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THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
MASTER THESIS In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master Study Program: Cultural Studies Major: Art Studies
Written By: Nebojsa Djordjevic S701208012
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2014
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THESIS THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY Written By Nebojsa Djordjevic S701208012 Committee
Supervisor I
Name
Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,
Signature
Date
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__-__-2014
-------------------------
__-__-2014
M. Hum, Ph.D. NIP 196703231995122001 Supervisor II
Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. NIP 1950030011978032004
Certified the requirements on Date: ............................2014. Head of Cultural Studies Study Programme Postgraduate Programme UNS
Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum NIP 196409181989031001
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THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
THESIS By Nebojsa Djordjevic S701208012 Defended his thesis in front of examiners Acknowledge that he complies with requirements On (date) ................. 2014 Examination Committee: Position
Name
Signature
Chairman
Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum NIP 196409181989031001
..................................
Examiners
1. Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,
..................................
M. Hum, Ph.D. NIP 196703231995122001 2. Dr. Hartini, M. Hum.
..................................
NIP 1950030011978032004
Acknowledge by: Director Postgraduate Program Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M. S. NIP 196107171986011001
Head of Study Programme Cultural Studies Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum NIP 196409181989031001
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STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLICATION I truthfully declare that:
1. Thesis entitled THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY is my own research work and there are no scientific papers that have been asked by others to obtain academic degrees and there is no this work or opinion was never written or published by another person, except those written with reference to the referent sources mentioned in text and/or bibliography. If it proves that text of this have elements of plagiarism, then I am willing to accept the sanctions required, both to my master 's degree thesis along with cancelation of my title and procession according with the legislation in force .
2. Publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis in scientific journals or other forums must include the name of author, together with his advisor/mentorship team as well as naming UNS as the institution where this writing was published. If there is a violation of these provisions concerning publication, then I am willing to receive academic sanctions that apply.
Surakarta , .........................................
Student Nebojsa Djordjevic, S701208012
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Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to examine the idea of heroism in Indonesia and how it was shown in painting as a relatively new art form in this country. Pangeran Diponegoro (17851855) was rebellious prince in Java who fought against the Dutch. He entered paintings in Indonesia as soon as his rebellion ended. His appearance is one of the constant motifs in Indonesian paintings. The idea for this research was to show how Diponegoro was painted within different concepts. This research is a qualitative study which primarily used Pierce semiotics (which includes sign in three aspects icon sign, index signs, and symbol signs) to examine artworks and their meaning. Theoretical triangulation is achieved by using Postcolonial theory and its writing in analyses of these artworks. Cultural hybridity, identity, nationalism, nationbuilding, and other ideas are present in artwork and its signs. With the end of the Java War, Javanese society experienced major changes in economical as well as in cultural aspects. Painting is an art form that was introduced to Javanese in this period. One of the first motifs in Indonesian painting was Pangeran Diponegoro. Briefly after Java War Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman painted a scene of submission of Diponegoro. The Javanese reply came few years after in painting of Raden Saleh, the first local artist who was trained in Europe. S. Sudjojono was one of the most prominent Indonesian painters and he painted Pangeran Diponegoro as national hero in 1979. In 1994 an emerging Indonesian artist paid homage to Diponegoro in his artwork and in 2007 Heri Dono painted his caricature painting of wrongful arrest of Diponegoro in twisted Indonesia. The idea of heroism changed over time and it has also looked different in different historical periods. Dutch painting of Pangeran Diponegoro had sense of pride and dignity in it. Yet it is an expression of Dutch ignorance, arrogance, and dominance over the Javanese. Javanese response is also controversial some see it as proto-nationalistic painting, others dismiss it as servile. Indonesian paintings are full of nationalism and pride, but also with strong artistic messages of warning and critique toward society. While some signs have clear meanings which are shown in this research, the majority of them are fluid and open for discussion about ideas of nationalism, heroism, and identity in Indonesia. Key words: national heroes, culture, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro
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Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji ide kepahlawanan di Indonesia dan bagaimana itu ditampilkan dalam lukisan sebagai bentuk karya seni yang relatif baru di negeri ini. Pangeran Diponegoro (1785-1855) adalah pangeran yang memberontak dan berperang melawan Belanda di Jawa. Sosoknya menjadi terkenal dalam lukisan di Indonesia sesaat setelah pemberontakannya berakhir. Penampilannya adalah salah satu motif konstan dalam lukisan Indonesia. Ide untuk penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana sosok Diponegoro dalam konsep yang berbeda. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang terutama digunakan dalam semiotika Pierce (tanda yang termasuk dalam tiga aspek - tanda icon, tanda-tanda indeks, dan tandatanda simbol) untuk memeriksa karya seni dan makna triangulasi teoretis mereka dicapai dengan menggunakan teori pascakolonial dan menulis dalam analisis karya seni ini . Hibriditas budaya, identitas, nasionalisme, pembangunan bangsa, dan ide-ide lain yang hadir dalam karya seni beserta tanda-tandanya. Dengan berakhirnya Perang Jawa, masyarakat Jawa mengalami perubahan besar dalam ekonomi serta aspek budaya. Lukisan merupakan sebuah bentuk seni yang diperkenalkan ke Jawa pada periode ini. Salah satu motif pertama dalam seni lukis Indonesia adalah Pangeran Diponegoro. Sesaat setelah pelukis Java War Belanda Nicolaas Pieneman melukis adegan pengajuan Diponegoro. Balasan Jawa datang beberapa tahun setelah dalam lukisan Raden Saleh, seniman lokal pertama yang dilatih di Eropa. S. Sudjojono adalah salah satu pelukis paling menonjol Indonesia dan ia melukis Pangeran Diponegoro sebagai pahlawan nasional pada tahun 1979. Pada tahun 1994 muncul artis Indonesia memberi penghormatan kepada Diponegoro dalam karya seninya dan pada tahun 2007 Heri Dono melukis lukisan karikatur tentang penangkapan salah Diponegoro di dipelintir Indonesia. Ide kepahlawanan berubah dalam waktu ke waktu dan itu juga tampak berbeda dari periode sejarah yang berbeda. Lukisan Belanda Pangeran Diponegoro memiliki rasa kebanggaan dan martabat di dalamnya. Namun itu tampak sebagai ekspresi ketidaktahuan Belanda, arogansi, dan dominasi atas Jawa. Respon Jawa juga kontroversial - yang melihatnya sebagai proto-nasionalis lukisan, sementara yang lainnya menolak itu sebagai sepotong budak seni. Lukisan Indonesia penuh dengan nasionalisme dan kebanggaan, tetapi juga dengan pesan peringatan artistik yang kuat dan kritik terhadap masyarakat. Sementara beberapa tanda-tanda memiliki makna yang jelas yang ditunjukkan dalam penelitian ini, mayoritas dari mereka adalah ibarat cairan yang terbuka untuk diskusi tentang ide-ide nasionalisme, heroisme, dan identitas di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: pahlawan nasional, budaya, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro vi
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MOTTO
~ There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom. Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918) ~ Diponegoro is a combination of words Which, when literally translated from Javanese to English, means: of t
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To My Heroes: My Family and My Friends
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. The First Western Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
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1.1.
A. J. Bick, charcoal sketch, 1830
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1.2.
A. C. Anthony, lithography, 1830
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1.3.
Note of 100 Indonesian rupiah from 1952
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2. Nicolaas Pieneman: Submission of Diponegoro (1830-1835)
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3. Javanese Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
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3.1.
Batik Perang Diponegoro
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3.2.
Pangeran Diponegoro from Buku Kedung Kebo
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3.3.
Portrait of young Pangeran Diponegoro
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3.4.
(and 3.5.)Wayang Diponegoro
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4. Raden Saleh: The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro (1857)
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5. Diponegoro as National Symbol in years after Independence
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5.1. 5.2.
Equestrian Statue of Diponegoro in Monas Monumen Nasional National Monument, Jakarta. Work of Italian sculptor Cobertaldo
5.3.
-1960)
6. Pangeran Diponegoro in New Order Era (1966 1998)
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6.1.
Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in main square in Magelang
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6.2.
Sasana Wiratama in Jogjakarta
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6.3.
Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in Semarang
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7. S. Sudjojono: Diponegoro (1979)
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8. S. Sudjojono. 1979. Pasukan Kita Yang Dipimpin Pangeran Diponegoro (Our Soldiers Led Under Prince Diponegoro). 9. Djajeng Asmoro. 1980. Pangeran Diponegoro.
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10. Agung Kurniawan: Homage to Prince Diponegoro (1994)
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10.1. Pangeran Diponegoro (detail)
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10.2. Kesatria Baja Hitam (Kamen Rider Black)
Japanese superhero
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11. Heri Dono: Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro (2007)
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12. Heri Dono. 2002. Raden Saleh Jadi Londo
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13. Heri Dono. 2009.
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14. Contemporary Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
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14.1. Opera Diponegoro
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14.2. Dramatic reading about Pangeran Diponegoro
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14.3. Indieguerillas. 2012. This Hegemony Life
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14.4. (and 14.5.) Manga-like Diponegoro
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASRI HIK
Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool
IKJ ISI ITB IVAA KBBI LEKRA PERSAGI
Institut Kesenian Jakarta Institut Seni Indonesia Institut Teknik Bandung Indonesian Visual Art Archive Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat Persatoean Asal Gambar Indonesia
PKI POETRA S. SIM UGM UNESCO UNS VOC
Partai Komunis Indonesia Poesat Tenaga Rakjat Sindudarsono First name of Sudjojono Seniman Indonesia Moeda Young Indonesian Artists Universitas Gadjah Mada Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Vereeningde Oost-Indishe United East India Company Compagnie
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Indonesian Fine Art Academy Dutch East Indian School for Teachers Institute for Art Jakarta Indonesian Institute for Art Techincal Institute in Bandung Great Dictionary of Indonesian Association of Indonesian Drawing Specialists Communist Party of Indonesia
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EXTRAS
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1
Framework of the research (Chapter 2, Subchapter D)
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1
Primary Data (Chapter 3, Subchapter C)
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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1
List of National Heroes in Indonesia (Table 1)
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Appendix 2
Statistics from List of National Heroes
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Appendix 3
Poster of National Heroes in Indonesia
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Appendix 4
Web visibility of key terms from research (Table 2)
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Appendix 5
Analyses of Table 2
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CONTENT FRONT PAGE APPROVAL PAGE STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY ABSTRACT APSTRAK MOTTO DEDICATION LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EXTRAS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES CONTENT CHAPTER I A. Background B. Problem Formulation C. Objectives of the Research D. Significance of the Research CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Main Concepts 1. Heroism 1.1. Word for Hero 1.2. Heroes and National Heroes in Indonesia 1.3. Pangeran Diponegoro The National Symbol 2. Indonesian Painting B. Theoretical Basis 1. Postcolonial Theory 2. Visual Semiotics C. Relevant Researches 1. Researches about Heroism 1.1. Researches about Pangeran Diponegoro 2. Researches about Indonesian painting D. Framework of Research E. Hypothesis CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH A. Location and Time of Research B. Locus of Research C. Data and Source of Data D. Technique of Collecting Data E. Technique of Analyzing Data F. Approach to Analyzing Data G. Validation of Data
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i. ii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. xi. xii. 1 3 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 9 13 15 16 16 20 24 24 27 29 31 33 34 34 35 36 37 38 38 39
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSES A. The 19th century - Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain and Hero 1. The 19th century in Indonesia 2. Art history of the 19th century 3. 3.1. Biography of Nicolaas Pieneman 3.2. Submission of Diponegoro (1830-5) History and Signs 4. an Diponegoro 4.1. Biography of Raden Saleh 4.2. Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro (1857) History and Signs 5. Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain, Rebellion, or Hero B. Indonesian art (1950-1990): Depicting a National Hero 1. The 20th century in Indonesia: History of Nation and Art 2. Pangeran Diponegoro: National Hero in Art 3. Vision of Pangeran Diponegoro 3.1. Biography of S. Sudjojono 3.2. Diponegoro (1979) History and Signs 4. Pangeran Diponegoro: One Brick in Wall of Nation C. Indonesian art (1990-today): Nation in need of (Super) Hero 1. Art and Life of Indonesia Today 2. Contemporary Indonesian Eyes Look Toward Pangeran Diponegoro 2.1.1. Biography of Agung Kurniawan 2.1.2. Homage to Prince Diponegoro (1994): History and Signs 2.2.1. Biography of Heri Dono 2.2.2. Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro (2007): History and Signs 3. Who Are the Heroes Now and Do We Need Them? D. Depiction of Pangeran Diponegoro from the 19th until today CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusion B. Recommendations SUMMARY RINGKASAN APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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