Pola dan Tahapan Pengembangan Pelabuhan
Dr. Saut Gurning Staf Pengajar Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan ITS Surabaya 28 Maret 2012
Bahan Utama Presentasi • • • • •
Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Pelayanan Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Jasa Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Spasial Pengembangan Atas Espektasi Pengguna Jasa Pengembangan Atas Interaksi Langsung dan Tidak Langsung
Pengembangan Pelabuhan dalam ruang pelayanan
Pengaturan Jasa Kepelabuhanan Entitas Pemerintah
Kementerian Perhubungan Ditjen Perhubungan Laut Pemerintah Lokal
Faktor Komersial Danl fasilitas
Jasa Pelabuhan
Jasa
Keselamatan Keamanan, Lingkungan
Matriks Devolusi Pelabuhan
Model Tiga Dimensi Pengusahaan Pelabuhan
Port Authority dan E-market
Pengembangan Pelabuhan dalam Ruang Jasa
Fungsi Pelabuhan Ruang Maritim Pel Regional
Pel Utama
Pusat Distribusi Barang
Infrastruktur
Pelayanan Thd kapal
Aktivitas Importase Transportasi Laut Kereta Api Transportasi Darat / Udara
FDC
Pel Utama
Pelayanan terhadap Barang / pnp
Aktivitas Eksportase
FDC
Foreland
FDC
FDC
Pel Regional
Hinterland
FDC
Area Darat
Pelabuhan dari generasi 1-4
Generasi Pertama
Generasi Kedua
Generasi Ketiga
Generasi Keempat
FIRST GENERATION Implementation period
Principal traffic
SECOND GENERATION
THIRD GENERATION
Port Generations
Before the 60's
Between the 60's and 80´s
After the 80's
General Cargo
General Cargo and Dry/Liquid Bulk
Bulk, Unitised Cargo, Containerised Cargo
- Traditional - Interface between two transport modes
- Expansion policy - Transport centre, industrial and commercial activities
- Commercial outlook - International transport and logistics centre
Field of activity
1/ Loading/Unloading of goods, warehousing, services of assistance to navigation - Quays and edges of the water surface
1/ + 2/ Transformation of goods, industrial and commercial services regarding ships - Widened port area
1/ + 2/ + 3/ Goods and information distribution, logistics – -Inward distribution terminals and areas of activity.
Organisational features
- Independent activities inside the port - Informal relationship between the port and the users
- Closer relations between the port and its users - Barely any links between the activities undertaken inside the port - Occasional relations between the port and the Municipal Authorities
- United Port Community – Integrating the port in the trade and transport chain - Close connections between port and Municipal Authorities -Extended harbour organisation
Production features
- Flow of goods - Simple individual service - Reliable added value
- Goods flow - Transformation of the goods - Combined services - Higher added value
- Goods Flow - Transformation of the goods - Combined services - Higher added value
Determining factors
Labour / Capital
Capital
Technology / Know-how
Attitude and strategy regards port facilities
as
Interaksi Global-Lokal Operator Terminal/Pelabuhan
Port ownership & management models
Port type
Port management responsibility Infrastructure Superstructure
Stevedoring
Other functions
Landlord
Public
Private
Private
Mixed
Tool
Public
Public
Private
Mixed
Service
Public
Public
Public
Majority public
Private
Private
Private
Private
Majority private
Source: Adapted and modified from World Bank (2001).
Ownership and management Types of ownership (%) Activity
Private
Independent body
Local port authority
Ministry government
Channels, breakwaters, docks, etc
4
4
72
20
Aids to navigation - VTS
0
16
72
12
Pilotage
12
28
52
8
Tugs and boatman
32
0
52
16
Stores and bunkering
84
0
8
8
Repairs
40
12
28
20
The ship
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
Ownership and management Types of ownership (%) Activity
Private
Independent body
Local port authority
Ministry government
Terminals
16
12
68
4
Thank farms
44
16
28
12
Cranes, etc.
28
0
64
8
Cargo-handling
44
0
48
8
Lighterage
32
8
44
16
Trucks and car parks
8
8
64
20
Roads
36
8
40
16
Railway tracks and depots
0
40
36
24
Cargo and passengers
Land transport
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
Ownership and management Private
Independent body
Local port authority
Ministry government
Inland waterways (within the port)
0
8
66
26
Pipelines
44
16
24
16
Conservancy
0
8
52
40
Lighting
0
16
74
10
Firefighting
0
24
60
16
Police
0
28
48
24
Labour amenities
0
40
48
12
Sanitation
4
24
60
12
General services
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
Pengembangan Pelabuhan dalam ruang spasial
Perkembangan Spasial Pelabuhan dan Kota Trafik Pelabuhan Medium
Besar
Kecil
Kecil
Medium
Kota
Kota Regional
Pelabuhan Regional
Pelabuhan Besar
Pelabuhan
Kota Pelabuhan Regional
Kota dan Pelabuhan Besar
Besar
Ukuran Kota
Pelabuhan Pesisir
Kota Metro Pesisir
Pelabuhan Metropolis Kota Pelabuah Dunia
Fase Pengembangan Pelabuhan Ekspansi
Rintisan
2
1 2
Perkotaan Ekspansi Urban
3
Spesialisasi
4
Aktivitas Pelabuhan
4
5
3
Fasilitias Terminal
4
4
Kedalaman
4
Kereta Api Jalan /Tol
Rekonversi
Perkembangan kewilayahan Di Delta
Di Estuari
Ujung Delta
Dekat Estuari
Sungai
Di Selat
Pelabuhan Alamiah
Dilindung i
Tuntutan Perubahan Moda Transportasi Infrastruktur / Rute
Moda
B
1
B
2
B
B
B
A
A
5
4
3
Area Persambungan
6
A
A
A
Pengembangan Pelabuhan Atas Espektasi Penggunanya
Permintaan Para Pengguna Jasa Kepelabuhanan Nasional Tingkat Penerimaan: Perdagangan sebagai penggerak pertumbuhan ekonomi
Kebijakan untuk mereduksi hambatan perdagangan dan investasi
Mempercepat pertumbuhan perdagangan dalam volume
Berpindah pada kargo dengan unit nilai perdagangan
Kesempatan untuk mengembangan jasa pelayaran
Ekspektasi kinerja pelayaran yang membaik
Butuh kesadaran tinggi pelabuhan memiliki peran penting
Harapan yang tinggi untuk meningkatkan kinerja pelabuhan
Pandangan Masyarakat Pengguna Jasa Logistik dan Pelabuhan Indonesia (2007-2011) Insentif untuk investor asing Perkembangan infrastruktur Politik dan ekonomi domestik Kejelasan kebijakan dan regulasi Strategi rantai suplai dan logistik Industri penunjang Praktek bisnis dan sistem operasi Potensi pasar dan daya beli Logistics
Dukungan Teknologi
Pelabuhan
Prosedur pelayanan dan jasa Sosial/budaya termasuk bahasa Partner lokal Ketersediaan tenaga kerja trampil Kestabilan mata uang Total biaya operasional Kondisi dan pengaturan persaingan 0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
FAKTOR PENGGERAK UTAMA TRANSFORMASI Menaiknya peran ganda dan kombinasi laut, darat dan udara
Economic Liberalization
Internationalization
Jaringan Internasional
Pengembangan Pelabuhan Atas Interaksi Langsung dan Tidak
Tahapan dan Institusi Institusi
Studi
Pembangunan
Pengembangan
Multi-Terminal
Spesialisasi
Pemerintah Pusat/Kemenhub
Otoritas Pelabuhan Otoritas Wilayah Harbour Master
Terminal Operator Pelayaran Pemerintah Daerah
Peran Utama
Peran tidak langsung
Peran tidak dominan
REGULATIONS RELATED TO PORT OPERATIONS
Indonesia Shipping Law 17 / 2008
Government Rule 69 /2001 about National Port System
• • • • •
Indonesia Port System Port Operators Industrial Ports Operational Unit System Decision making system on port tariffs • Port governance
Government Rule 82 / 1999 about Water Transportation
• • • • •
Commercial Shipping Standard for tariffs system Cargo handling system and operation Port operator system
Government Rule 81 / 2000 about Marine Navigation System
Minister Instruction about Port Navigation system
Pengelolaan Kepelabuhanan Baru (Pasca UU 17/08) Nasional
Menteri Perhubungan
Kementrian Teknis
Perencanaan
Managing
Syahbandar
Kendali
Regulating
Pemerintah Daerah
Otoritas Pelabuhan
Pelayanan
Operating
Operator Terminal
Opr.Fasilitas
T.O
F.O.
ORIENTASI KARGO
T.O.
F.O.
INVESTMENT LEVEL
Periode Pencapaian Dan Kesesuaian PENYEDIAAN CONCEPT KAWASAN DEVELOPMENT
Koordinasi, koopetasi, dan kolaborasi menjadi pendekatan penting
PLANNING DERMAGA MULTIPURPOSE ALIANSI STRATEGIS DESIGN AND (KSO, JV, JO) DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIAL LAYANAN LOGISTIK & PREPARATION KERETA API
CONTAINERISED AND LAUNCH
BULK FEEDERING SERVICE
DEVELOPMENT TIME
