dan transportasidi zona pemrosesan ekspor; (6) peni,edia informasi untuk pasarperdagangan sekuritas:(7) pembatasan-pembatasan pada perdagangangrosir Pertamausahapenangkapanikan di laut dalam; (8) pasarjaringan pelanegan;(9) pasar produk garam;(10) pasarprodukminyak;(l l) pasarpapanpenghubung digirahdan (12) pasar [su'itchboard] impor bahanbakargas ILPC]. Banyakdari bidang-bidang ini didominasi oleh badah-badan usaha '173 milik negara.SatuanTugasKomisi mengidentifikasi undang-undang dan peraruran.dan 219 pasaldan ketenruanyangharusdiperbaiki. Temuan-temuan awal di l2 pasarspesifikini didaftarkandanrencana-rencana reformasidisusunoleh Fair Trade Commission.Komisi kemudianmengajukanrencana-rencana deregulasiini kepada EksekutifYuan padabulanDesember1997.Padabulan Maret 1998,Eksekutifiuan memutuskan r:ntuk mengintegrasikan rencana-rencana reformasi ini ke dalam Tim Resrn:kturisasiUrusan PeraturanPanitiaPromosiPenemuan KembaliPemerintah, untukdipertimbangkan. Eksekutifyuan juga memintabadan-badan administratifyangrelevanuntukmengadakan tinjauin lanjutandanuntuk memprakarsairencana-rencana implementasi. Kesimpulan Fair TradeCommissiontelah membantutransformasi Taiwanmenjadiekonomiindustrialisasi baru melalui pelaksanaan Undang-undang Perdagangan Yang Adil secira agresifdan melalui karyanya dalam mengadakantinjauan yang mendalamtentang berbaeaip.r", -"n kerangkaperarurannya. Tinjauan-tinjauan ini mengidentifikasi bidang-bidang yang memerlukanreformaii persaingandan membuatberbagairekomendasi reformasi.Sebagaiakibat dari rekomendasi Komisi itu, Eksekutif Yuan telah ban;-akmerubahsejumlahperaturandan memintabeberapabadanadministratifuntuk meninjaukembaliperaturan-peraturan mereka. Teiapi. tujuan Taiwan berupa pasar terbuka dan tranparansipasar merupakanproses yang berkesinambunsan dan memerlukankerja jangka panjane. Komisi harus terus secara aktif melaksanakan Undang-undang Perdagangan YangAdil dan mengimplementasikan rencanaaksinya seperti1'angdiusulkan.Sehubungan dengantugas-tugas yang belumterselesaikan, Komisi terus bekerja secaraerat bersamabadan-badan vang relevan untuk memanapkanlingkunganyang bersaing demilebihbebasnya persaingan. Terimakasih.
TR{N SL{TORS STATE}{EIIT The translauon rs done accurately J a k a n a , M a _ v2 1 , 2 0 0 0 Pahala Tamba Swom Translator
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Jl. Bumi Sari No. I1, Kompleks Bank Indonesia, Pancoran Jakana 12870 Phone: 8280220/ Far: 8379 t44a
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