Pengetahuan Lingkungan Waste An evaluation of consumption pattern
REFERENCES
R2. Cunningham, William & Mary Ann. 2011, Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications, 6th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, New York , Chapter.13 http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
Other references
Look At What We Are Doing To Our Earth…
15 Most Toxic Places to Live 1.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Citarum River, Indonesia Rondônia, Brazil Chernobyl, Ukraine Yamuna River, India Linfen, China La Oroya, Peru The North Pacific Gyre Lake Karachay, Russia
9.
10. 11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
Haiti Dzerzhinsk, Russia Kabwe, Zambia Riachuelo Basin, Argentina Appalachia, West Virginia Vapi, India Earth’s orbit
http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/ photos/the-15-most-toxic-places-to-live/apocalypse-now#image
Citarum River, Indonesia The Citarum has been called the world's most polluted river. Around five million people live in the river's basin, and most of them rely on its flow for their water supply.
Yamuna River, India The Yamuna is the largest tributary of the Ganges River. Where it flows through Delhi, it's estimated that 58 percent of the city's waste gets dumped straight into the river. Millions of Indians still rely on these murky, sewage-filled waters for washing, waste disposal and drinking water.
The North Pacific Gyre An island of trash twice the size of Texas floats in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, circulated by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. The trash, which is mostly made up of plastic debris, floats as deep as 30 feet below the surface.
Earth's orbit Believe it or not, even space contains copious amounts of pollution. An estimated 4 million pounds of space debris — nuts, bolts, metal and carbon, even whole spacecraft — currently orbit the Earth, threatening satellites, communication and even the lives of our astronauts.
waste around us………
Indonesia Nomor 2 Terbanyak Membuang Sampah Plastik di Lautan Urutan teratas : China (3,5 juta ton/tahun) Setiap tahun lautan di seluruh dunia dipenuhi sampah plastik hingga 12,7 juta ton.
10
http://news.detik.com/read/2015/02/13/110752/2832124/1513 /indonesia-nomor-2-terbanyak-membuang-sampah-plastik-dilautan
11
Tumpukan sampah plastik yang berada dipesisir pantai teluk palu, Sulawesi Tengah (Antara) http://news.liputan6.com/read/2175513/indonesia-negara-kedua-palingbanyak-buang-sampah-ke-laut
Kali Sunter- Jakarta Pusat November 2012
Longsor sampah Cianjur – Januari 2013
TPA Leuwigajah
one of the biggest threatened waste - plastic bag
watch: The Plastic Vortex Plastic Trash Island Disaster
In Australia: • Plastic bag make up 2% of all litter. • Only 5% of plastic bags in Australia are recycled. • The amount of petroleum used in a plastic bag could drive a car about 11 metres. (Source: G Magazines)
Data Dinas Kebersihan DKI Jakarta (2007) Produksi sampah di DKI = 26.945m3 atau 6000ton/hari Terdiri dari 55% sampah organik dan 45% sampah anorganik 45% sampah organik terdiri dari: 20.57% sampah kertas 13.25% sampah plastik (1000 ton)
Sumber : Perilaku Nimby (Catatan di Hari Peduli Sampah) oleh Al.Andang L.Binawan Disampaikan dalam Green Training for Future Leaders Angkatan III, Bandung 4-5 Agustus 2012
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) The garbage we produce in our houses, offices, and cities, accounts for a small percentage of total waste by weight, but it is one of our most important challenges in waste management. (R2/13) The US data: – EPA - each American produces 4 pounds of trash per day – BioCycle magazine estimates 6.6 pounds per day. (Source: Swoboda, S. 1995, Note on the Trash Crisis, National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education)
Waste management Currently, in the US: •54 percent of waste is landfilled •13 percent is incinerated, •33 percent is recycled
Every day your waste is managed as discreetly as possible. Different managing alternatives can be applied to it, depending mainly on its characteristics. Between the most important waste treatments, we can find sorting and recycling, composting, energetic valorisation or landfilling. Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
WASTE MANAGEMENT: 1.
2. 3. 4.
Landfill Incineration Sorting and 3R Composted
Landfills
Waste that can neither be reused nor receive special processing is stored in landfills. Beforehand, some waste may need to be stabilized to prevent pollution leakage.
landfill
landfill Source:http://widnesskips.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/landfill3.jpg
Modern Sanitary Landfill •Designed
to contain waste. •Compact the refuse •Cover it every day with a layer of dirt to decrease smell and litter and to discourage insect and rats. •Helps control pollution
Landfills has some drawbacks: 1.
2.
litter and ash can be scattered by the wind: trash must be covered organic wastes partially decompose under certain conditions to produce carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, water, and other chemicals, which may be released into the atmosphere.
3.
4.
during decomposition, liquids may percolate through the landfill and carry chemicals into the soil and groundwater. landfills contain many common items such as glass, plastics, and metals that will never biodegrade
A landfill requires high technical standards and must conform to strong safety norms in order to protect the environment and local communities. It is very important taking into account: 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
The location for the landfill and the surrounding land The design of modular compartments The protection of groundwater The collection, treatment and elimination of leachates The capture, treatment and recovery of biogas The construction of a cover, in order to minimize rainwater penetration
modern landfill (Source: http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnr/kidsweb/landfill.htm)
modern landfill (Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=biomass_biogas)
Over time, waste, which decomposes produces landfill gas or biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane. Biogas is collected and then used in cogeneration processes, which produce energy and heat, at the same time that it is avoided the emission to the atmosphere of methane, which is a harmful green house gas. Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
Apart from biogas, the decomposition of landfilled waste, along with rainwater infiltration, produces a liquid known as "leachate". Leachates contain heavy metals, salts, nitrogenous compounds and various types of organic matter. Due to its high polluting potential it is needed that this leachate is collected and treated to avoid environment contamination. Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
Data Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum : • 99 % TPA di Indonesia masih menggunakan open dumping. • 70 % yang menerapkan controlled landfill/sanitary landfill dari 492 TPA di seluruh Kota/Kabupaten di Indonesia Salah satu kota yang mulai menerapkan : Kota Tangerang
38
http://tangerangkota.go.id/kota-tangerang-sudah-mulai-memanfaatkancontrolled-landfill-sanitary-landfill
Incineration Incineration produces ash that includes minerals, metals, unburned organic carbon, and dirt: 1.
2.
fly ash consists of light particles that contains volatile metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium as well as dioxins and PCBs. bottom ash consists of the uncombusted materials remaining on the grate after burning.
Bottom ash usually contains: less volatile metals such as aluminum, iron, and tin as well as hydrocarbons In some cases, this ash could be highly toxic, because the heat of the incinerator may increase the toxic properties of the materials burned.
Energy from waste
Nowadays, energy recovery goes hand-by-hand with waste elimination. There are different ways of getting energy from waste: incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion,…. Traditionally, the most used one has been incineration, although the other treatments are emerging technologies that are being quickly extended.
Energy from waste
Refuse-derived fuel: refuse is sorted as it comes in to remove unburnable or recyclable materials before combustion.
Mass Burn: dump everything as much as possible. Avoids expensive and unpleasant job of sorting but produces more unburned ash and more air pollution.
Three different kind of waste are accepted in an incineration facility: 1. Household waste 2. Non-hazardous industrial waste 3. Rejects from sorting centres Remove batteries containing heavy metals and plastics containing chlorine before waste are burned. European cities banning plastics from incinerator waste.
Sorting and 3R Sorting and recycling allows the recovery of raw materials, which can be later used to manufacture new products.
Recycling: the reprocessing of discarded materials into new products. (old aluminum cans and glass bottle – new cans and bottles)
Recycling saves money, energy, and space. First step to recycling is sorting or separation (plastic bag, organic waste for compost, glass, metals, paper)
Sorting and recycling Two types of waste are accepted at the sorting centre: 1.
2.
Household waste: packaging (glass, plastic, aluminium, cardboard and steel) as well as newpapers and magazines
Commercial and industrial waste: card, paper, wood, metal, plastic, building site waste
Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
Once the waste arrives at the centre, it takes place an initial pre-sorting and a first phase of mechanical sorting. After that, a manual process is applied and material is separated in two different groups: 1.
2.
Reusable material Non-recyclable material, which is normally sent to incinerating facilities where it is recovered to energy.
Reusable material is packed and sent either to recycling facilities or they are supplied to industry for reuse (for example, card for the paper industry, plastic for manufacturing piping, etc) Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
economic barriers of recycling: 1.
2.
3.
manual separation is an expensive process, but contamination makes an entire batch worthless large differences in the weight-to-volume ratio may reduce incentives to recycle
there does not yet exist a consistent supply of inputs or a consistent demand for recycled products to stabilize prices.
Sumber: majalah greeners
Reuse • •
•
Better than recycling Cleaning and reusing materials in their present form Saving the cost and energy of remaking them into something else • Ex: glass and plastic bottles are routinely returned to beverage producers for washing and refilling.
Reducing • •
•
•
•
Often the cheapest option The most important strategy in 3R Excessive packaging of food and consumer products is one of our greatest source of unnecessary waste. Photodegradable plastics break down when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Biodegradable plastics incorporate such materials as cornstarch that microorganisms can decompose.
sumber: G magazine
Hal Penting: Pemilahan Sampah “TARUH SAMPAH, JADIKAN BERKAH”
• ADa beberapa hal yang bisa banget nih kita lakukan.. Misalnya : • Yuk Kita mengganti KULTUR PERANG AIR saat wisudaan, yang ternyata satu himpunan saja bisa sampai 8000 plastik, dan membuang air bersih begitu saja. • Mari Kita TIDAK lagi MENGGUNAKAN STYROFOAM di setiap acara yang kita bikin. • Sudah saatnya kita membawa BOTOL MINUM dan TEMPAT MAKAN SENDIRI untuk mengurangi pembelian botol plastik air kemasan, dan juga bungkus plastik untuk makanan • Dan tentu sudah saatnya pula kita mengurangi konsumsi Kantong KRESEK dengan cara memakai kembali kantong kresek yang sudah kita simpan, atau dengan membawa tas yang praktis dan dapat menjadi wadah pengganti kantong kresek. • Yuk kita Memilah sampah,cuma dua jenis ko, ga suliitt,, • Ayo kita mengurangi publikasi dengan media kertas, karena kertas dari pohon, dan deforestasi semakin meningkat di Indonesia. Ganti yuk dengan media maya.sekarang lebih trend loh.. (bisa contoh tuh publikasi nya MFEST HMM, dan juga BIOFRONT nya NyMPHAEA..PAPER LESS banget loh booooo..hehe 59
http://ecocampus.itb.ac.id/wawasan-lingkungan-itb/pengelolaan-sampah/
Proses Pengolahan Sampah di Super Depo Sutorejo. Foto: Petrus Riski http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kota-percontohan-pengolahansampah-terbaik-indonesia/
61
Rumah Kompos Keputran, salah satu pusat pengolahan sampah di Surabaya. http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kotaFoto: Petrus Riski percontohan-pengolahan-sampah-terbaik-indonesia/
62
Taman Ekspresi di Jalan Genteng Kali, Surabaya. Foto: Petrus Riski http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/02/27/surabaya-kota-percontohan-pengolahansampah-terbaik-indonesia/
www.tempo.co/read/ne ws/2014/02/25/206557 485/Surabaya-JadiPercontohan-SoalPengolahan-Sampah
63
Warga memungut sampah dikawasan pantai Kenjeran, Surabaya, Jumat (6/5). Pemerintah Kota Surabaya beserta warga kawasan pantai melakukan bersihbersih pantai Kenjeran yang dipenuhi sampah untuk membuat pengunjung merasa nyaman dan menciptakan kawasan wisata yang bersih dan sehat. TEMPO/Fully Syafi
TPA Benowo Jadi Contoh Pengolahan Sampah Nasional Sistem pengolahan sampah TPA Benowo menjadi listrik dan bahan baku bangunan kedepannya mempunyai manfaat cukup besar. "Kalau tidak salah nantinya air limbah yang selalu menjadi persoalan itu bisa diolah menjadi air bersih," kata Tri Rismaharini, Jumat (13/6/2014). Tidak ada sampah yang tersisa di TPA Benowo. Hasil olahan sampah kedepan bisa mendatangkan manfaat bagi warga Surabaya.
Pengolahan sampah TPA Benowo penuh teknologi yang digunakan pertama kali di Indonesia. Pemilahan sampah yang bisa didaur ulang dan yang tidak bisa didaur ulang akan dilakukan oleh tenaga manusia. Di samping itu, ungkap Machmud, dengan teknologi yang digunakan dengan hasil nol sampah tersebut menjadi jaminan tersendiri tidak akan dibutuhkannya lahan baru. Pengolahan sampah sistem sanitasi lenfil, sampah hanya ditumpuk dan dipisahkan air limbahnya yang lambat laun akan menghabiskan lahan TPA. 64
http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2014/06/13/tpa-benowo-jadi-contoh-pengolahan-sampahnasional
watch: Waste management recycle America Love story in milk Make a recycled plastic bag football
Composting
Composting: biological degradation or breakdown of organic matter under aerobic (oxygen rich) conditions. Composting is a process that has always existed in its natural state. Today, with modern technologies, this process can be accelerated and monitored efficiently. It is an excellent way of regenerating soils impoverished by intensive farming.
Composting is a process based on decomposition of organic matter microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.
the by
The result is a stable organic product, which is both hygienic and rich in humus. This process, which normally takes several months, can be speeded up and controlled using various techniques.
Once the composting process is finished a product called compost is obtained, which is mainly used for agriculture manure.
Four types of waste are accepted in the composting facilities: 1.
2. 3. 4.
Waste from the wood industry (bark, shavings), the paper industry and the food industry. Farming waste: manure, mineral fertilizers, etc. Household waste (food, garden). Sludge from the sewage plants.
Composting faces similar challenges to those of recycling.
Source: http://www.microphilox.com/reference_01.htm
kotak takakura – cara pengomposan
watch: Backyard Pet Waste Digester How To Reduce Your Garbage Output
Isi kuesioner diary konsumsi (rekap konsumsi dalam 1 minggu).
74
Mahasiswa merekap pola konsumsi secara keseluruhan selama satu minggu (makanan, air, energi, dan transportasi) dan menentukan pola konsumsi mana yang paling besar dampak terhadap lingkungan. Setiap mahasiswa akan menginput rekapitulasi pola konsumsi dalam web survey yang akan dibuka mulai tanggal 23 April 2015, pukul 00.00 dan ditutup pada tanggal 24 April 2015, pukul 22.00. Teliti dalam merekap dan menginput data ke dalam survey. Link kuesioner dapat dilihat di padlet.
TUGAS Buat kliping mengenai sampah. Isinya: 1. Identifikasi jenis sampah dan dampaknya. 2. Cara pengelolaan sampah, serta kelebihan dan kekurangan dari metode pengelolaan yang ada terkait waste yang dihasilkan. 3. Dibuat dalam bentuk laporan menggunakan kertas A4, diberi cover dengan format seperti biasa (nama, NIM, kelas). 4. 5.
Buat sekreatif mungkin. Tugas dikumpulkan pertemuan ke-14.
THANK YOU
