The World of Chemicals

Chemicals Awareness

The World of Chemicals • Universe of Chemicals > 5 Million

• Industrial Inventories ~ 55,000 • Regulated Occupationally ~ 600

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Toxicology Poisons - the adverse effects (efek merugikan) of substances on living systems.

“All substances are poisons; There is none which is not a poison. The right dose

differentiates a poison from a remedy…”

– Paracelsus (1493-1541) Chemical Toxicology – The potential adverse effects and control of chemicals in the workplace.

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• Substances that produce adverse biological effects of any nature Toxicants

• May be chemical or physical in nature • Effects may be of various types (acute, chronic, etc.)

Toxins

• Specific proteins produced by living organisms (Mushroom toxin or tetanus toxin) • Most exhibit immediate effects

Poisons

Toxicants that cause immediate death or illness when experienced in very small amounts

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Basic Concepts • Toxicity – capacity to cause injury • Hazard – potential harm associated with a specific substance under potential exposure conditions • Risk – the likelihood or chance that harm will occur under actual conditions (Toxicity) X (Exposure) = Risk

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Basic Concepts • All chemicals have the capacity to be toxic • All chemicals act in the body according to the principles of chemistry, physics and biology • Natural chemicals are not inherently harmless • Synthetic chemicals are not inherently hazardous • The dose make the poison

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The Dose Makes the Poison Chemical

Beneficial Dose

Toxic Dose

Aspirin

300-1000 mg

1000-30,000mg

Vitamin A

500 units/d

50,000 units/d

Oxygen

20% in air

50-100% in air

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Lethal Dose Agent

LD50 (mg/kg)

Ethyl Alcohol Sodium Chloride Naphthalene Ferrous Sulfate Aspirin Formaldehyde Ammonia Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Caffeine Phenobarbital Chlorpheniramine Maleate DDT Strychnine Sulfate Nicotine Dioxin Botulinus Toxin

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7060 3000 1760 1500 1000 800 350 350 192 150 118 100 2 1 0.0001 0.00001

There are no harmless substances.

Only harmless ways of using substances.

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Routes of Chemicals Exposure Breathing Zone Inhalation*

Eyes

Absorption

Ingestion Injection

*Most important route of entry 10

• How can you know that a chemical is toxic or hazardous? • How can you handle chemicals? • Is a chemical harmful? • How can we identify chemicals?

MSDS HARM SYMBOOLS

Sumber : MSDS, Soemanto, Puslitbang LIPI (2000)

RANKING DAN SIMBOL BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA MENURUT NEPA-USA

NO

BAHAYA KESEHATAN (HEALTH)

BAHAYA KEBAKARAN (FIRE)

BAHAYA REAKTIVITAS (REACTIVITY)

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Penyebab kematian, cedera fatal, meskipun ada pertolongan

Segera menguap dalam keadaan normal dan dapat terbakar secara cepat

Mudah meledak atau diledakkan, sensitif terhadap panas dan mekanik

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Berakibat serius pada keterpaan singkat, meskipun ada pertolongan

Cair atau padat, dapat dinyalakan pada suhu biasa

Mudah meledak tetapi memerlukan penyebab panas dan tumbukan kuat

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Keterpaan intensif dan terus menerus berakibat serius, kecuali ada pertolongan

Perlu sedikit pemanasan sebelum bahan dapat terbakar

Tidak stabil, bereaksi hebat, tapi tidak meledak

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Penyebab iritasi atau cedera ringan

Dapat dibakar, tetapi memerlukan pemanasan lebih dulu

Stabil pada suhu normal. Tetapi tidak stabil pada suhu tinggi

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Tidak berbahaya terhadap kesehatan meskipun kena panas (api)

Bahan tidak dapat dibakar sama sekali

Stabil, tidak reaktif meskipun kena panas atau suhu tinggi

W

1 Simbol bahaya Natrium

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2

W

Jangan disiram dengan air



















Chemicals awareness Chemicals

Solid

Liquids

Gas

1. Solid a. Unhygroscopic solid, and can not menyublim, example : amylum, sodium carbonate b. Hygroscopic solid, exp: NaOH, KSCN

c. Vapourable solid exp: Iodium, Ammonium carbonate,

Kamper (naftalen)

d. Light sensitive solid: exp: AgNO3, KMnO4 e. Water sensitive solid, exp: Na, K. f. Oxygen/air sensitive solid,Exp: phosphorous

2. LIQUID a. Liquid/Normal, exp: aquadest,

b. Vapourable liquid, exp: ammonia, ether, HCl, acetone, chloroform c. Liquid that easy to bind water vapour, Exp: Sulphuric acid a. Flamable liquid, exp: ether, methanol, aceton, gasoline, kerosine

 Hygroscopic solid: placed into covered bottled, wrapt with plastic  vapourable solid: place into glass bottle or plastic, rest a ¼ of space for air.

 light sensitive solid: placed into dark bottle or tak tembus cahaya,cover it

tightly  water sensitive solid: immersed into kerosine

 oxygen/air sensitive solid: place and immesed in water  do not place a solid mixtures as oxidators, catalist and substance that easy to burn exp: KClO3, MnO2, sucrose

b. Liquid  placed in closely pack bottle

 spare the space a ¼ part of the bottle for liquid vapour

 the flamable liquid have to keep away from fire  for oxidator liquids, place into fumehood  Use the suitable SPA if you want to take harmful liquids • Do not put the harmful liquids in the up side of rack

Handle chemicals

Toxic vapourable chemicals should be placed in fumehood

Use fumehood if you work with hazardous chemicals

c. Gas  Place the gas vessel safely

 use kran with spuyer that have to maintain periodically  place in cold room (if it is possible)  keep away from heat or fire  keep the vessel safe He

(make not easy to fall)

Work Laboratory Instruction 1. Identify 5 chemicals in the front desk. 2. Find the MSDS of its in MSDS Book. 3. Report your work into journal Chemicals Formula

Structure

Harm symbols

Handling

The World of Chemicals

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