Thinking About Thinking Critical Thinking in Health Care
Edi Purwanto)* Purwanto)
Nursing Science Program University of Muhammadiyah Malang 9/21/2011
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discuss 1 TN 1. TN. N lagi bersih bersih-bersih bersih kebun, kebun tiba tiba-tiba tiba tertusuk paku dikakinya. Kemudian beliau mengambil paku tersebut, tersebut memencet memencetmencet kakinya dan memberi minyak tanah dibekas paku tst. tst
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2 An 2. An. R terkena minyak goreng panas pada tanganya kemudian sama orang tuanya di beri odol/pasta supaya dingin. dingin
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3 Seorang perawat sedang menggunakan 3. spuit berisi cairan untuk mendorong aliran infus yang mampet/macet. mampet/macet
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Definition of Thinking g To reason – an intellectual (cogniti e process) in which (cognitive hich conclusions are reached. Critical Thinking for Nurses Nurses, 1999
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“Real Real intelligence is a creative use of knowledge, g not merely y an accumulation of facts.” Kenneth Winebrenner, date unknown
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“Thinking “Thi ki is i hard h d work, k th thatt is i why so few people do it.” it. Henry Ford, Ford date unknown
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A Historical Perspective To know where you’re going, you you’ve been. need to know where y
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Linda Anne Judsen-Richards • Perwat terlatih pertama yg proff dari d i amerika. ik L Lulusan l dari RS ibu dan anak di new england g th 1873 • Memperkenalkan konsep rekam medik pasien • Mengemukakan M k k pndpt d bh bhwa perawat seharusny memakai seragam g • Pemegang saham pertama jurnal keperawatan amerika 9/21/2011
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Who is this Woman?
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Florence Nightingale Evidence shows that Nurse Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, subscribed to methods that definitely required critical thinking skills. (Hegge, 1990)
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What were these methods? • Siswa diharapkan menyimpan buku/catatan pasien yg berisi respon dan perawatan yg detail • Aktivitas di ruangan lalu didiskusikan pd saat rapat atau evaluasi • What does this remind you of?
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Adelaide Nutting g • Menerbitkan analisis keperawatan di amerika tahun 1898 • Penemuannya menyimpulkan bahwa sekolah kprwtan setidaknya melatih siswanya utk mengamati, g , berpikir p atau membuat alasan • Laporan perawat Nutting sedikit dikit memberikan b ik d dampak, k menurutmu apa hasilnya itu?
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Results • Sejak tahun 1913 1913, lebih dari 20 negara bagian mengeluarkan hukum mengenai persyaratan minimal untuk pendidikan dan praktek kprwtan • Pengaturan ini meliputi beberapa kriteria yg berhub dg kemampuan berpikir dan membuat keputusan • Bagaimana konsep itu diajarkan skrg? 9/21/2011
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Thinking g in the 1920s • Selama masa ini, pengajaran/kuliah adalah satu-satunya cara untuk mengajar kprwtan • Beberapa p p pengajar g j mulai memasukkan topik p diskusi, tugas tertulis dan menyediakan bbrp waktu utuk berpikir di kelas • Apakah kamu meluangkan wkt utk berpikir? Apkah itu bertujuan? Berguna? • What do you think?
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National League for Nursing Education (NLNE) – 1927
• The NLNE published a Curriculum Guide for nursing schools that outlined important characteristics h t i ti ffor nursing students. These were:
– – – –
Good jjudgment g Keen insight Use of discrimination Ability to detect physical and mental changes – Draw conclusions – Make applications pp to other situations (NLNE, 1927)
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NLNE Curriculum Guide Revisions of 1937 & 1942
• Revisi dan penambahan dibuat dari dokumen asli utk mendefinisikan apa yg shrsnya prwt lakukan lakukan. Tambahan itu adalah: - Berpikir kritis (Critical inquiry) - Berpikir mandiri (Independent thinking) - Penilaian yang tepat (Good judgment) - Menggunakan akal yg luas (Resourcefulness)
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What do these characteristics sound like to you?
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Critical thinking! These are some of the components considered the cornerstone of critical thinking.
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Nursing Process & Nursing Diagnosis • Thn 1953, mengusulkan sebuah fungsi yg unik pd perawat profesional – proses dan diagnosa kprwtan. • Dasarnya adlh perawat yg diajarkan proses ini diasumsikan mempunyai kemampuan utk menganalisa dan merefleksikan, menggunakan kemampuan membuat alasan, penilaian dan mengambil kesimpulan
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Journal of Nursing Education, 1963 • Thn 1963, sebuah artikel dimuat di jurnal pendidikan kprwtan yg menyatakan bahwa prwt perlu l di diajari j i cara cara yg mendukung kemampuan berpikir kritis • In spite of the movement to teach, encourage, or to facilitate critical thinking thinking, widespread acceptance and implementation has been lacking. 9/21/2011
University of Pennsylvania Nursing School - 1962 21
National League of Nursing (NLN) • Sejak th 1980, NLN menaikkan persyaratan sekolah kprwtan utk menunjukkan bukti pencapaian siswa dalam kemampuan berpikir kritis • The need to provide instruction in critical thinking skills is no longer an option – it is a reality.
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So what is critical thinking? g • Banyak definisi berpikir kritis, beberapa diantaranya ada dibuku teks • A concise definition is: –C Critical iti l thi thinking ki iis reflective and reasonable thinking that focuses on what to believe and do (Ennis, 1985).
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How is critical thinking different from problem solving?
• Problem solving: • Mengatasi masalah (digunakan utk menemukan satu jjawaban benar,, kadang panduan kebijakan sikap dianggap sbg standar perawtan).
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• Critical thinking: • beberapa alternatif yg diambil dari situasi yg diharapkan, saat dikatakan berpikir p kritis mgkn anda tdk melihat adanya masalah dan tdk ada standar yg pasti.
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Critical Thinking g Attitudes • Ennis (1985) described critical thinking attitudes as dispositions (Watak). (Watak) • Paul (1990) called them traits of the mind (karakter pikiran). • Attitudes motivate and justify the use of cognitive iti skills. kill
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Seven attitudes of critical thinkers (see course book for complete definitions) 1. Intellectual humility (rendah hati) 2. Intellectual courage (keberanian) 3 Intellectual 3. I t ll t l empathy th 4. Intellectual integrity 5. Intellectual perseverance (ketekunan) 6. Intellectual sense of justice (keadilan) 7. Faith in reasoning (kontrol)
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Cognitive skills of critical thinking (see course book for complete definitions)
• Divergent thinking (pemikiran yg luas) • Reasoning g ((alasan)) • Reflection (refleksi) • Creativity (kreatifitas) • Clarification Cl ifi ti (klarifikasi) • Basic Support 9/21/2011
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thank’s…..
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