Organisasi Digital
Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-8 Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama) Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
Topik Pembahasan • • • • •
Organisasi Digital Electronic Business Electronic Commerce Electronic Government Electronic Governance
Organisasi Digital
Proses Transformasi Dokumen
Transformasi Digital (dokumen kertas dokumen digital) • Adalah proses mentransformasikan data dari bentuk nondigital menjadi bentuk digital • Scanning : suatu cara yang digunakan untuk menangkap dan mentransformasikan beberapa bentuk format kedalam bentuk citra yang dapat diedit, display, dan disimpan dalam bentuk digital pada komputer. • Resolusi scaning yang digunakan harus sesuai : • Tingkat akurasi yang dibutuhkan • Kemampuan resolusi scanner • Media penyimpanan data yang disediakan
Penandaan Digital • Objektif memastikan bahwa e-record : • Otentik e-record diterima dari sumber/asal yang benar • Memiliki integritas isinya tidak pernah dirubah, dihapus, serta memiliki akurasi dan waktu berlaku yang valid • Handal mampu menyampaikan isinya kepada pihak yang bersesuaian dengan melakukan pengidentifikasian tanda
Penandaan Digital (lanjutan) • Resiko yang dapat ditimbulkan : • Kerugian finansial • Kerugian reputasi • Kerugian produktifitas • Level Resiko : • Standar memiliki daya tarik penyelewengan rendah • Medium memiliki daya tarik penyelewengan cukup besar • Tinggi ancaman pada e-record jenis ini sangat tinggi, atau memiliki konsekuensi yang cukup besar jika terjadi penyelewengan
Penandaan Digital (lanjutan) • Metode penandaan dapat menggunakan salah satu atau kombinasi dari : – Pengaman “what you know” menggunakan informasi rahasia seperti PIN, password, atau kunci kriptografik – Pengaman “what you have” menggunakan token seperti smart card, ATM card, dan sejenisnya – Pengaman “what you are” menggunakan karakteristik biometrik seperti pola suara, retina, finger print, pola tulisan tangan, dll.
Electronic Business
The Future of Money (or) Physical Electronic Currency Investor Funds
Deposits
Bank Bank Back Back Office Office
Bank Bank Distribution Distribution Channels Channels
Merchants
Consumers
Asset Access or Line of Credit
Merchants
Consumers
Network Internet Economy Cable TV Accounts and Authentication
Actuarial Risk Models
Set-top box
Manfaat Internet Terhadap Layanan Bisnis • Mengatasi masalah ketimpangan informasi (information asymmetry) • Meningkatkan kekayaan informasi (richness of information) • Meningkatkan jangkauan kepada sasaran (reach to target audience) • Mengubah keterbatasan lingkungan penawaran dan penerimaan (offer and acceptance)
Model Bisnis Internet -1 • Access provider: ISP, NAP, Carier. Contoh: cbn • Virtual Storefront, menjual barang dan jasa langsung kepada konsumen. Contoh: amazon.com • Information broker, menyediakan informasi tentang produk, harga dan ketersediaan barang, memperoleh penghasilan dari iklan atau jasa mengarahkan pembeli kepada penjual. Contoh: industrialmall.com • Transaction broker, menghemat biaya transaksi melalui transaksi online. Memperoleh penghasilan dari fee. Contoh: E*TRADE.com, expedia.com • Online Marketplace, menyediakan “pasar” virtual di mana penjual dan pembeli dapat berinteraksi membuat transaksi. Contoh: eBay.com, priceline.com
Model Bisnis Internet -2 • Content provider, menyediakan konten digital seperti digital news, musik, photo, video melalui web. Contoh: detik.com, cnn.com, mp3.com • Online service provider, menyediakan jenis layanan tertentu kepada individu atau perusahaan. Contoh: jobsdb.com salesforce.com • Virtual community, menyediakan sarana pertemuan virtual antar-anggota yang memiliki kesamaan kepentingan.Contoh: ivillage.com, fortunecity.com • Portal, menyediakan layanan awal (pintu masuk) untuk memperoleh berbagai macam informasi dan transaksi. Contoh: yahoo.com, msn.com
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce • • • •
Transaksi bisnis yang dilakukan melalui Internet. Click & Mortar dan Brick & Mortar B2C, B2B, C2C Manfaat: – Memperluas jangkauan pasar – Memotong rantai distribusi – Menurunkan biaya investasi dan operasional • Peluang bisnis baru, dapat diterapkan untuk berbagai jenis komoditi • Perlu jasa lembaga keuangan dalam mekanisme pembayaran
What is Electronic Commerce? • Internet enables new kind of behavior, applications, etc. – – – – – – –
Instant response: e-mail, automatic interactive apps. Automation: Enterprise Resource Planning Streamlining/Integration: Just In Time Publishing: Electronic Catalogs Interaction: Electronic Data Interchange Transaction: Electronic Payment All but “e”
Jenis layanan E-Commerce • • • • • • • •
Sale and delivery of products Online ordering Electronic services Online advertising Product information Online auctions Share trading Etc.
E-Commerce Membutuhkan • Konektivitas ke jalur lebar (broadband), yang terpercaya (reliable), cepat (fast) and hemat biaya (cost-effective), • Software and hardware yang mudah dikembangkan (scalable), • Standarisasi Data Umum, • Proses integrasi, • Acuan untuk penatapan keamanan dan kepercayaan (security and trust).
Why Electronic Commerce? • • • • • •
New revenue stream Wider market exposure → Global reach Reduce Transaction Costs Shorten product life cycle Increase customer loyalty Increase value chain
The Varieties of E-Commerce • B2B, B2C, C2C • Simple point-to-point exchanges with one or more preestablished trading partners • Opportunistic procurement through a simple connection to one or more trading exchanges • As a member of a group of companies forming tighter trading relationships for mutual business advantage, using common document standards and messaging formats • As a member of a sophisticated trading network where B2B relationships are formalized, documented as common business processes and automated.
The Core Of Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce Area Virtual Product
Pure EC
Digital Product
Traditional E-Commerce Virtual Process
Physical Product
Digital Process Physical Process Physical Agent
Digital Agent
Virtual player
Type of ecommerce Level Traditional
Pure
Player Physical
Process Physical
Product Physical
Digital
Digital
Digital
Virtual
Virtual
Virtual
Ecommerce in Indonesia • • • • • • •
Just selling and buying Omzet US$ 100 Juta ( 0,026%) Only 0.07 % from total user using ecommerce Trust society Estimates Total User 8 million? Technical problem Non technical problem
Who are they (indocentre.com) • • • • • • •
Art & Culture Business Computing Educating Entertainment Food & Beverages Shopping
3222 11725 4475 4526 3991 797 1863
Problems in Indonesia Case of yogyakarta and central java
• Low understanding about e-commerce – Image that e-commerce is an emerging business – Image that e-commerce is solution of traditional business – Image that once the homepage ready the market will response directly – Image that one can develop the business easily
Fact shows that • The market not ready to accept the new concept yet. • Many company concentrate on technology not the business • Market can’t be force to move to the new business easily • Traditional distribution • Financial payment • Low trust the society
• Human resources problem (many start from the hobby) • The traditional market still has the “old”problem and not ready to enter the cyber market • The advance of technology • Life cycle of technology
Technical Problem in E-commerce • Fraud • Traditional way of buying ( see, touch and bargain ) • Geographical problem • Billing system (Credit card, cash, bank Transfer money etc.) • Rupiah and dollar
This is why • Many DotCom Business fail to serve the market • B2C business fail to serve the market • Some B2B’s “succeed” in the business • Ecommerce is not a priority • Some says high investment but low profit
A Typical Supply Chain of E-Commerce
Source: CSIRO
Integrated business-to-business e-commerce
Source: CSIRO
A Complete Integration Solution Requires • Broad, reliable, fast and cost-effective connectivity, • A scalable software and hardware platform, • Common data standards, • Reusable integration processes, • A framework to establish security and trust.
Typical requirement • • • • •
Vision in senior leadership Very fast decisions Decentralized structures Radical thinking → New Business Model Scenario planning
Technology Features • Infrastructure to support communication, both within an organization and across the Internet • Data transformation between applications • Supporting services such as security and directories • Higher-level business processes and workflow automation • Mechanisms that provide gateways to other technologies.
Hierarchy of E-Commerce Technology Services (e.g. Directories Security, Persistence Events)
Distributed Midleware (e.g. CORBA, DICOM, SOAP, MQ Series, XML)
Operating System (e.g. NT, UNIX, AS400, OS/2)
Platforms (e.g. Mainframe, Workstations, PCs)
Network Infrastructure
Households with Internet Access Economy
% households with Internet access
Hong Kong
49.5%
Singapore
48.4%
Korea
45.5%
Chinese Taipei
42.9%
Australia
40.0%
New Zealand
39.9%
Japan
24.1%
Source: Nielsen//NetRatings Global Internet Index
Key Issues for International Agreement • Customs and taxation • Electronic payment • Uniform commercial code • Intellectual Property Protection • Privacy • Security
• Telecommunications infrastructure • Content regulation • Technical Standard • Consumer protection • Jurisdiction • Alternative Dispute Resolution • Cybercrime
Some -e- Principles • Distances Meaningless • Objects Meaningless • e-Commerce Accelerates Growth • People are Everything • One-on-one Customization • Real Transparency
• Time is Collapsing • Markets a Click Away • Exponential Value with Market-share • The MIDDLEMAN is Alive and Well • Fast Buying Decisions
•
Source - Adapted from Business 2.0 8/98
Traditional Middlemen ? • • • • • • • •
Travel Agents Wholesalers - Distributors Insurance Brokers Stores - Branches Liaisons - Expediters Stock Brokers VARS - Traders etc.
Past the Middleman to the Source? • The Road Ahead , Bill Gates • Being Digital , Negroponte • Their Models Eliminate the Intermediary • Examples of Skipping the Middleman: – Dell Computer – Amazon Books – Cisco Systems – NEI 2000 – etc.
Past the Middleman to the Source? • The Road Ahead , Bill Gates • Being Digital , Negroponte • Reality: New Middlemen = POWER – – – – –
Power of Net and Underlying Information Immediate Comparison Powers Buyers Empowered & Informed Does NOT Protect from Competition Adds Transparency Where Needed
How eProcurement Works • • • •
Set up a WEB Site for your Product/Service Subscribe: Online Credit Card Authorizer Only Transact with Authorized Charges For High Value Transactions, Establish Relationship with a Trade Finance Provider • What is the Bank’s Role?
Buyers Government
Business Groups
Companies
E-Procurement Central Servers •Quotations Catalogs •Contracts •Purchase Order •Auctions •Shipping Tracking •Payments
Company
A
Company
B
Company
C
Company
Individuals
DLL
Vendors
D
Financial Institutions - Banks - DLL
• Transactional • Trade Finance • Credit Lines • Security
Company
X
Payments in e-Commerce • Banks want to “Stay in Charge” • Local Banks not Responding • Need a Progression of Acceptance for – MTs /GYRO toward Credit/Debit Cards – eWallets and/or Smart Cards – eChecks – microPayments – eBill Presentment
eWallets & microPayments • MTs and Checks - still 50% world-wide • Credit/Debit Card Outside Indonesia • eWallets with Digital ID “certificates” – SET… GlobeSet, VariFone, etc
• eChecks via eMail - trials now in USA • microPayments for Small Click Rate Fees • eBill Presentment - trials now in USA
eBanking • Well Established in Most Countries • Banks Papan & Lippo in Indonesia – Papan - 3rd Pty Transfers within Indonesia – Lippo - Payments to Lippo Account Holders
• Other Local Banks only Provide Info Sites
Reasons for not Shopping Online Internet security remains to be the biggest concern by online users about online shopping.
Legal & Jurisdictional Issues • Current laws may not adequately cover situations that arise in e-commerce • Legal systems around the world are having difficulty in keeping pace with the rate of technological change • In cross-border trading, the question arises: which law applies – local or foreign?
Contracts and Digital Signatures • "most e-commerce contracts ... do not have to be signed, or even in writing, to be enforceable" • Malaysian Digital Signature Act (1997) states that: Digitally signed document deemed to be written document.
Dispute Resolution • Should the dispute arise across borders, – can the initiating party afford to take action in another economy? – Does relevant national law of the other party even permit legal action to be taken?
• The use of neutral dispute resolution providers, • A range of options and cost-effective methods to resolve disputes at the earliest possible stage, • An emphasis on continuity of business through isolating disputes and resolving them with minimal disruption to other transactions, and • A commitment to use appropriate technology to aid dispute resolution
Electronic Government
Transactions Business B2C
G2B G2G
C2C G2C Citizen
Government
Stages of E-Government Information publishing Government department websites, information about services Two-way transactions Submit personal information to individual departments Multi-purpose portals Access a variety of services at a single web site Portals personalisation Customise portals with their desired features Clustering of common services Group of transactions rather than group of agencies Full integration & Enterprise transformation Full service centre with integration of front and back office
Benefits of E-Government Digital Democracy Benefits to the citizen Benefits to the businesses Benefits to the government
Achieving E-Government Government on Web since 1996 Downloadable Application forms available Government Email System of Public officers Training of Public Officers E-government masterplan and e-business plan for Ministries/Departments 45 major projects operational and 20 major projects under implementation Tradenet and Contributions Network Project
Citizens & Businesses Delivery Channels
Counter Call Centre
Internet Interactive-TV Mail
Kiosk
Government Online Centre Government Network / Intranet Departments
Ministries
Parastatals
Local Government
Government Online Centre Secure, reliable and high availability infrastructure provider for services offered by Government
Key Services Internet access and e-mail to Government Officers Government Portal and web hosting Online Services Hosting of horizontal applications and selected backend applications for Government organisations.
Government Intranet System Objectives To establish the Ministries infrastructure for a joined-up Departments Government built around the Government Online Government Online Centre Centre (GOC) To support the EGovernment initiative To improve electronic Local Government Parastatals communication capability of the Public Service
Public Access Points Channels using ICT as an enabling tool for delivering government services to citizens Examples of PAPs Self-service kiosks
Manned counter services
The MSC Flagship Applications
Smart Schools
Telehealth
Electronic Government
Multipurpose Card
E-Business
R&D Cluster
Technopreneur Development
Vision & Objectives of E-Govt Government to Citizens/ Business • easy access, single window • improved services quality • multi-channel service delivery
Intra Agency
ToVISION transform administrative process and service delivery through the use of IT and Inter Agency multimedia • Interconnectivity/
• process improvements • people development • better processed
interoperability • smooth information flow • best practices in interactive multimedia information • enhanced information analysis
The E-Government Model Business
Government
Citizen
(G2B)
Business Domain
Govt Domain (G2G)
Then…
Now…
Citizen Domain
(G2C)
Stove-pipe view of Government
DIV D DIV A DIV G DIV E
DIV B
DIV C
DIV F DIV H
•Multiple divisions needed for complete solution •Departments not willing to share or exchange data between each other
Towards a citizen-centric Government
Dept. Y
Dept. X
Dept. Z
Dept X.
Dept Y.
Customerfocused Services
? ?
?
? Moving towards…
Dept Z.
The Projects in E-Government
Treasury
GOE – Prime Minister Dept
Imp. Coordination Unit
Lead agency:
Road Transport Dept
MAMPU
eSyariah JKSM
ELX Public Service Dept
Min Human Resource
E-Services Road & Transport Dept. (JPJ)
Driver& Vehicle Registration, Licensing and Summons Services (including Test Scheduling & Test Taking)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
Ministry of Health (MOH)
Electronic Delivery of Driver & Vehicle Registration, Licensing and Summons Services, Utility Payments, Ministry of Health On-line Information
MOH On-line Information Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM)
Utility Bills Payment Utility Bill Payment
Electronic Procurement (EP)
Buying and Selling via the Internet
Phase 1
Supplier Registration/ Central Contract
Suppliers publish Catalogues on EP
Suppliers receive orders from Government
Government Users browse catalogues & place orders online Government publishes Request For Tender on EP for new supplies
Government awards contract to Suppliers Electronic Procurement
Suppliers submit quotations
Direct Purchase, Quotation, Tendering
Phase 2
Generic Office Environment (GOE) An electronic office environment to enhance productivity through better information management, communications and collaboration
1 Enterprise-wide Information Management System (EIMS)
2 Enterprise-wide Communication Management System (EComMS)
• Check electronic mail, meeting schedule, and filtered news • Accessing documents online • Assigning tasks electronically
3 Enterprise-wide Collaboration Management System (ECollMS)
Human Resources Management Information System (HRMIS) A system providing full HRM functionality for the Government to develop and manage its human STRATEGY capital. STRATEGYFORMULATION FORMULATION AND ANDREVIEW REVIEW
CAREER CAREER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
RESOURCING RESOURCING
REMUNERATION REMUNERATION &&BENEFITS BENEFITS
COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT
Competency forms the core of the HR processes
Supporting Functions
PERSONAL PERSONAL&&ESTABLISHMENT ESTABLISHMENT RECORDS RECORDSMANAGEMENT, MANAGEMENT,JPA JPA CIRCULARS PUBLICATION CIRCULARS PUBLICATION
PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
EMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS & EMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS & BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT
Project Monitoring System (PMS) An on-line end-to-end project monitoring system creating a collaborative environment for better management of development projects
Consistent and timely information from centralised databases
Information can be retrieved by agencies at any time
PMS
Graphical and multimedia features and functions
Standardisation of project codes for consistency
Socioeconomic impact analysis capability with simulation & forecasting in Phase 2 of the project Flexibility to produce reports according to requirements
1223-0556811706
Sending of real time online information electronically
Electronic Governance
Why get into IT Governance?
“Due diligence”
IT is critical to the business
IT is strategic to the business
Expectations and reality don’t match
IT hasn’t gotten the attention it deserves
IT involves huge investments and large risks
E-Governance E-governance is not just about government web site and e-mail. It is not just about service delivery over the Internet. It is not just about digital access to government information or electronic payments. It will change how citizens relate to governments as much as it changes how citizens relate to each other. It will bring forth new concepts of citizenship, both in terms of needs and responsibilities.
Ruang Lingkup IT & Governance IT Governance
IT & Governance
IT ScoreCard
Private Sectors
Corporate Governance
Public Sectors
Public Governance
IT for Govervance
IT Balanced Score Card IT Goals and Measures
Financial Goals Measures
Customer Goals Measures
Process Information
Learning Goals Measures
Goals Measures
Hubungan IT Governance dan IT for Governance IT merupakan bagian integral dari organisasi IT governance merupakan bagian integral dari corporate dan public governance
Makna Pemerintah (?) • adanya keharusan menunjukkan kewajiban untuk melaksanakan apa yang diperintahkan; • adanya dua pihak, yaitu yang memberi dan yang menerima perintah; • adanya hubungan fungsional antara yang memberi dan yang menerima perintah; • adanya wewenang atau kekuasaan untuk memberi perintah
Relasi Antara IT & Governance IT
Governance Available 24/7 Inovasi Informasi Keunggulan bersaing Pertumbuhan Fisilitator Akurat
Less Transaction Cost Akses Global
Participatory
Equity Efisien Sustainable Efektif Tanggung jawab Taat azas partisipasi masyarakat Enabling Equality Legitimate Demokratis Desentralistis
Respect, Trust, Accountable
Transparan Profesional Kompeten Otomatisasi Responsif Kemitraan Pro pasar Customer Satisfaction Supremasi Hukum Alat manajemen lingkungan hidup
Implementasi IT for Governance • Parameter Public Governance • Pembuatan Kebijakan di bidang ICT • Penyediaan Sarana Layanan Publik (egovernment) • Kemitraan dengan Sektor Swasta
Parameter Public Governance • Dibuat parameter untuk mengukur tingkat governance bagi tiap instansi pemerintah • Parameter tersebut antara lain: – Pemahaman aparat tentang prinsip tata pemerintahan yang baik – Ketaatan pada prosedur dan anggaran – Tingkat partisipasi publik dalam proses kebijakan – Tingkat kepuasan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat – Efisiensi dan efektivitas penggunaan sumber daya publik – Kemudahan masyarakat memperoleh informasi publik.
