PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEMS (PMTS) ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA

PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEMS (PMTS) ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA Debrina Puspita Andriani e-Mail : [email protected] Blog : http://debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

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METODE PENGUKURAN [WAKTU] KERJA PENGUKURAN [WAKTU] KERJA

DIRECT

INDIRECT

STOPWATCH

STANDARD DATA

WORK SAMPLING

PMTS Regression Analysis

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www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id


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An alternative time study that does not require performance rating. A database of basic motion elements and their associated normal time values, together with procedures for applying the data to analyze manual tasks and establish standard times for the tasks.

PMTS defined

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Basic motions include: Reach | Grasp | Move | Release A set of tables that listing time values that corresponds to basic motion elements, the lowest level in hierarchy of manual work activity.

PMTS defined

  Frank B. Gilberth- 17 therbligs Asa B. Segur – Mo;on Time Analysis (MTA) - the first commercial PMT system (1922) and base on Gilberth’s 17 therbligs   H. Quick – Work-factor system (1934-1938): cogni;ve work involved Harold B. Maynard – MethodsTime Measurement (MTM) (1948): very successful and widely used G.Chris Hyde- Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS) –1966 Kjell B. Zandin- Maynard OperaGons Sequence Technique (MOST)-(1970s)   Computeriza;on of systems as 5 commercial products 3/12/14 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

Historical Notes

Maynard Operation Sequence Time (MOST)

Data Waktu Gerakan

Analisa waktu gerakan (MTA)

Waktu Gerakan Baku (MTS)

Terdiri atas : Pengukuran Waktu Metode (MTM)

Waktu Gerakan Dimensi (DMT) Faktor Kerja (WF)

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PMTS Procedure 1.  Synthesize/Analyze method that would be used to perform the

task Ê  The method is described in terms of basic motion elements 2.  Retrieve normal time values for each motion element Ê  Sum the element times to determine the task normal time 3.  Evaluate method to make improvements by Ê  eliminating motions Ê  reducing distances Ê  using both hands simultaneously etc. 4.  Apply allowances to determine standard time 3/12/14

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PMTS Levels and Generations

•  First-level PMTS use the basic motion elements –  Reach, grasp, and move used separately to define the task •  Higher-level PMTS combine several motion elements into motion aggregates –  Reach and grasp combined into one element called “get” •  F i r s t - l e v e l s y s t e m s w e r e chronologically the first to be developed and are called first generation PMTS

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Comparisons First-level PMTS •  Most accurate •  High application speed ratio •  Most suited to highly repetitive short cycles •  Basic motion elements •  Very detailed •  Highest flexibility Detailed 3/12/14

M T M

Higher-level PMTS •  Less accurate •  Less time to set standards •  Longer cycle times feasible •  Motion aggregates •  Less detailed •  Less flexible Simplified and condensed 9

M O S T


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METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (MTM)

Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) ü  Procedure which analyzes any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it and assigns to each motion a predetermined time standard which is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made. ü  Time units are TMUs 1 TMU = 10-6 hr = 0.0006 min = 0.036 sec 1 sec = 27.8 TMU ü  MTM is a family of products available through the MTM Association (www.mtm.org) 3/12/14

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Task Level

MTM-1

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Work Element Level Basic Motion Level

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HIERARCHY OF WORK ACTIVITY

Job Level


M T M – 1 (1948) •  Operates at the basic motion element level in our pyramidal structure of work –  Most MTM-1 basic motions involve hand and arm movements –  Also includes elements for eye, leg, foot, and body actions •  Many of the basic motion elements correspond to the original Therbligs developed by Frank Gilbreth •  More appropriate for tasks that are highly repetitive and cycle times are less than 1 min 3/12/14

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Ê  Perpindahan tangan atau jari ke tujuan - dipengaruhi oleh

panjang gerak dan jenis jangkauan.

Ê  Move (M) Ê  Transportasi objek ke tujuan - dipengaruhi oleh panjang

gerakan, berat benda dan jenis gerak.

Ê  Grasp (G) Ê  Pengamanan dengan kontrol yang cukup pada satu atau

Basic Elements

Ê  Reach (R)

lebih objek dengan jari atau tangan untuk mengizinkan kinerja gerakan yang diperlukan berikutnya - dipengaruhi oleh bentuk dan lokasi objek.

Ê  Position (P) Ê  Pelurusan, orientasi, dan penglibatan obyek dengan obyek

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lain (bila hanya gerakan kecil diperlukan) - dipengaruhi oleh kemudahan penanganan, simetri, dan jumlah tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk penyisipan. 14 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

Ê  Melepaskan kontrol dari sebuah objek dengan jari

atau tangan.

Ê  Disengage (D) Ê  Istirahat kontak antara satu objek dengan yang lain -

dipengaruhi oleh jumlah usaha yang diperlukan.

Ê  Turn (T)

Basic Elements

Ê  Release (RL)

Ê  Gerak yang digunakan untuk mengubah keadaan

tangan, kosong atau dimuat, dengan gerakan yang tangan berputar, pergelangan tangan, dan lengan bawah pada sumbu panjang lengan bawah - dipengaruhi oleh tingkat rotasi dan dengan berat benda.

Ê  Apply Pressure (AP)

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Ê  Dianggap hanya ketika mata harus mengarahkan

tangan atau gerakan tubuh (termasuk fokus mata dan mata waktu travel) - dipengaruhi oleh jarak antara titik-titik perjalanan dan jarak antara mata ke garis perjalanan.

Ê  Body of Leg and Foot Motion (BMF)

Basic Elements

Ê  Eye Travel (ET)

Ê  Gerakan lain yang berhubungan dengan tubuh dan

kaki (berjalan, berdiri, membungkuk, dll).

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Example : R10C = 12.9 TMUs

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Example : G1C3 = 10.8 TMUs

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Example : M6B12

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Motion Element : Move (M) Normal Time = constant + (dynamic * time in TMU)

•  Example : M6B12 à Normal Time = 3.9 + (1.11 * 8.9) = 13.8 TMUs

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Example : P3NSD = 53.4 TMUs §  Round peg in a round hole: S(ymmetrical) §  Key inserted in a lock: N(on)S(ymmetrical) 3/12/14

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Example : RL1 = 2 TMUs

Example : D2D = 11.8 TMUs 3/12/14

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Example : T30L = 8.4 TMUs

Example : APB = 16.2 TMUs

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Notasi Gerakan •  Notasi umum untuk setiap gerakan pada MTM adalah:

dimana : a : b : c : 3/12/14

a b c

gerakan dasar yang bekerja jarak yang ditempuh kelas dari gerak dasar yang bersangkutan

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Notasi Gerakan •  Contoh : –  R 16 A = Reach, jarak 16 inches, description A –  G 1 A = Grasp, description 1A

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MTM-2 (1965) – Secondlevel PMTS in which basic motion elements are combined into motion aggregates (11 motions) • GET – combines Reach and Grasp • PUT – combines Move and Position • For tasks that are not highly repetitive and cycle times are greater than 1 min

MTM-V : Metal cutting operations

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MTM-3 (1970) – Third-level PMTS which has four motion categories

Other MTM Systems

•  Handle | Transport | Step and foot motions | Bend and arise

MTM-C : clerical work

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MTM Software (www.mtm.org)

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www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac .id

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MAYNARD OPERATION SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE (MOST)

M O S T •  MOST is a high-level PMTS based on MTM o Same time units as MTM: TMU o Developed around 1967 under the direction of Kjell Zandin. o MOST is a product of H.B. Maynard and Company (an educational and consulting firm), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (www.hbmaynard.com) 3/12/14

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Task Level

MOST

Work Element Level Basic Motion Level

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HIERARCHY OF WORK ACTIVITY

Job Level


dengan membagi aktivitas kedalam pekerjaan yang umum dan tidak terlalu mendetail.

Ê  Dokumentasi yang diperlukan lebih sedikit,

jadi juga menghemat biaya.

Ê  Hasil pengukuran sangat valid dan dapat

diterima secara statistik

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Kelebihan MOST

Ê  MOST lebih cepat karena lebih sederhana,


Basic MOST •  Focused on work involving the movement of objects (e.g., parts, tools) from one location to another in the workplace –  Uses motion aggregates –  Called activity sequence models •  Three activity sequence models: 1.  General move – object moved freely in space 2.  Controlled move – object remains in contact with a surface 3.  Tool use – use of hand tools (e.g., hammer, screwdriver) 3/12/14

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General Move

Controlled Move

Tool Use

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ABG ABP A A - Action Distances B - Body Motion G - Gain Control P - Place ABG MXI A M - Move controlled X - Process time I - Align ABG ABP * ABPA *F – Fasten *L – Loosen *C – Cut *S – Surface treat *R – Record *M - Measure

Sequence Model

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Subactivities

Basic MOST

Activity


1. General Move Consists of sequence model parameters, which correspond r o u g h l y t o b a s i c m o t i o n elements. Sequence model parameters for General Move: A : Action distance (move hands or feet) – horizontal body motions B : Body motion (sit, stand up) – vertical body motions G : Gain control (closely related to grasp) P : P l a c e m e n t ( e . g . , position, lay aside, orient) 36

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1. General Move Standard sequence in General Move:

A B G A B P A

get

move return

ABG : to get an object; ABP : to move the object to a new location; A : return to original position 37

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1 Index = 10 TMU

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1. General Move Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for the following work activity: A worker walks 5 steps, picks up a small part from the floor, returns to his original position, and places the part on his worktable. 39

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Solution : A10B6G1A10B0P1A0 where A10=walk 5 steps; B6=bend and arise; G1=gain control of small part; A10=return back; B0=no body motion; P1=lay aside part on table; A0=no motion The sum of index values: 28. Normal time: 10*28=280 TMUs

2. Controlled Move Used when an object is moved through a path that is somehow constrained. M : Move, controlled X : Process time I : Align

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2. Controlled Move Standard sequence in Controlled Move:

A B G M X I A

get

move return

ABG : to get an object; MXI : to move the object followed by a process time and alignment, A : to return 41

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2. Controlled move Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for the following work activity: A worker takes 2 steps, grasp the waistlevel feed lever on the lathe, pulls up the lever approximately 15 cm to engage the feed. Process time to turn the part is 25 sec. 43

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•  Solution: 25 sec.s = 25 * 2.78 = 69.5 TMU = 7 index

A3B0G1M1X7I0A0 where

A3=walk 2 steps; B0=no body motion; G1=gain control of lever; M1=pull the lever up 15 cm: X70=process time of ; I0=no alignment; A0=no motion

The sum of index values: 12. Normal time: 10*12=120 TMUs

3. Tool use Bagian yang memakai alat diisi dengan salah satu parameter: F L C S M R T

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: fasten (mengencangkan) : loosen (mengendurkan) : cut : surface treat (misal: Ampelas) : measure : record : think

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3. Tool use •  Only one is used in a sequence:

ABG ABP * ABP A ABG: to get the tool ABP: put the tool in the position *: tool use code ABP: put the tool aside A: return

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• Can be applied to tasks of several hours

Clerical MOST – similar to Basic MOST but designed for clerical tasks

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Mini MOST – for highly repetitive work cycles performed more than 1500 times per week

MOST for Windows – Computerized technique that allows user to apply Basic MOST, Maxi MOST, or Mini MOST to the task

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Other Versions of MOST

Maxi MOST – for work cycles performed fewer than 150 times per week and there are variations in the cycle


“Knowing exactly what you want to do, and then seeing that they do it the best and cheapest way.” - Frederick W. Taylor-!

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PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEMS (PMTS) ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA

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