ABSTRAK PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BUAH NANAS (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) MUDA DAN TUA TERHADAP JUMLAH JANIN MATI MENCIT BETINA GALUR SWISS WEBSTER BUNTING AWAL DAN AKHIR Naurah Alzena Hana Dhea, 1210005 Pembimbing I : Dr. Iwan Budiman, dr., MS., MM., M.Kes., AIF. Pembimbing II : Ellya Rosa Delima, dr., M.Kes. Latar Belakang Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) mengandung enzim bromelain yang bersifat abortifikasi, menghambat implantasi, dan meningkatkan kontraksi uterus. Tujuan Penelitian Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak buah nanas muda dan tua terhadap abortus pada awal dan akhir kehamilan. Metode Penelitian Eksperimental laboratorium sungguhan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Penelitian ini menggunakan 56 ekor mencit betina yang dibagi menjadi 14 kelompok perlakuan, 7 perlakuan pada bunting awal (diinduksi pada hari ke-7—16) dan 7 perlakuan pada bunting akhir (diinduksi pada hari ke12—16). Perlakuan diberikan per oral 1 ml/ekor/hari, perlakuan yaitu CMC (kontrol), ekstrak buah nanas muda 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, dan ekstrak buah nanas tua 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg. Pembedahan dilakukan pada hari ke-20 lalu dihitung jumlah janin mati. Analisis data menggunakan uji one way Anova (=0,05) serta uji LSD. Hasil Terdapat janin mati pada kelompok mencit bunting awal dan akhir (P<0,01) yang diberi ekstrak buah nanas muda dan tua 5 mg, 10 mg, dan 15 mg. Terdapat kelainan pertumbuhan neuroporus anterior, perdarahan, dan penurunan ukuran janin mencit. Simpulan Ekstrak buah nanas muda dan tua 5 mg, 10 mg, dan 15 mg menimbulkan abortus pada awal dan akhir kehamilan (P<0,01). Kata kunci: Nanas, bromelain, abortus
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF UNRIPE AND RIPE PINEAPPLE FRUIT (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) EXTRACT ON THE NUMBER OF DEAD FETUS OF SWISS WEBSTER FEMALE MICE EARLY AND LATE PREGNANCY Naurah Alzena Hana Dhea, 1210005 Tutor I : Dr. Iwan Budiman, dr., MS., MM., M.Kes., AIF. Tutor II : Ellya Rosa Delima, dr., M.Kes. Backgrounds Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) contains bromelain enzyme that has abortifacient, inhibit implantation, and increased uterine contraction. Objectives To find out the effect of unripe and ripe pineapple fruit extract on abortion in early and late pregnancy. Method Laboratory experimental study with Completely Randomized Design. This study used 56 female mice that divided into 14 treatment groups, 7 treatments on early pregnancy (induced on 7th—16th day) and 7 treatments on late pregnancy (induced on 12th—16th day). Treatment given orally 1 ml/mice/day, given with CMC (control), unripe pineapple fruit extract 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and ripe pineapple fruit extract 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg. The surgery carried on 20th day then dead fetuses were counted. Data was analyzed by One way Anova test (=0,05) and LSD. Result Dead fetus found in a group of early and late pregnant mice (P<0,01) that given unripe and ripe pineapple fruit extract 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg. There were abnormal growth of anterior neuropore, hemorrhage, and decreased size of mice fetus. Conclusions unripe and ripe pineapple fruit extract at a dose of 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg induce abortion in early and late pregnancy (P<0,01). Keywords: Pineapple, bromelain, abortion
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman JUDUL ..................................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.................................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ v KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi DAFTAR DIAGRAM ........................................................................................... xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiv DAFTAR ISTILAH .............................................................................................. xv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ....................................................................................... 3 1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah .......................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ................................................................................. 3 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ...................................................................................... 3 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian .............................................. 3 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ............................................................................... 3 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian................................................................................ 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA............................................................................. 6 2.1 Nanas ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1 Taksonomi Buah Nanas ......................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Morfologi Nanas .................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Kandungan dan Komposisi Buah Nanas .............................................. 10
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2.1.4 Kimia dan Farmakologi Nanas ............................................................ 10 2.1.5 Bromelain ............................................................................................. 12 2.1.5.1 Biokimia Bromelain ...................................................................... 12 2.1.5.2 Mekanisme Kerja Bromelain ........................................................ 12 2.1.5.3 Farmakodinamik Bromelain.......................................................... 14 2.1.5.4 Farmakokinetik Bromelain............................................................ 15 2.2 Embriogenesis Mencit................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Periode Preimplantasi........................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Periode Postimplantasi ......................................................................... 18 2.3 Malformasi Kongenital ............................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Prinsip-prinsip Teratologi .................................................................... 24 2.4 Abortus ........................................................................................................ 27 2.4.1 Klasifikasi Abortus .............................................................................. 27 2.4.2 Etiologi Abortus ................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 Bentuk Abortus .................................................................................... 30 2.5 Tumbuhan Abortifikasi ............................................................................... 30
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN............................................... 33 3.1 Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................................ 33 3.1.1 Alat ....................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Bahan ................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Subjek Penelitian......................................................................................... 34 3.3 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................... 34 3.4 Metode Penelitian........................................................................................ 34 3.4.1 Desain Penelitian .................................................................................. 34 3.4.2 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................... 35 3.4.2.1 Variabel Bebas/Independen .......................................................... 35 3.4.2.2 Variabel Terikat/Dependen ........................................................... 35 3.4.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel .............................................................. 35 3.4.3.1 Ekstrak Buah Nanas ...................................................................... 35 3.4.3.2 Mencit Abortus ............................................................................. 35
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3.4.4 Perhitungan Besar Sampel ................................................................... 36 3.5 Prosedur Penelitian...................................................................................... 36 3.5.1 Pengumpulan Bahan............................................................................. 36 3.5.2 Persiapan Bahan Uji ............................................................................. 36 3.5.3 Persiapan Hewan Coba ........................................................................ 37 3.5.4 Pelaksanaan Penelitian ......................................................................... 38 3.6 Metode Analisis .......................................................................................... 41 3.7 Aspek Etik Penelitian .................................................................................. 41
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .............................................................. 42 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................... 42 4.1.1 Jumlah Janin Mati dalam Uterus Mencit ............................................. 42 4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................................. 43 4.2.1 Jumlah Janin dalam Uterus .................................................................. 43 4.2.2 Kelainan Morfologi Janin .................................................................... 43 4.3 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian.................................................................... 48
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..................................................................... 49 5.1 Simpulan ..................................................................................................... 49 5.1.1 Simpulan Tambahan............................................................................. 49 5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 49
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 50 LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 52 RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................................... 69
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman Tabel 2.1 Informasi Zat Gizi Buah Nanas ........................................................... 10 Tabel 2.2 Hubungan antara Theiler Stage dan Usia Perkembangan .................... 16 Tabel 2.3 Tumbuhan Abortifikasi dan Pengaruh yang Ditimbulkan ................... 31 Tabel 4.1 Persentase Jumlah Janin Mati dalam Uterus Mencit ........................... 42
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM Halaman Diagram 1.1 Kerangka Pemikiran .......................................................................... 5 Diagram 3.1 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................ 40
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman Gambar 2.1
Buah Nanas .................................................................................... 6
Gambar 2.2
Bagian Tumbuhan Nanas ............................................................... 8
Gambar 2.3
Komponen Tumbuhan Nanas ....................................................... 11
Gambar 2.4
Protease sistein (Bromelain) dari Tumbuhan Nanas .................... 12
Gambar 2.5
Biosintesis Prostaglandin dan Efek Bromelain ............................ 13
Gambar 2.6
Perkembangan Embrio Tikus ....................................................... 16
Gambar 2.7
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 1—4 Theiler Stage ............................. 17
Gambar 2.8
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 5 Theiler Stage ................................... 18
Gambar 2.9
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 6 Theiler Stage ................................... 18
Gambar 2.10
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 6—8 Theiler Stage ............................. 19
Gambar 2.11
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 9 Theiler Stage ................................... 19
Gambar 2.12
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 9—10 Theiler Stage ........................... 20
Gambar 2.13
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 11 Theiler Stage ................................. 20
Gambar 2.14
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 12—14 Theiler Stage ......................... 21
Gambar 2.15
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 19 Theiler Stage ................................. 22
Gambar 2.16
Embrio Tikus pada Tahap 23—26 Theiler Stage ......................... 22
Gambar 2.17
Waktu Perkembangan Organ-organ pada Embrio Mencit, Tikus, dan Manusia ................................................................................ 23
Gambar 2.18
Masa-masa Kerentanan terhadap Teratogenesis .......................... 26
Gambar 4.1
Janin Mencit Perdarahan .............................................................. 44
Gambar 4.2
Kelainan Neuroporus Anterior Kepala Janin Mencit ................... 45
Gambar 4.3
Morfologi Janin Mencit................................................................ 46
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman Lampiran 1
Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian ........................................ 52
Lampiran 2
Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian ................................................... 53
Lampiran 3
Perhitungan Dosis Ekstrak Buah Nanas ......................................... 54
Lampiran 4
Pelarutan Ekstrak Buah Nanas ....................................................... 55
Lampiran 5
Tabel Konversi Dosis Hewan Percobaan dengan Manusia ............ 56
Lampiran 6
Dokumentasi Penelitian .................................................................. 57
Lampiran 7
Pengujian Statistik .......................................................................... 65
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DAFTAR ISTILAH
1. Mencit Bunting: Mencit betina yang telah dipastikan hamil dengan ditemukan sumbat vagina yang terbentuk dari campuran sperma dan sekresi kelenjar sekunder mencit jantan yang mengindikasikan telah terjadi kopulasi. Sumbat vagina terdapat pada vagina selama 12—36 jam setelah kopulasi. Hari ditemukannya sumbat vagina dihitung sebagai hari ke-1 kehamilan. 2. Kehamilan Mencit: Hari kehamilan mencit, yaitu selama 19—21 hari. 3. Mencit Bunting Awal: Kehamilan mencit minggu pertama, yaitu mulai hari ke-7 kehamilan. 4. Mencit Bunting Akhir: Kehamilan mencit minggu ketiga, yaitu mulai hari ke12 kehamilan. 5. Buah Nanas Tua: Buah nanas yang matang, berumur 6 bulan, berwarna kuning atau oranye-kuning, daging buah berwarna kuning hingga kuning keemasan, berair, rasanya manis. 6. Buah Nanas Muda: Buah nanas yang belum matang, berumur 1,5—2,5 bulan, berwarna hijau, daging buah berwarna putih hingga kuning, rasanya agak asam. 7. Ekstrak Buah Nanas Tua: Ekstrak yang diperoleh dari daging buah nanas tua yang berumur 6 bulan. 8. Ekstrak Buah Nanas Muda: Ekstrak yang diperoleh dari daging buah nanas muda yang berumur 1,5—2,5 bulan.
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