THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST HEMYNGWAY: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A THESIS
BY
ROSALINA LBN. TOBING REG. NUMBER: 040705028
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS NORTH SUMATERA UNIVERSITY MEDAN 2008
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
By the grace, bless, and mercy of God Almighty, the writer can finish this thesis well and right on time. It is a pleasure to complete this thesis. The writer realizes that there are many flaws in this thesis. The writer expresses her deepest gratitude for the help, patience as well as guidance from these people whether directly or indirectly. First of all, the writer would like to thank the Dean of faculty of letters USU, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A.,Ph.D., the chair person and the secretary of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs.Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL for the facilities and advice the writer had obtained during her study in this faculty. The writer, then, would like to express her great gratitude to her Supervisor, Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A. and Co-supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum., for their advice, suggestions, help, and for spending their valuable time to guide the writer in finishing this thesis. The writer also would like to express his sincere thanks to all lecturers of English Department for giving help and contribution of knowledge during her academic years. The writer’s highest, sincere, and very special gratitude is devoted to her beloved parents, B. Lbn. Tobing and E. Hutabarat, for giving their support, love and affection since in the cradle until now and for good. This thesis is one of many things that the writer wants to do for them in her life. The warmest thanks are also devoted to her dearest sisters, Elida and Ade, and her beloved boyfriend ‘Ian’, for all their love, support and pray.
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Finally, the writer would like to thank her friends Christy, Marilyn, Merlin, Rosa Munthe, Erlin, Siska, and Agustina for giving colorful days and for their never ending friendship, awareness, unfixable aid, spirit and everything during her academic years and especially in the period of finishing this thesis. The writer appreciates them for giving everything they had done to her. May God bless them all. Medan, Juny 2008
Rosalina Lbn Tobing
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT Hal yang paling menarik dalam mengkaji ilmu bahasan adalah bagaimana bahasa itu digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan bukan apa komponenkomponen bahasa itu. Dengan demikian yang menjadi permasalahannya adalah bagaimana para pemakai bahasa menafsirkan apa yang disampaikan oleh pemakai bahasa lain. Dengan mencoba mengerti dan mencerna apa yang ditulis oleh para penulis, memahami apa yang disampaikan pembicara secara lisan dalam suatu percakapan, maka kita sudah terlibat dalam suatu analisis bahasa yang disebut analisis wacana. Skripsi ini berjudul The Use of Cohesive Devices in Selected Short Stories of Ernest Hemyngway: A Discourse Analysis, yaitu suatu analisis mengenai relasi yang erat (kohesi) yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendiskripsikan jenis- jenis alat kohesi yang terdapat dalam teks- teks tersebut yang diangkat dari teks wacana tertulis. Wacana yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini diseleksi dari sejumlah cerita pendek karangan Ernest Hemingway dalam bukunya yang berjudul The First Forty Nine Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Selanjutnya menentukan alat kohesi yang paling dominant. Dari hasil pengkajian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa pemakaian alat kohesi yang paling dominan adalah perujuk pronominal dengan jumlah 640 atau 61,18%. Kemudian disusul dengan pemakaian alat kohesi konjungsi sebanyak 271 atau 25,90%, elipsis sebanyak 62 atau 5,92%, kohesi leksikal sebanyak 48 atau 4,58%, dan yang paling sedikit adalah subsitusi sebanyak 25 atau 2,39%.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................. iv CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Analysis ....................................... 1 1.2 Scope of the Analysis .................................................. 4 1.3 Problem of Analysis ..................................................... 5 1.4 Objective of the Analysis ............................................. 5 1.5 Significance of the Analysis ........................................ 5
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis ............................ 7 2.1.1 Definitions of Discourse ................................... 7 2.1.2 Functions of Discourse ..................................... 10 2.1.3 Types of Discourse ........................................... 10 2.1.4 Structure of Discourse ...................................... 13 2.2 Concepts Cohesion ...................................................... 14 2.2.1 Text .................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Texture ............................................................. 16 2.2.3 Ties ................................................................... 17 2.2.4 Cohesion and Coherence .................................. 18 2.3 Kinds of Cohesive Devices .......................................... 19
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2.3.1 Reference .......................................................... 20 2.3.1.1 Personal Reference ............................. 21 2.3.1.2 Demonstrative Reference .................... 23 2.3.1.3 Comparative Reference ....................... 24 2.3.2
Substitution ....................................................... 26 2.3.2.1 Nominal Substitution .......................... 26 2.3.2.2 Verbal Substitution ............................. 27 2.3.2.3 Clausal Substitution ............................ 27
2.3.3
Ellipsis .............................................................. 29 2.3.3.1 Nominal Ellipsis ................................. 30 2.3.3.2 Verbal Ellipsis .................................... 31 2.3.3.3 Clausal Ellipsis ................................... 32
2.3.4
Conjunction ...................................................... 32 2.3.4.1 Additive .............................................. 33 2.3.4.2 Adversative ......................................... 35 2.3.4.3 Causal ................................................. 36 2.3.4.4 Temporal ............................................. 38
2.3.5
Lexical Cohesion .............................................. 40 2.3.5.1 Reiteration ........................................... 40 2.3.5.2 Collocation .......................................... 41
2.3.6
CHAPTER III
Relevance study ................................................ 41
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1.
Research Method ....................................................... 44
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3.2. Population and Sample .............................................. 44
CHAPTER IV
3.3.
Data Collecting Method ............................................ 45
3.4.
Data Analysis Method ............................................... 45
THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY 4.1 The Analysis of Short Story 1 The Light of the World Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion ................................................ 49 4.2 The Analysis of Short Story 2 Hills like White Elephants
Based
on
Reference,
Ellipsis,
Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion ........................... 70 4.3 The Analysis of Short Story 3 A Clean, WellLighted Place Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion ........................... 86
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ......................................................................... 101 5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................... 102
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES Appendix I
The Text of Short Story 1 The Light Of The World
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Appendix II
Text of Short Story 2 Hills Like White Elephants
Appendix III
Text of Short Story 3 A Clean, Well- Lighted Place
viii
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