Pfiehled mluvnice (Grammar Reference)

New Headway CZ Wordlist 25.9.2002 8:12 Stránka 23

Pfiehled mluvnice (Grammar Reference) 1.2 PfiivlastÀovací zájmena (Possessive adjectives)

UNIT 1 1.1 Sloveso b˘t (Verb to be) Kladné oznamovací vûty (Positive) I

am

He She It

is

StaÏené tvary (Contractions)

What’s

my your his her its

name?

This is

our your their

house?

I’m = I am He’s = He is She’s = She is from the USA. It’s = It is

We You are They

We’re = We are You’re = You are They’re = They are

Podívej se na v˘slovnost staÏen˘ch tvarÛ na str. 57 DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words) am

I

is

he she it

Where are

1.3 Tázací v˘razy (Question words) What is your phone number? Jaké má‰/te telefonní ãíslo? Where are you from? Odkud jsi/jste? How are you? Jak se má‰/máte? Pozor! Slovesu b˘t v ãe‰tinû nûkdy odpovídá sloveso mít.

1.4 Neurãit˘ ãlen a/an from?

we you they

It’s a

ticket. newspaper. university.

An pouÏíváme, následuje-li slovo, které má na zaãátku vyslovovanou samohlásku.

Do ãe‰tiny se pfiekládá jako Odkud jsem?, Odkud je? atd. V‰imni si postavení tázacího v˘razu a pfiedloÏky.

It’s an

apple. envelope. English dictionary.

I’m a doctor. NOT I’m a student. NOT

Je mi 20. – I’m 20. I’m 20. I’m 20 years old.

NOT NOT

What’s = What is

I’m 20 years. I have 20 years.

I’m doctor. I’m student.

1.5 Podstatná jména v mnoÏném ãísle (Plural nouns) 1 Vût‰ina podstatn˘ch jmen v mnoÏném ãísle pfiibírá koncovku -s. stamps keys cameras

© Oxford University Press 2013

New Headway Elementary • Grammar Reference 23


Koncovka -s se vyslovuje jako /s/ po vyslovené neznûlé souhlásce, tj. /p, t, k, f, T/. Napfi. stamps Koncovka –s se vyslovuje jako /z/ po vyslovené znûlé souhlásce, tj. po v‰ech zb˘vajících souhláskách kromû sykavek, a po samohláskách. Napfi. keys, cameras 2 Podstatná jména zakonãená v písmu na -s, -ss, -sh, nebo -ch pfiibírají -es, které se vyslovuje jako /Iz/. a bus buses a class classes a wish wishes a match matches 3 Pokud podstatná jméno v písmu konãí na -y, které následuje po souhlásce, toto -y se mûní na -i a slovo pak konãí na -ies. a country countries a party parties Ale pokud podstatná jméno v písmu konãí na -y, které následuje po samohlásce, toto -y se nemûní. a key keys a day days 4 Nûkterá podstatná jména tvofií mnoÏné ãíslo nepravidelnû. Slovníky upozorÀují na tuto skuteãnost. a child /ÍaIld/ children /"ÍIldr@n/ a person /"p3:s@n/ people /"pi:pl/ a woman /"wum@n/ women /"wImIn/ a man /m&n/ men /men/

1.6 âísla 1-20 (Numbers 1-20) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

Podívej se na v˘slovnost ãíslovek na str. 57

24 New Headway Elementary • Grammar Reference

1.7 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) Where are you from? I live in a house in Prague. He’s from Poland. What’s this in English/Czech?

UNIT 2 2.1 Sloveso b˘t (Verb to be) Otázky s tázacími v˘razy Odpovûdi (Questions with question words) (Answers) What

is her surname? is his job? is her address?

Where

is she are you are they

Who

is Lara? is she?

She’s our daughter.

How old

is he? are you?

Twenty-two.

How much

is an ice-cream?

One pound 50p.

Anderson. He’s a policeman. 34, Church Street.

from? Mexico.

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Is

he she it

hot?

Are

you they

married?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, he is. No, she isn’t. Yes, it is. No, I’m not./No, we aren’t. Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. Záporné vûty (Negative) I

’m not

He She It

isn’t

We You They

aren’t

from the States.



StaÏené tvary (Contractions) I’m not = I am not (I amn’t) He/She/It isn’t = He/She/It is not We/You/They aren’t = We/You/They are not Podívej se na v˘slovnost staÏen˘ch tvarÛ na str. 57

2.2 PfiivlastÀovací pád (Possessive ’s) My wife’s name is Judy. That’s Andrea’s dictionary. (That’s = That is) Apostrof a pfiipojené s (’s) vyjadfiují, Ïe nûkomu nûco nebo nûkdo patfií.

2.3 âísla 21–100 (Numbers 21–100) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine

30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

thirty thirty-one forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

Podívej se na v˘slovnost ãíslovek na str. 57

2.4 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) of/for This is a photo of my family.* It’s good practice for you. at I’m at home.* My father and mother are at work. I’m at La Guardia Community College. in/with I’m in New York. I’m in a class with eight other students. I live in an apartment with two American girls. Central Park is lovely in the snow.* V‰imni si, jak se ve vûtách oznaãen˘ch (*) vazba s pfiedloÏkou pfiekládá do ãe‰tiny. Toto je fotka mé rodiny. Jsem doma. Centrální park je úÏasn˘ pod snûhem/snûhovou pokr˘vkou.

UNIT 3 3.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ pro 3. osobu ãísla jednotného (Present Simple he, she, it) 1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ uÏíváme, mluvíme-li o tvrzení, které je vÏdy pravdivé, nebo o tvrzení, které je pravdivé v del‰ím ãasové úseku. He comes from Switzerland. She works in a bank. 2 UÏíváme ho také, mluvíme-li o obvyklé ãinnosti, která se stále nebo pravidelnû opakuje. She goes skiing in winter. He never takes a holiday. Kladné vûty (Positive) He She It

lives

in Australia.

She

has

a dog.

To have je nepravidelné sloveso. NOT She haves a dog. Záporné vûty (Negative) He She It

doesn’t live

in France. doesn’t = does not

DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words) Where does

he she it

live?

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Does

he she it

in Australia? live in France?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, he does. No, she doesn’t. Yes, it does. © Oxford University Press 2013



3.2 Pravopis 3.osoby jednotného ãísla (Spelling of the third person singular) 1 Vût‰ina sloves ve 3. os. jedn. ãísla pfiibírá koncovku -s. wear wears /z/ speak speaks /s/ live lives /z/ Koncovka -s se vyslovuje jako /s/ nebo /z/ (viz 1.5). Ale slovesa go a do se li‰í od ostatních a pfiibírají koncovku -es. go goes /g@Uz/ do does /dVz/ 2 Slovesa zakonãená v písmu na -s, -sh, -ss nebo -ch pfiibírají koncovku -es, která se vyslovuje /Iz/. finish finishes watch watches dress dresses 3 JestliÏe sloveso v písmu konãí na -y, které následuje po souhlásce, toto -y se mûní na -i a slovo pak konãí na -ies. fly flies study studies JestliÏe sloveso v písmu konãí na -y, které ale následuje po samohlásce, toto -y se nemûní. play plays 4 Sloveso to have je nepravidelné. have /h&v/ has /h&z/

3.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) in/after/for She lives in Scotland/Russia. (…ve Skotsku/v Rusku) She goes skiing in her free time. (… ve svém volném ãase) In the evening we have supper. (Veãer …) A nurse looks after people in hospital. (Zdravotní sestra se stará v nemocnici o lidi.) She likes going for walks in summer. (Ráda v létû chodívá na procházky.) on/in Get on the bus. (Nastup/te do tohoto autobusu.) He lives on an island in the west of Scotland. (Bydlí na ostrovû na západû Skotska.)


from/to/on He collects the post from the boat. (Vybírá po‰tu z lodi.) He delivers the beer to the pub. (DováÏí toto pivo do této hospody.) He drives his children to school. (Vozí své dûti do ‰koly.) At ten we go to bed. (V deset chodíváme do postele.) He likes listening to music. (Rád poslouchá hudbu.) He speaks to people on his radio. (âasto ve svém rádiu rozmlouvá s rÛzn˘mi lidmi.) She’s married to an American. (Je provdána za Ameriãana.) for There’s a letter for you. (…pro tebe/vás.) He makes breakfast for the guests. (Pfiipravuje/Dûlá hostÛm/pro hosty snídani.) He writes for a newspaper. (Pí‰e do novin/pro noviny.) as/by/about He works as an undertaker. (Pracuje jako zfiízenec pohfiebního ústavu.) Tourists come by boat. (Turisté pfiijíÏdûjí lodí.) It’s about 6.30. (Je asi pÛl sedmé.) V nûkter˘ch vûtách se vazba s pfiedloÏkou v angliãtinû pfiekládá do ãe‰tiny jako vazba bez pfiedloÏky. Napfi. in the evening – veãer

UNIT 4 4.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ (Present Simple) Kladné vûty (Positive) I You We They

start

He She It

starts

at 6.30.



Záporné vûty (Negative) I You We They

don’t

He She It

doesn’t

don’t = do not /d@Unt/ start

at 6.30. doesn’t = does not /dVznt/

Otázky s tázacími v˘razy – doplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words) do /d@/

I you we they

does /d@z/

he she it

When

2 Sometimes a usually mohou také stát na zaãátku ãi na konci vûty. Sometimes we play cards. We play cards sometimes. Usually I walk to school. I walk to school usually. 3 Never a always nemohou stát na zaãátku ãi konci vûty. NOT Never I go to the theatre. NOT Always I have tea in the morning.

4.3 Slovesa mít rád/milovat ve spojení se slovesem konãícím na –ing (Verbs like/love + verb + –ing) start?

Sloveso, které obvykle stojí po like a love, je ve tvaru slovesa konãícího na -ing. I like cooking. She loves listening to music. They like sailing very much.

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Do

you they

have

a camera?

Does

he she it

like

Chinese food?

4.4 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) on (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka o, v/ve) She gets up early on weekdays. He plays football on Friday mornings. They never go out on Friday evenings. Where do you go on holiday? He lives on the next block. He hates watching football on television.

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) No, I don’t. / No, we don’t. Yes, they do. Yes, he does. No, she doesn’t. Yes, it does.

at (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka o, v/ve) Do you relax at weekends? She gets up at six o’clock.

4.2 Tzv. frekvenãní pfiíslovce (Adverbs of frequency) 0% never sometimes nikdy nûkdy

50% often ãasto

usually obvykle

100% always vÏdy

in (v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka na nebo v˘raz bez pfiedloÏky) He takes photos in (the) spring. She gets up early in the morning. We go out in the evening.

1 Tato pfiíslovce obvykle stojí pfied plnov˘znamov˘m slovesem. I usually go to bed at about 11.00. I don’t often go swimming. She never eats meat. We always have wine in the evenings. I sometimes play tennis on Saturdays. © Oxford University Press 2013



That /D&t/ nebo those /D@Uz/ uÏíváme, hovofiíme-li o lidech ãi vûcech, které nejsou blízko nás. Do you like that picture on the wall? Who are those children outside?

UNIT 5 5.1 Vazba there is/there are Kladné vûty (Positive) There

is are

singulár = jednotné ãíslo two books. plurál = mnoÏné ãíslo a sofa.

Záporné vûty (Negative) There

isn’t

an armchair. (singulár)

There

aren’t

any flowers.

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Is

(plurál)

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers)

a table?

Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.

any photos?

Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

there Are

5.2 Kolik …? (How many …?) How many books do you have? Many + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle

5.3 Nûjak˘ (Some/any) Kladné vûty (Positive) There are some flowers. Some + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle Záporné vûty (Negative) There aren’t any cups. Any + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle Otázky (Questions) Are there any books? Any + podstatné jméno v mnoÏném ãísle

5.4 Tento, tamten, tito, tamti (this, that, these, those)

5.5 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) in/at/under It’s the best home in the world. (… na svûtû.) The front door is at the top of the steps. (… na podestû schodi‰tû.) There are magazines under the table. (… pod stolem.) on/opposite There is a photo on the television. (… na televizi.) There are two pictures on the wall. (… na zdi/stûnû.) The cinema is on the left, opposite the flower shop. (Kino je nalevo, naproti …) next to/near/in front of The bank is next to the supermarket. (… vedle …) The bus stop is near the park. (… blízko …) There is a post box in front of the chemist’s. (… pfied …) NOT There is a post box before the chemist’s.

UNIT 6 6.1 ZpÛsobové sloveso mohu, dovedu/nemohu, nedovedu (Modal verb can/can’t ) ZpÛsobová slovesa can a can’t mají ve v‰ech osobách obou ãísel stejn˘ tvar. Pfii tvorbû otázek a záporu se nepouÏívají tvary slovesa to do (do, does a don’t, doesn’t) – viz pfiíklady níÏe. Po can a can’t následují slovesa ve tvaru infinitivu (bez infinitivní ãástice to) – napfi. I can swim.

This /DIs/ nebo these /Di:z/ uÏíváme, hovofiíme-li o lidech ãi vûcech, které jsou blízko nás. I like this ice-cream. I want these shoes.




ZpÛsobové sloveso mohl, dovedl/nemohl, nedovedl jsem (Could/couldn’t) Could je minul˘m ãasem slovesa can. ZpÛsobová slovesa could a couldn’t mají ve v‰ech osobách obou ãísel stejn˘ tvar. Po could a couldn’t následují slovesa ve tvaru infinitivu (bez infinitivní ãástice to) – napfi. I could do it. Kladné vûty (Positive) I He/She/It We You They

can /k@n/ could /k@d/

= Umí/Dovede/ MÛÏe plavat. swim.

= Umûli/Dovedli/ Mohli plavat.

can’t /kA:nt/ couldn’t /kUdnt/

dance.

NOT He doesn’t can dance. NOT He didn’t could dance.

What

I you he/she/it we they

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Can Could

you she they

drive? cook?

was /wQz/

We You They

were /w3:/

in Paris yesterday. in England last year.

Záporné vûty (Negative) I He/She/It

wasn’t /wQznt/

We You They

weren‘t /w3:nt/

at school yesterday. at the party last night.

was

I? he/she/it?

were

we? you? they?

Where

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions)

DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words) can /k@n/ could /k@d/

I He/She/It

DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words)

Záporné vûty (Negative) I He/She/It We You They

Kladné vûty (Positive)

Was Were

do?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) /k&n/, /kUd/ No, I can’t. No, we couldn’t. Yes, she can/could. Yes, they can/could.

NOT Do you can drive?

6.2 Minul˘ ãas slovesa b˘t (Past Simple – was/were ) Was/were jsou minul˘m ãasem slovesa b˘t pro am/is/are.

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers)

he she

at work?

No, he wasn’t. Yes, she was.

you they

at home?

Yes, I was./Yes, we were. No, they weren’t.

Narodil/a/o se (was born) was

he she

were

you they

Where

born?

I was born in Manchester in 1980. NOT I am born in 1980.

6.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) They were in England in 1998. (… v Anglii …) I was at the party. (… na veãírku …) Yesterday there was a party at my house. (…v …domû …) Can I speak to you? (… s tebou …) © Oxford University Press 2013



She sells pictures for $ 10,000. (… za 10 000 dolarÛ …) She paints for two hours until bedtime. (… dvû hodiny aÏ do doby, kdy …)

UNIT 7 7.1 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ – pravopis pravideln˘ch sloves (Past Simple – spelling of regular verbs) 1 BûÏnû pravidelné sloveso pfiibírá koncovku -ed. worked started JestliÏe sloveso konãí na -e, pfiipojujeme pouze -d. lived loved 2 JestliÏe jednoslabiãné sloveso konãí v písmu na jednu samohlásku a jednu souhlásku, zdvojujeme jeho koncovou souhlásku a pfiipojíme koncovku -ed. stopped planned 3 Sloveso, které v písmu konãí na souhlásku, po níÏ následuje -y, mûní toto -y v -i a sloveso konãí na -ied. studied carried

7.2 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ (Past Simple) Minul˘ ãas prost˘ vyjadfiuje ukonãen˘ dûj v minulosti. I lived in Rome when I was 6. She started work when she was 8. Tvar slovesa v minulém ãase prostém je stejn˘ pro v‰echny osoby a obû ãísla. Kladné vûty (Positive) I He/She/It We You They

Záporné vûty (Negative) Tvar didn’t + infinitiv (bez to) je stejn˘ ve v‰ech osobách. I He/She/It We You They

move to London. go

DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words) Did + infinitiv (bez to) pouÏíváme ve v‰ech osobách. When

did /dId/

Where

I he/she/it we you they

go?

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions)

Did

you she they etc.

like enjoy

the film? the party?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) No, I/we didn’t. Yes, she did. No, they didn’t. Na stranû 58 najdete seznam nepravideln˘ch sloves.

7.3 V˘razy pro vyjádfiení minulosti (Past time expressions)

last

night Saturday week month year

minul˘ t˘den

yesterday

morning afternoon evening

vãerej‰í/vãera odpoledne

moved to London in 1985. went


didn’t /dIdnt/



7.4 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions)

8.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions)

She thinks about her past life. (… pfiem˘‰lí o svém …) She died in a car crash. (…pfii autonehodû.) He was tired of politics. (Byl unaven politikou/z politiky.) People were afraid of her. (Lidé se jí báli.) Politics was the love of her life. (… potû‰ením jejího …) Who is the card from? (Od koho je … ?) She worked from 6.00 until 10.00. (… od 6 do 10 …)

What’s on television this evening? (Co…dávají v televizi?) I’m on a mobile phone. (Jsem k dostiÏení na … telefonu.) We spoke for an hour on the phone. (… po telefonu.) Some people try to find love on the internet. (po internetu/pfies internet.) We didn’t laugh at his joke. (Nesmáli jsme se jeho vtipu.) There was a knock at the door. (Nûkdo zaklepal na …) Today’s the third of April. (Dnes je tfietího dubna.)

UNIT 8 8.1 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ (Past Simple) Záporné vûty (Negative) Tvar didn’t + infinitiv (bez to) je stejn˘ ve v‰ech osobách. I He/She We You They

didn’t

go out see Tom watch TV

last night.

Pfied (ago) I went to the USA

ten years two weeks a month

8.2 V˘razy pro vyjádfiení ãasu (Time expressions)

in

the twentieth century 1924 the 1990s winter/summer the evening/the morning September

on

10 October Christmas Day Saturday Sunday evening

at

seven o’clock weekends night

8.4 Minul˘ ãas prost˘ – v˘slovnost koncovky -ed Koncovka -ed se mÛÏe vyslovovat jako /t/, /d/ nebo /Id/. Jako /t/, následuje-li po vyslovované neznûlé souhlásce, tj. /p, k, f, T, s, S, Í/. Napfi. worked, liked, dressed, watched Jako /d/, následuje-li po vyslovované znûlé hlásce, tj. po v‰ech zb˘vajících souhláskách kromû /d/, a po v‰ech samohláskách. Napfi. lived, planned, carried, played Jako /Id/, následuje-li po vyslovované souhlásce /t/ nebo /d/. Napfi. wanted, needed

ago.

UNIT 9 9.1 Poãitatelná a nepoãitatelná podstatná jména (Count and uncount nouns) Nûkterá podstatná jména jsou poãitatelná. a book two books an egg six eggs Nûkterá podstatná jména jsou nepoãitatelná. bread rice Nûkterá podstatná jména mohou b˘t poãitatelná i nepoãitatelná. Do you like ice-cream? We’d like three ice-creams, please.




9.2 Vazba rád/a bych (Would like)

9.4 Kolik …? (How much … and How many …?)

Would je stejné ve v‰ech osobách obou ãísel. Would like uÏíváme k vyjádfiení nabídky a Ïádosti.

How much …? pouÏíváme ve spojení s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény. How much rice/money is there? There isn’t much rice/money.

Kladné vûty (Positive) I You He/She/It We They

’d like

a drink.

’d like = would like

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Would

you he/she/it they

like a biscuit?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, please. !NOT Yes, I would. No, thank you. !NOT No, I wouldn’t.

9.3 Nûjak˘ (some and any) Some uÏíváme v kladn˘ch oznamovacích vûtách ve spojení s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény a podstatn˘mi jmény poãitateln˘mi, která jsou v mnoÏném ãísle.

How many …? pouÏíváme ve spojení s poãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény. How many apples are there? There aren’t many apples.

9.5 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) I’ve got a book by John Grisham. (… knihu napsanou …) Help me with my homework. (Pomoz/te mi s …)

UNIT 10 10.1 Druh˘ a tfietí stupeÀ pfiídavn˘ch jmen (adjektiv) (Comparative and superlative adjectives) Adjektiva 2.stupeÀ

3.stupeÀ

Jednoslabiãná adjektiva

old safe big hot

older safer bigger hotter

the oldest the safest the biggest* the hottest*

Adjektiva konãící na –y

noisy dirty

noisier dirtier

the noisiest the dirtiest

Dvou- a tfiíslabiãná adjektiva

boring

(I know there is some coffee.) (I know there are some grapes.)

beautiful

Any uÏíváme v otázkách a záporn˘ch vûtách ve spojení s nepoãitateln˘mi podstatn˘mi jmény a podstatn˘mi jmény poãitateln˘mi, která jsou v mnoÏném ãísle.

more boring more beautiful

the most boring the most beautiful

Nepravidelná adjektiva

good bad far

better worse further

the best the worst the furthest

There is There are

bread

some

oranges

on the table.

Some uÏíváme v otázkách, jenom kdyÏ o nûco Ïádáme nebo nûco nabízíme. Can I have Would you like

Is there Does she have I can’t see I don’t want There aren’t

some

any

coffee, please? grapes?

water? children? rice. mushrooms. people.

(I don’t know if there is any water.) (I don’t know if she has any children.)


*Jednoslabiãná pfiídavná jména (adjektiva), která v písmu konãí na jednu samohlásku a jednu souhlásku, zdvojují tuto koncovou souhlásku. You’re older than me. New York is dirtier than Paris. Prague is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. © Oxford University Press 2013


10.2 Sloveso mít (have got and have) Have got a have znamenají totéÏ, tj. Ïe nûco vlastníme, ale li‰í se v pouÏívan˘ch strukturách. Have got se ãasto pouÏívá v hovorové fieãi.

have got

have



I You We They

have

He She It

has

a cat a garden.

got

Záporné vûty (Negative) I You We They

haven’t

He She It

hasn’t

got

Have

Has

got

have

He She It

has

a cat a garden.

Záporné vûty (Negative)

a dog a garage.

Otázky (Questions) I you we they

I You We They

I You We They

don’t

He She It

doesn’t

have

a dog a garage.

Otázky (Questions)

any money? a sister?

he she it

Do

Does

I you we they

have

any money? a sister?

he she it

How many children have they got?

How many children do they have?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, I have. /No I haven’t. Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t.

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, I do. /No I don’t. Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.

Minul˘ ãas obou tvarÛ have a have got je: v kladn˘ch vûtách had: He had many brothers and sisters. v záporn˘ch vûtách didn’t have: He didn’t have any time. v otázkách did you have: Did he have any money?




10.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) The country is quieter than the city. (… neÏ mûsto) The house is 50 metres from the sea. (… od mofie) Everest is the highest mountain in the world. ( … hora svûta/na svûtû) He spends his time on the banks of the river. (… na bfiezích fieky) She came out of the garage. (… z garáÏe) He drove along the road. (… po cestû) They ran over the bridge. (… pfies most) I walked past the pub. (… kolem hospody) He walked up the hill. (… vy‰el na kopec) He ran down the hill. (… sebûhl s kopce) The boat went across the river.* (… pfieplula (pfies) fieku) The cat ran through the hedge.* (… probûhla plotem) He jumped into the lake. (… do jezera) * V takto oznaãen˘ch vûtách nemusí b˘t v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka.

10.4 Rozkazy a zákazy (Imperatives) Rozkazy (Affirmative) Zákazy (Negative) Turn left. Drive down the hill.

Don’t turn left. Don’t worry.

Rozkaz (kladnou instrukci) tvofiíme pomocí infinitivu bez to. Zákaz tvofiíme pfiidáním don’t k infinitivu bez to. Rozkaz a zákaz má stejn˘ tvar ve 2. osobû jednotného i mnoÏného ãísla.

UNIT 11 11.1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘ (Present Continuous) 1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘ oznaãuje dûj, kter˘ probíhá právû nyní. She’s wearing jeans. I’m studying English.


2 Oznaãuje také dûj, kter˘ probíhá v blízké budoucnosti. I’m playing tennis this afternoon. Jane’s seeing her boyfriend tonight. Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and Negative) I

am

He She It

is

We You They

are

(not) going

outside.

Otázky (Questions) am

I

is

he/she/it

are

we you they

Where

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Are you having a good time? Is my English getting better? Are they having a party?

going?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, we are. Yes, it is. No, they aren’t.

Zmûny pravopisu po pfiidání koncovky -ing ke slovesu (Spelling of verb + -ing) 1 Vût‰ina sloves jenom pfiibírá koncovku -ing. wear wearing go going cook cooking hold holding try/play trying/playing 2 JestliÏe infinitiv konãí na -e, toto -e odpadá. write writing smile smiling take taking 3 KdyÏ jednoslabiãné sloveso konãí v písmu na jednu samohlásku a souhlásku, tato souhláska se zdvojuje. sit sitting get getting run running © Oxford University Press 2013


4 Pamatuj si, Ïe koncovou souhlásku zdvojují také nûkterá dvouslabiãná slovesa. forget/regret forgetting/regretting travel/control travelling/controlling program programming

Samostatné pfiivlastÀovací zájmeno buì stojí za podstatn˘m jménem, ke kterému se vztahuje, nebo stojí zcela samostatnû. He is a good friend of ours. This is mine.

11.2 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ a prÛbûhov˘ (Present Simple and Continuous)

Whose…? (âí/Kter˘ …?) je vztaÏné zájmeno, které se ptá na to, komu nûco ãi nûkdo patfií.

1 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ uÏíváme, mluvíme-li o tvrzení, které má obecnou platnost, nebo o dûji ãi ãinnosti, které se stále nebo pravidelnû opakují. I come from Switzerland. He works in a bank. 2 Pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘ uÏíváme, mluvíme-li o dûji nebo ãinnosti, které právû probíhají, nebo které jsou doãasné, tj. ãasovû vymezené. Why are you wearing a suit? You usually wear jeans. We are staying at our friend’s place now.

11.3 Zájmena osobní, pfiivlastÀovací a vztaÏná (Personal, possessive pronouns and relative Whose…? ) Pfiehled osobních a pfiivlastÀovacích zájmen

Whose is this book? Whose book is this? Whose is it? /hu:z/

It’s

mine. yours. hers. his. ours. theirs.

Podívej se na v˘slovnost a pfieklad v‰ech typÛ zájmen na str. 56

11.4 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) I read in bed. He’s talking to Mandy. I’m looking for a jumper.* (Hledám …) We’ve got this jumper in red. There’s a girl with fair hair. I always pay by credit card.* (Platím kreditní kartou.) * V tûchto vûtách nemusí b˘t v ãe‰tinû pfiedloÏka.

Zájmena osobní

Zájm. pfiivlastÀovací

podmûtn˘ pfiedmûtn˘ tvar tvar

nesamostatná

samostatná

UNIT 12

I you he she it we they

my your his her its our their

mine yours his hers its ours theirs

12.1 Sloveso b˘t v pfiítomném ãase + going to (am/is/are + going to)

me you him her it us them

Nesamostatné pfiivlastÀovací zájmeno vÏdy stojí pfied podstatn˘m jménem, ke kterému se vztahuje. This is my car. Pfied tímto zájmenem ani za ním nikdy nestojí Ïádn˘ ãlen. NOT This is a my car. This is my the car.

1 Going to vyjadfiuje, Ïe jsme si nûco naplánovali a máme v úmyslu ãi vÛli to udûlat. She’s going to be a ballet dancer when she grows up. We’re going to stay in a villa in France this summer. 2 âasto není Ïádn˘ rozdíl mezi pfiítomn˘m ãasem prÛbûhov˘m a going to, hovofiíme-li o tom, co máme v budoucnu v úmyslu udûlat. I’m seeing Peter tonight. I’m going to see Peter tonight.




3 Going to také ãasto uÏíváme, uvûdomíme-li si na základû pfiítomnosti, Ïe se nûco urãitû v budoucnosti stane. Careful! That glass is going to fall! Do ãe‰tiny se ãasto pfiekládá jako chce, hodlá, chystá se. Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and Negative) I

What’s the weather like?* (Jaké je poãasí?) What’s on TV tonight?* (Co je … v televizi?) There’s a film on Channel 4. (... je na kanálu...) What’s on at the cinema?* (Co dávají v kinû?)

am

He/She/It is We You They

have a break. (not) going to stay at home.

are

I

is

he/she/it

When are

we you they

12.4 Let’s a shall Chceme-li nûco navrhnout, uÏíváme shall a let’s (=let us), po kter˘ch stojí infinitiv bez to. V‰imni si, jak se pfiekládají.

Otázky (Questions) am

V‰imni si hlavnû pfiekladu vût oznaãen˘ch hvûzdiãkou (*).

going to

have a break? stay at home?

Ve spojení se slovesy pohybu to go a to come pro vyjádfiení plánÛ v budoucnosti uÏíváme obvykle pfiítomn˘ ãas prÛbûhov˘. We’re going to Paris next week. Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow.

12.2 Vyjádfiení úãelu pomocí infinitivu (Infinitive of purpose) Infinitive (s infinitivní ãásticí to) mÛÏe vyjadfiovat, proã ãlovûk nûco dûlá. I’m saving my money to buy a CD player. (= because I want to buy a CD player.) We’re going to Paris to have a holiday. (= because we want to have a holiday.) NOT I’m saving my money for to buy a CD player. I’m saving my money for buy a CD player.

12.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) I’m going to Florida in a year’s time. (… za rok) He’s interested in flying. (… zajímá se o …) She’s good at singing. (… je dobrá ve …) She was afraid of cars.* (Bála se aut.)


What shall we do? Co máme dûlat? Let’s play tennis! Zahrejme si tenis.

UNIT 13 13.1 RÛzné typy otázek (Question forms) When did Columbus discover America? Who did she mary? What did they have for lunch? What do you have for breakfast? Why do you want to learn English? How does he get to school? What happens at the end of the story? Who knows it? Who was Mother Teresa? Where are the Andes/the High Tatras? What can you do? When would you like to eat? What have you got in your bag? How many people are there in the class? How much does she earn? How far is it to the centre? What sort of car do you have? Which newspaper do you read? Which colour can we use, blue or green? Whose CD is this? © Oxford University Press 2013


13.2 Pfiídavná jména a pfiíslovce (Adjectives and adverbs)

UNIT 14

Pfiídavná jména popisují vlastnosti podstatného jména. a big dog fantastic films great beer a careful driver untidy kids green grass

14.1 Pfiedpfiítomn˘ ãas prost˘ (Present Perfect Simple)

Pfiíslovce se vztahují ke slovesu a popisují míru ãinnosti. She ran quickly. He drives too fast. Pravidelná pfiíslovce tvofiíme pfiidáním koncovky -ly k pfiídavnému jménu. Pokud pfiídavné jméno konãí na -y, toto -y se mûní na -i pfied koncovkou -ly. Pfiíd. jméno

Pfiíslovce

quick bad careful immediate easy

quickly badly carefully* immediately easily

V‰imni si, Ïe oznaãené pfiídavné jméno (*) konãí na -l a Ïe pfiidáním koncovky -ly dojde k jeho zdvojení. NOT immediatelly Nûkterá pfiíslovce jsou nepravidelná. Pfiíd. jméno

Pfiíslovce

good hard early fast

well hard early fast

13.3 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) What’s the story about? (O ãem je ten pfiíbûh/ta povídka?) What happens at the end of the story? (… na konci …) The train leaves from platform 9. (… z nástupi‰tû …)

1 Pfiedpfiítomn˘ ãas vyjadfiuje ãinnost nebo dûj, které se staly nedávno. She’s travelled to most parts of the world. Have you ever been in a car accident? 2 KdyÏ chceme vyjádfiit, kdy se tato ãinnost ãi dûj staly, musíme pouÏít minul˘ ãas prost˘. She went to Russia two years ago. I was in a crash when I was 10. Do ãe‰tiny se oba ãasy pfiekládají pomocí minulého ãasu. 3 V‰imni si v˘razÛ pro vyjádfiení ãasu, které se uÏívají ve spojení s minul˘m ãasem.

I left

last night. yesterday. in 1990. at three o’clock. on Monday.

4 V‰imni si v˘razÛ pro vyjádfiení ãasu, které se uÏívají ve spojení s pfiedpfiítomn˘m ãasem. I have already had breakfast. She has never been to Brno. He hasn’t answered your email yet. Have you ever been abroad? I’ve lived here for 15 years. We’ve been busy lately/this morning. Kladné a záporné vûty (Positive and negative) I You We They

have

He She It

has

(not) been

to the States.




StaÏené tvary (Contractions) I’ve been = I have been You’ve been = You have been We’ve been = We have been They’ve been = They have been He’s been = He has been She’s been = She has been It’s been = It has been DoplÀovací otázky (Questions with question words)

have Where has

I you we they

been?

he she it

Zji‰Èovací otázky (Yes/No questions) Have you been to Russia?

Krátké odpovûdi (Short answers) Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

14.2 Nûkdy a nikdy (ever and never ) Ever uÏíváme v otázkách a never v záporn˘ch vûtách. Have you ever been to Hungary? I’ve never been to Hungary.

14.3 UÏ/je‰tû ne a právû (yet and just ) V kladn˘ch vûtách uÏíváme just. Yet uÏíváme v záporn˘ch vûtách a v otázkách. V‰imni si rÛzn˘ch pfiekladÛ yet a postavení just ve vûtách. Have you done your homework yet? (uÏ) I haven’t done it yet. (but I am going to). (je‰tû ne) I have just done it (a short time before now). (právû)

14.4 Odjela a byla (gone and been ) She’s gone to Portugal (and she’s there now). (Odjela …) She’s been to Portugal (sometime in her life, but now she has returned). (UÏ byla v …)

14.5 PfiedloÏky (Prepositions) She works for a big company. (… pro … firmu.) Hamlet is a play by Shakespeare. (… napsaná Shakespearem.) Brad and Marilyn are on honeymoon. (… na líbánkách.) Wait for me! (Poãkej/te na mne.)



Pfiehled mluvnice (Grammar Reference)

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