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Space girls Katrien Van der Heyden
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• Geslacht: biologische verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen
Het belangrijkste is te beseffen dat geslacht en gender GEEN synoniemen zijn, want vaak worden ze wel zo gebruikt in de media en in onderzoek. Terwijl geslacht verwijst naar de biologische verschillen zoals borsten, geslachtsdelen, verwijst gender naar de verschillen die cultureel werden opgebouwd. Zo dragen mannen in onze cultuur nooit een rok, maar in Schotland vormt dit geen probleem. Dat wil zeggen dat er naast de biologische verschillen ook een maatschappelijke invulling is van wat mannelijkheid en vrouwelijkheid op een bepaald moment in een bepaalde cultuur betekent. Dit kan gaan over uiterlijke kenmerken zoals rok en broek, maar ook over karaktereigenschappen zoals competitiviteit, assertiviteit, leiderschap (worden als mannelijk gezien) en emotionaliteit, zorgzaamheid, zachtaardigheid (worden als vrouwelijk gezien). Zowel mannen als vrouwen worden (in)direct in de richting geduwd die overeenstemt met het stereotype beeld van hun geslacht. Zo wordt een man die zich emotioneel gedraagt een ‘watje’ genoemd en afgekeurd en een vrouw die assertief is, wordt al snel een ‘bitch’ genoemd. Toch zijn al deze eigenschappen niet mannelijk of vrouwelijk, ze zijn menselijk. (En voor diegenen die nog twijfelen of mannen emotioneel kunnen zijn: Ga eens naar een voetbalmatch kijken). Dat wil dus zeggen dat bij jongens bepaalde eigenschappen worden gestimuleerd en bij meisjes andere. Indien ze zich dan zo gaan gedragen, vergeten we dat dit aangeleerd gedrag is en gaan we snel denken dat het een biologische oorsprong heeft.
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• Gender: culturele geconstrueerde verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen
Dia 4
Does size matter?
Mannen hebben gemiddeld een groter hoofd dan vrouwen: dus, ze zijn intelligenter?
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de 19e eeuw toonde aan dat mannen gemiddeld een groter hoofd hebben dan vrouwen. Daaruit werd al snel geconcludeerd dat mannen dus intelligenter zijn dan vrouwen, vanuit de (foutieve) veronderstelling dat intelligentie gecorreleerd is aan de grootte van je hoofdomtrek. Ondertussen weten we wel beter: intelligentie is zelfs niet gecorreleerd aan de grootte van je hersenen, maar aan het aantal neurale verbindingen die je in je hersenen maakt. We moeten dus heel voorzichtig zijn om zomaar te beweren dat alle verschillen die we waarnemen tussen mannen en vrouwen een biologische oorsprong hebben. Veel vaker liggen culturele stereotypen aan de basis. Stereotypen kunnen schattig lijken, maar zijn dat in realiteit zelden. In feite duwen ze mensen in een bepaald hoekje en beperken de mogelijkheden voor ontwikkeling. Wanneer de uitkomst ervan dan ook nog biologisch wordt gedetermineerd, dan lijkt het of we er geen impact op kunnen hebben (Tja, jongens vechten nu eenmaal, dat ligt in hun aard…) In realiteit zijn mannen in sommige culturen veel gewelddadiger dan in andere, dus we moeten niet te snel concluderen dat alles met testosteron kan worden verklaard.
Dia 5
Een vrouw is toch gemaakt om kinderen te krijgen, niet?
Intellectuele uitdagingen zouden het bloed van de baarmoeder naar de hersens sturen en een vrouw onvruchtbaar maken…
Dia 6
Pas op met biologisch determinisme Niet alle verschillen en ongelijkheden tussen mannen en vrouwen zijn biologisch te verklaren. Integendeel, een baby wordt geboren met slechts 15% neurale connecties in de hersenen, de andere 85% worden tijdens de opvoeding gemaakt.
Bij de geboorte van een kind zijn slechts 15% van de neurale verbindingen in de hersenen gemaakt, de andere 85% wordt tijdens het leven opgebouwd (de meeste tijdens de eerste 2 levensjaren en daarna veel in de puberteit). De hersenen zijn dus een veel actiever orgaan dan men vroeger dacht en ook nog bij volwassenen worden nog steeds neurale verbindingen gemaakt en gewijzigd. Dit wil zeggen dat als vrouwen geen kaart kunnen lezen, dit komt omdat niemand ooit de moeite deed om het hen behoorlijk uit te leggen en ze bovendien weinig kans kregen om het geleerde te oefenen. Kaartlezen is een vaardigheid en daar wordt je niet mee geboren. Het klopt dus niet dat zulke zaken biologisch worden gedetermineerd. Dit geldt ook voor het feit dat jongens technisch zouden zijn aangelegd en meisjes taalvaardiger zijn. Onderzoek heeft uitgewezen, dat dit veel meer aan de opvoeding ligt dan aan het geslacht.
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Stereotypen creëren we zelf en geven ze door! We zijn allemaal ‘kind van onze cultuur’ en we zijn ons daar zelden van bewust. Commercieel is het interessant om de M/V verschillen in stand te houden (2 soorten speelgoed, 2 soorten kledij, 2 soorten verzorgingsproducten, enz.) Op die manier duwen we jongens en meisjes echter nog verder in de stereotype hoekjes: Niet alle jongens houden van voetbal en niet alle meisjes houden van roze.
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2013, Bart Smit
Stereotypen kunnen lang meegaan Culturen veranderen slechts langzaam in hun overtuigingen. Maar toch is er een evolutie in goeie zin. (Kijk maar eens naar de serie ‘Mad Men’.) Het soort reclame dat hierboven wordt getoond zou nu niet meer kunnen. Alhoewel…
Dia 9
Sinds de jaren ‘60 verkleint het verschil tussen de scores van jongens en meisjes op wiskunde toetsen.
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2. Vrouwelijke onderzoekers Identificeer de eventuele verschillen in de respectieve situatie van vrouwen en mannen binnen de materie waarop het ontwerp van regelgeving betrekking heeft. Reeks 1= Mannen in 2013, Reeks 2= Vrouwen in 2013. Universiteit Antwerpen
11
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vervolg M 2003 V 2003 M 2008 V 2008 M 2013 V 2013 predoc
48%
52%
51%
49%
50%
50%
postdoc
65%
35%
59%
41%
59%
41%
docent
71%
29%
67%
33%
72%
28%
hoofddocent
85%
15%
78%
22%
75%
25%
hoogleraar gewoon hoogleraar
90%
10%
86%
14%
78%
22%
95%
5%
88%
12%
85%
15%
12
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Vrouwen in IAU (International Astronomy Union)
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Womeninstronomy.blogspot
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
Astronomische observaties
Visionairs
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Astronauten
Astronomische theoretici
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
Astronomische observaties
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Astronauten
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Augusta Ada Byron King, Lady Lovelace, geboren Augusta Ada Byron (Londen, 10 december 1815 – aldaar (Marylebone), 27 november 1852[1]) was een Britse wiskundige. Zij is bekend om haar beschrijving van de "analytische machine", de vroege mechanische computer voor algemeen gebruik vanCharles Babbage. Ze wordt nu gezien als de ontwerpster van het eerste computerprogramma, omdat ze "programma's" schreef om symbolen volgens vaste regels te manipuleren met een machine die Babbage op dat moment nog moest maken.[2] Ze zag ook al in dat computers in staat zouden zijn meer dan enkel (zware) berekeningen te doen, terwijl anderen - waaronder ook Babbage zelf - slechts geïnteresseerd waren in de rekenkundige capaciteiten van een computer.
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Margaret Hamilton • Apollo Mission • Software
Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936)[1] is a computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program.[2] In 1986, she became the founder and CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was developed around the Universal Systems Language based on her paradigm of Development Before the Fact (DBTF) for systems and software design.[3] Hamilton has published over 130 papers, proceedings, and reports concerned with the 60 projects and six major programs in which she has been involved. Legacy Hamilton popularized the term "software engineering",[19]coined first by Anthony Oettinger.In this field she was one of those who developed the concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra reliable software design. Awards 1986, Augusta Ada Lovelace Award, Association for Women in Computing. 2003, NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for scientific and technical contributions. The award included $37,200, the largest amount awarded to any individual in NASA's history. 2009, Outstanding Alumni Award, Earlham College.
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
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Dia 21
Caroline Herschel
Leven[bewerken] Doordat ze in haar jeugd tyfus had gekregen en ten gevolge daarvan een groeistoornis opliep, bleef ze klein. Bovendien was ze getekend door de pokken. Omdat er in het gezin van tien kinderen met vele meisjes voor haar ook geen bruidsschat beschikbaar was, bleef ze ongehuwd. Ze bleek geen talent te hebben voor gebruikelijke vrouwelijke bezigheden ondanks lessen bij een modist. De visie van biografe Brock dat Caroline slecht werd behandeld door haar moeder, wordt bestreden door wetenschapshistorica Zinsser. Brock beweert namelijk dat Caroline, ondanks haar talent voor muziek en wiskunde, door haar moeder als een Assepoester werd uitgebuit. Door haar broer Wilhelm/William, die tijdens de Zevenjarige Oorlog voor de Fransen naar Engeland was gevlucht, werd ze in 1772 naar Engeland gehaald. Ze deed het huishouden voor William, zong in het koor en kopieerde bladmuziek. Ze nam zanglessen en behaalde vele successen als sopraan. Ze was muzieklerares in Bath. In 1782gaf ze haar zangcarrière op en werd voltijds astronomisch assistent van haar broer. In 1787 kreeg ze als assistent van haar broer een jaarsalaris van koning George III, waarmee ze de eerste vrouw werd met een betaalde wetenschappelijke baan. Na de dood van haar broer in 1822 verhuisde ze weer naar Duitsland, waar ze haar astronomisch werk voortzette. Werk[bewerken] Broer en zus bouwden een voor die tijd enorme telescoop en deden belangrijke waarnemingen van vele nevels. Ook deed zij veel zelfstandige waarnemingen met een kleineNewton-telescoop en ontdekte in 1786 en 1788 twee kometen en daarnaast ook zeven nevels. Ze nam de komeet van Encke waar. Zij nam de catalogus van Flamsteedopnieuw onder de loep en voegde 560 sterren toe. Hiermee trad ze in de traditie van de vrouwen van de Pruisische familie Winckelmann, die in de achttiende eeuwsterrenkundige waarnemingen deden en noteerden. Voor haar verdiensten werd ze in 1835 lid van de British Royal Society en lid van de Royal Irish Academy in 1838. Zij kreeg de Gouden Medaille voor de Wetenschap in 1846van de koning van Pruisen.
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Sophia Brahe
She was born in Knudsturp, as the youngest of ten children, to Otte Brahe rigsråd, or advisor to the King of Denmark; and Beate Bille Brahe, leader of the royal household for Queen Sophie. Famous astronomer Tycho Brahe, 10 years her senior, was Sophie's oldest brother. When she was 17, she started assisting her brother with his astronomical observations in 1573, and helped him with the work that became the basis for modern planetary orbit predictions. She frequently visited his observatory Uranienborg, on the then-Danish island of Hveen. Tycho wrote that he had trained her in horticulture and chemistry, but he told her not to study astronomy. He expressed with pride that she learned astronomy on her own, studying books in German, and having Latin books translated with her own money so that she could also study them (Tjørnum).
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Caroline Shoemaker
Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker (born June 24, 1929) is an American astronomer and is a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9.[1] She once held the record for most comets discovered by an individual. Carolyn Jean Spellmann was born in Gallup, New Mexico, United States.[2] Her family moved to Chico, California, where she and her brother Richard grew up with their parents, Leonard Shoemaker and Hazel Arthur. Spellmann (before marriage) received bachelor's and master's degrees in history, political science, and English literature from Chico State University[3] and a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering at California Institute of Technology.[4] On August 18, 1951, she married Gene Shoemaker, aplanetary scientist.[2][5] She gave birth to three children: Christy, Linda, and Pat Shoemaker. The family lived in Grand Junction, Colorado, Menlo Park, California, and Pasadena, California, before finally settling down in Flagstaff, Arizona, where she worked in collaboration with her husband at the Lowell Observatory. As of 2002, Shoemaker had discovered 32 comets and over 800 asteroids
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
Astronomische observaties
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Dia 25
Hypathia
Hypatia (Grieks: Ὑπατία) (Alexandrië, 355 - aldaar, maart 415) was een Griekse wiskundige en neoplatonisch filosofe. Zij wordt wel de eerste vrouwelijke wiskundige genoemd. Ze leefde in Alexandrië (Egypte) en doceerde wiskunde en neoplatonische filosofie. Vanwege haar vooruitstrevende en wetenschappelijke manier van denken en doen werd zij in stukken gereten door een menigte christenen. Sommigen beweren dat de patriarch Cyrillus van Alexandrië daar de hand in had. Er is een film over haar gemaakt: ‘Agora’.
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De harem van Pickering
At the far left of the photograph is Margaret Harwood (AB Radcliffe 1907, MA University of California 1916), who had just completed her first year as Astronomical Fellow at the Maria Mitchell Observatory. She was later appointed director there, the first woman to be appointed director of an independent observatory. Beside her in the back row is Mollie O'Reilly, a computer from 1906 to 1918. Next to Pickering is Edith Gill, a computer since 1989. Then comes Annie Jump Cannon (BA Wellesley 1884), who at that time was about halfway through classifying stellar spectra for the Henry Draper Catalogue. Behind Miss Cannon is Evelyn Leland, a computer from 1889 to 1925. Next is Florence Cushman, a computer since 1888. Behind Miss Cushman is Marion Whyte, who worked for Miss Cannon as a recorder from 1911 to 1913. At the far right of this row is Grace Brooks, a computer from 1906 to 1920. Ahead of Miss Harwood in the front row is Arville Walker (AB Radcliffe 1906), who served as assistant from 1906 until 1922. From 1922 until 1957 she held the position of secretary to Harlow Shapley, who succeeded Pickering as Director. The next woman may be Johanna Mackie, an assistant from 1903 to 1920. She received a gold medal from the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) for discovering the first nova in the constellation of Lyra. In front of Pickering is Alta Carpenter, a computer from 1906 to 1920. Next is Mabel Gill, a computer since 1892. And finally, Ida Woods (BA Wellesley 1893), who joined the corps of women computers just after graduation. In 1920 she received the first AAVSO nova medal; by 1927, she had seven bars on it for her discoveries of novae on photographs of the Milky Way.
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It seems that several factors contributed to Pickering's decision to hire women instead of men. Among them was the fact that men were paid much more than women, so he could employ more staff with the same budget. This was relevant in a time when the amount of astronomical data was surpassing the capacity of the Observatories to process it. [2] The first woman hired was Williamina Fleming, who was working as a maid for Pickering. It seems that Pickering was increasingly frustrated with his male assistants and declared that even his maid could do a better job. Apparently he was not mistaken, as Fleming undertook her assigned chores efficiently. When the Harvard Observatory received in 1886 a generous donation from the widow ofHenry Draper, Pickering decided to hire more female staff and put Fleming in charge of them.
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Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (Lancaster, 4 juli 1868 - Cambridge, 12 december 1921) was een Amerikaanse astronoom uit Massachusetts. Ze ontdekte een relatie tussen de helderheid van cepheïden (veranderlijke sterren) en de periode waarin hun helderheid schommelt. Hiermee legde ze een relatie, die andere astronomen zou toelaten afstanden in de kosmos te bepalen. Harvard standaard[bewerken] Leavitt ontwikkelde ook een standaard waarmee de helderheid van sterren gemeten kan worden via een fotografische plaat. De helderheid van een ster op een foto is afhankelijk van de kleuren die de ster zelf uitzendt. De ene ster is vooral blauw, maar de andere meer rood of geelachtig. Daarnaast heeft elke film ook zijn eigen kleurgevoeligheid. Deze methode werd wereldwijd aanvaard na goedkeuring door de International Committee on Photographic Magnitudes in 1913. Dit werd de Harvard Standaard genoemd. Zij gebruikte hiervoor 299 fotografische platen die gemaakt waren door 13 telescopen. Leavitt heeft nooit mogen kiezen waar ze onderzoek naar zou willen doen. Dit werd haar altijd opgelegd door het hoofd van de sterrenwacht. Ze heeft hierdoor haar intellect nooit ten volle mogen gebruiken, maar een collega herinnerde haar zich als een van de beste geesten van de sterrenwacht in die tijd. Ze bleef haar leven in dienst stellen van Harvard en sterren totdat ze in 1921 overleed aan kanker.
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Jocelyn Bell Burnell
Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell DBE FRS FRSE FRAS (born 15 July 1943) is a Northern Irish astrophysicist. As a postgraduate student, she discovered the first radio pulsars while studying and advised by her thesis supervisor Antony Hewish,[3][4] for which Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Martin Ryle, while Bell Burnell was excluded, despite having been the first to observe and precisely analyse the pulsars.[6] Bell Burnell was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 2002 to 2004, president of the Institute of Physics from October 2008 until October 2010, and was interim president following the death of her successor,Marshall Stoneham, in early 2011. She was succeeded in October 2011 by Sir Peter Knight.[7] Bell Burnell was elected as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in October 2014. In March 2013 she was elected Pro-Chancellor of the University of Dublin. The paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Hewish's name was listed first, Bell's second. Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with Martin Ryle, without the inclusion of Bell as a co-recipient. Many prominent astronomers expressed outrage at this omission,[8] including Sir Fred Hoyle.[9] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in their press release announcing the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics,[10] cited Ryle and Hewish for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics, with particular mention of Ryle's work on aperturesynthesis technique, and Hewish's decisive role in the discovery of pulsars. Dr. Iosif Shklovsky, recipient of the 1972 Bruce Medal, had sought out Bell at the 1970 International Astronomical Union's General Assembly, to tell her: "Miss Bell, you have made the greatest astronomical discovery of the twentieth century."[ The fact that Bell did not receive recognition in the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics has been a point of controversy ever since. She helped build[29] the four-acre radio telescopeover two years and initially noticed the anomaly, sometimes reviewing as much as 96 feet of paper data per night. Bell later claimed that she had to be persistent in reporting the anomaly in the face of scepticism from Hewish, who was initially insistent that it was due to interference and man-made. She spoke of meetings held by Hewish and Ryle to which she was not invited.[30] Fred Hoyle harshly criticized the Nobel committee, going so far as to accuse Hewish of stealing Bell's data. Ironically, as some would later conjecture, it was this public outburst that would later cause Hoyle to be excluded from the 1983 Prize.[31]
However, Bell has also been hesitant to express indignation at the omission. In an afterdinner speech made in 1977, she had the following to say on the matter: There are several comments that I would like to make on this: First, demarcation disputes between supervisor and student are always difficult, probably impossible to resolve. Secondly, it is the supervisor who has the final responsibility for the success or failure of the project. We hear of cases where a supervisor blames his student for a failure, but we know that it is largely the fault of the supervisor. It seems only fair to me that he should benefit from the successes, too. Thirdly, I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them. Finally, I am not myself upset about it -- after all, I am in good company, am I not!
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Vera Rubin
Vera (née Cooper) Rubin (born July 23, 1928) is an American astronomer who pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates. She uncovered the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galactic rotation curves. This phenomenon became known as the galaxy rotation problem. Although initially met with skepticism, Rubin's results have been confirmed over the subsequent decades.[1] Attempts to explain the galaxy rotation problem led to the theory of dark matter. Rubin earned her BA degree at Vassar College and attempted to enroll atPrinceton but never received their graduate catalog, as women there were not allowed in the graduate astronomy program until 1975.[4] She instead enrolled for her Master's degree at Cornell University, where she studied physics under Philip Morrison, Richard Feynman, and Hans Bethe. She completed her study in 1951, during which she made one of the first observations of deviations from the Hubble flow in the motions of galaxies. She argued that galaxies might be rotating around unknown centers, rather than simply moving outwards, as suggested by the Big Bang theory at that time. The presentation of these ideas was not well received. Rubin’s doctoral work at Georgetown University was conducted under advisor George Gamow. Her PhD thesis upon graduation in 1954 concluded that galaxies clumped together, rather than being randomly distributed through the universe. The idea that clusters of galaxies existed was not pursued seriously by others until two decades later.[5] Upon received her Ph.D in 1954 at Georgetown University, Rubin continued to work on the faculty for another eleven years while raising her children. After her time at Georgetown, Rubin joined the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) where she met her long time friend, Kent Ford. Five years after joining the DTM, Rubin and Ford began examining the rotation of neighboring galaxies, the Andromeda Galaxy in particular. Her discoveries in the field of Astronomy has gathered great acclaim heralding several awards including the Gold Medal of London's Royal Astronomical Society making her the second woman to receive the award along withCaroline Herschel. Rubin began work which was close to the topic of her previously controversial thesis regarding galaxy clusters, with instrument maker Kent Ford, making hundreds of
observations. The Rubin–Ford effect is named after them, and has been the subject of intense discussion ever since it was reported.[16] It describes the motion of the Milky Way relative to a sample of galaxies at distances of about 150 to 300 Mly, and suggests that it is different from the Milky Way's motion relative to the cosmic microwave background radiation. Wishing to avoid controversy, Rubin moved her area of research to the study of rotation curves of galaxies, commencing with the Andromeda Galaxy. She pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates, and uncovered the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galaxy rotation curves. Galaxies are rotating so fast that they would fly apart, if the gravity of their constituent stars was all that was holding them together. But they are not flying apart, and therefore, a huge amount of unseen mass must be holding them together. This phenomenon became known as the galaxy rotation problem. Her calculations showed that galaxies must contain at least ten times as much dark mass as can be accounted for by the visible stars.[17] These were the first robust results to suggest that either Newtonian gravity does not apply universally or that, conservatively, upwards of 50% of the mass of galaxies was contained in the relatively dark galactic halo. Although initially met with skepticism, Rubin's results have been confirmed over the subsequent decades. Attempts to explain the galaxy rotation problem led to the theory of dark matter.
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Maria Mitchell (1818 – 1889)
Academic achievements[edit] She became the first woman elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1848[16] and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1850. Mitchell was also one of the first women elected to the American Philosophical Society (1869, at the same meeting Mary Somerville and Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz were elected).[17] She later worked at the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office, calculating tables of positions of Venus, and traveled in Europe with Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family. She became professor of astronomy at Vassar College in 1865, the first person appointed to the faculty.[18] She was also named as Director of the Vassar College Observatory.[4] After teaching there for some time, she learned that despite her reputation and experience, her salary was less than that of many younger male professors. She insisted on a salary increase, and got it.[19] She taught at the college until her retirement in 1888, one year before her death.
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
Astronomische observaties
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Valentina Tereshkova
“Valentina Tereshkova”. Valentina Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, first female cosmonaut, Hero of the USSR. Pictured as a Major of the Soviet Air Forces. Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Russian: ; IPA: [vɐlʲɪnʲˈtʲinə vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvnə tʲɪrʲɪʂˈkovə] ( listen); born 6 March 1937) is a Russian former cosmonaut. She is the first woman to have flown in space, having been selected from more than four hundred applicants and five finalists to pilot Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. In order to join the Cosmonaut Corps, Tereshkova was honorarily inducted into the Soviet Air Force and thus she also became the first civilian to fly in space.[1] Before her recruitment as a cosmonaut, Tereshkova was a textile-factory assembly worker and an amateur skydiver. After the dissolution of the first group of female cosmonauts in 1969, she became a prominent member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, holding various political offices. She remained politically active following the collapse of the Soviet Union and is still regarded as a hero in post-Soviet Russia. In 2013, she offered to go on a one-way trip to Mars if the opportunity arose.
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Valentina Tereshkova Mar. 6, 1937
Soviet Union
First woman Vostok 6 (June 16, in space. 1963)
2
Svetlana Savitskaya Aug. 8, 1948
Soviet Union
First woman to fly on a space station (Salyut 7, 1982). First woman to perform a spacewalk (July 25, 1984).
3
Sally Ride May 26, 1951 died Jul. 23, 2012
United States
First American woman in space.
STS-7 (June 18, 1983) STS-41G (October 5, 1984)
5
Kathryn D. Sullivan Oct. 3, 1951
United States
First American woman to perform a spacewalk (Oct. 11, 1984).
STS-41-G (Oct. 5, 1984) STS-31 (Apr. 24, 1990) STS-45 (Mar. 24, 1992)
6
Anna Lee Fisher United Aug. 24, 1949 States
First mother in space.[3]
STS-51-A (Nov. 8, 1984)
Soyuz T-5 (July 19, 1982) Soyuz T-12 (Jul. 17, 1984)
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Groepsfoto van alle vrouwelijke Nasa astronauten, 2012.
Gathering of current and past female NASA astronauts at Johnson Space Center, September 2012. Seated (from left): Carolyn Huntoon (JSC's first female director), Ellen Baker, Mary Cleave, Rhea Seddon, Anna Fisher, Shannon Lucid, Ellen Ochoa, Sandra Magnus. Standing (from left): Jeanette Epps, Mary Ellen Weber, Marsha Ivins, Tracy Caldwell Dyson, Bonnie Dunbar, Tammy Jernigan, Cady Coleman, Janet Kavandi, Serena Aunon, Kate Rubins, Stephanie Wilson, Dottie Metcalf-Lindenburger, Megan McArthur, Karen Nyberg, Lisa Nowak
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Sally Ride
Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American physicist and astronaut. Born in Los Angeles, she joinedNASA in 1978 and became the first American woman in space in 1983. She remains the youngest American astronaut to have traveled to space, having done so at the age of 32.[1][2] After flying twice on the Orbiter Challenger, she left NASA in 1987. She worked for two years at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control, then at the University of California, San Diego as a professor of physics, primarily researching nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She served on the committees that investigated the Challenger and Columbia space shuttle disasters, the only person to participate on both.[3][4] Ride died ofpancreatic cancer on July 23, 2012.
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Geslacht en ruimtevluchten
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Gender en ruimtevluchten • • •
• •
Antarctica experiment: More concern and communication in all-female group and respons to stressors was better. Problem solving and postive reappraisal were primary coing methods. The coping mechanisms for the all-male team were intellectualization, denial and repression. Mixed teams tend to be more stable, even one woman in a male group adds much emotional stability and decreases competitiveness among men. Best is to send mixed teams or female teams. All-male teams are not favourable.
bron: ‘Psychobiological studies of Individuals in small, isolated groups in the Antarctic and in Space Ananlogues’.
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Vrouwelijke Astronomen Computer wetenschappen
Astronomische observaties
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Vrouwen
Astronauten
Astronomische theoretici
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Jill Tarter
Jill Cornell Tarter (born January 16, 1944) is an American astronomer and the former director of the Center for SETI Research, holding the Bernard M. Oliver Chair for SETI at the SETI Institute Tarter has worked on a number of major scientific projects, most relating to the search for extraterrestrial life. As a graduate student, she worked on the radio-search project SERENDIP, and created the corresponding backronym, "Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations." She was project scientist for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) in 1992 and 1993 and subsequently director of Project Phoenix (HRMS reconfigured) under the auspices of the SETI Institute. She was co-creator with Margaret Turnbull of the HabCat in 2002, a principal component of Project Phoenix. Tarter has published dozens of technical papers and lectures extensively both on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and the need for proper science education. She is credited with coining the term "brown dwarf" for the classification of stars with insufficient mass to sustain hydrogen fusion.[5] She has spent 35 years in the quest for extraterrestrial life and announced her retirement in 2012.
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Ann Druyan
Ann Druyan (/ˈdri.æn/ dree-an;[1] born June 13, 1949) is an American author and producer specializing in productions aboutcosmology and popular science. She was a co-writer of the 1980 PBS documentary series Cosmos, hosted by Carl Sagan (1934–1996), whom she married in 1981. She is the creator/producer/writer of the follow-up, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. She was in charge of music selections that were included with the pioneering spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
