PERKEMBANGAN HUKUM TANAH ANGLO-SAXON
Native American History Briefly • Native Americans occupied North America for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived.
• It took England a century to establish a colony because of Native American resistence.
• Eventually disease reduced Native American population enough for Europeans to settle.
Overview of Colonies • REMEMBER: Mercantilism is the Economic System employed by the United Kingdom in the 17th century.
• A successful colony required both people and wealth. Also, people needed to want to stay, a desire that would not exist in a purely mercantilist venture.
• • • •
Not one colony began as a royal colony. All were private ventures. Only five colonies were not eventually taken over by the crown (government bail-out) The idea of uniting the colonies was frequently suggested, but never implemented. The colonies were united via their connection to England, which provided a common pool of language, laws, customs, and business morality and practice.
INDIVIDUALISM AND SOCIAL MOBILITY • Many Europeans came to North America for social mobility (moving from one social status to another)
• In the colonies land was abundant • Indentured servants could eventually own land, earn the right to vote
• Every individual could work hard and advance – individualism
• Led to universal suffrage for white males and democracy
The First Colonies • Jamestown (1607) - private venture established for mercantilist reasons, eventually became a royal colony (government bail-out)
• Plymouth (1620) - private venture established for religious reasons, like Jamestown, not a commercial success.
• Massachusetts Bay (1630) - colony was well-financed, established to be a
colony, not for purely economic reasons. Of the first three colonies, easily the most successful.
Why does England colonize North America? 1.
English economy is diversified but predominantly agricultural
2.
England is well-endowed with labor and capital, but not with land (i.e. natural resources)
3.
Agricultural production is subject to diminishing returns. As demand for these goods increased (rising population) the cost of producing these goods rises.
4.
North America is well-endowed with natural resources, but not with labor or capital
5.
Initial high costs (primarily risk and uncertainty) discourages migration
6.
As the cost of British agriculture rises, though, the relative cost of American agriculture falls. This relative decline in costs provides the incentive for colonial ventures.
7.
Learning-by-doing (the learning curve) further reduces costs leading to increases in the number of colonies
ORGANIZATION OF OVERSEAS VENTURES • Joint-stock company: Government issued a royal charter specifying rights, privileges, obligations, and location. Private sector assumed risks and uncertainties of the colonies
• Royal company: Government directly controlled colony • Proprietary colonies: Government issued land to individual, who controlled colony
Characteristics of land tenure • IMPORTANT NOTE: Historically land is
not something that people
bought and sold.
• Land ownership in the colonies had the following characteristics.
• It was perpetual (kekal). • It could be passed by will. • Tenured land could be sold by the owner.
PUBLIC DOMAIN (or Common Lands) Lands belonging to the American people held by the federal government until withdrawn for some federal purpose, given to the States upon statehood or based upon Federal law, or preempted into private ownership.
PUBLIC LANDS Lands withdrawn from the public domain and Reserved to a specific public purpose (can be within state or federal jurisdiction).
“ANGLO-AMERICAN LAND LAW: DIVERGING DEVELOPMENTS FROM A SHARED HISTORY”
(David A.Thomas) “REAL PROPERTY, PROBATE AND TRUST JOURNAL” (tiga seri)
Seri Pertama • Part I in this series, "The Shared History," describes the emerging customs and laws regarding land rights among early inhabitants of Britain, and how succeeding invasions and occupation by Celtic, Roman, Germanic, and Norman peoples altered these customs and laws.
• The Article details the profound changes in land law worked by massive economic changes, such as the Black Death, and statutes, such as the Statute of Uses.
Seri Kedua • Part II in the series will describe the legal process of establishing British colonies in North America, and how English land law was adopted in the thirteen colonies that formed the original United States of America.
• The second Article will also describe how land law developed in each country after American independence, through the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries, until England's major reforms of the1920's.
Seri Ketiga • Part III in the series provides a snapshot of the principal points of land law and conveyancing in each country as they enter the twenty-first century.
Perkembangan Pengaruh Hukum Tanah Inggris di Amerika • Setelah berabad-abad sejarah bersama, divergensi bertahap Inggris dan Hukum Tanah Amerika dimulai dengan era kolonial. Tidaklah signifikan perbedaan yang berkembang sampai reformasi hukum properti hukum Inggris di tahun 1830-an.
• Reformasi hukum lainnya diikuti sepanjang abad kesembilan belas dan memuncak dengan reformasi besar-besaran di tahun 1920-an. Tidak ada reformasi yang komprehensif seperti yang terjadi di Amerika Serikat, di mana federalisme memiliki upaya terbatas untuk memberlakukan peraturan seragam pada negara.
Perkembangan (lanjutan…) • Pemberlakuan hukum Amerika yang sifatnya “Unifikasi” , yaitu hukum yang berkaitan dengan properti telah mengusulkan banyak reformasi dan dilaksanakan beberapa pengaruh.
• Namun, badan legislatif di negara bagian tetap independen dan menyempurnakan ajaran common law mereka mengenai tanah (properti) dengan cara sedikit demi sedikit.
Perkembangan (lanjutan…) • Hampir di setiap negara Amerika memiliki konstitusi atau undang-undang tertulis (statute) yang "menerima" common law-Inggris sebagai landasan yuridis keputusan pengadilannya, kecuali hukum atau kondisi sebaliknya berlaku di negara itu.
• Hasilnya adalah bahwa, saat ini, dalam hal pertanahan, common law-Inggris
memainkan peran yang jauh lebih penting di Amerika daripada di Inggris. Pengacara properti di kedua negara masih berbagi kosakata besar istilah properti, namun perbedaan halus dan kadang-kadang signifikan dalam konsep dan definisinya tetaplah muncul
Perkembangan (lanjutan…) • Although the English and Americans shared an identical history and body of land law, the common law jurisprudence took a different path in the new land.
• The American colonials were stubborn,cocky, independent minded, and they had almost unlimited available land.Not surprisingly, they began shaping a land law that took into account the new environment and that diverged from the more gradual changes occurring in England.
Perkembangan (lanjutan…) •
As the full impact of the Statute of Uses (UU di negara-negara bagian) became manifest, and as equity rules for property emerged, English landowners and their lawyers grew more sophisticated in managing and securing their land rights.
•
Land became the ultimate form of wealth. The most affluent and ambitious people in England sought to accumulate as much land as possible with the broadest incidents or rights. Property holdings reflected social status, and both the size of the landholding and the legal form of estate correlated closely with a person's social class
