Panduan Lengkap Untuk Imbuhan Me-Kan dan Me-i A complete guide to the Indonesian affixes me-kan and me-i. Includes over 200 examples

Panduan Lengkap Untuk Imbuhan Me-Kan dan Me-i A complete guide to the Indonesian affixes me-kan and me-i. Includes over 200 examples

Introduction: This guide contains over 200 examples of the Indonesian affixes me-kan and me-i. There are 5 main sections in this guide which look at benefactive me-kan, causative me-kan, me-kan adjectives, me-i, and finally the difference between these two affixes. Where a letter appears in brackets eg. (S) that letter is dropped when either the me-kan or me-i affix is added to the base word. Some exceptions exist with loan words (eg. Mempromosikan) where the p is retained. Examples which are highlighted green have appeared in past VCAA exams (20052015.) The numbers in brackets represent how many times that word (in either active or passive di-kan/di-i form) has appeared in the listening exam, reading tasks and questions/writing tasks respectively. For example, (1, 3, 4) would indicate the word has been in 1 listening exam, 3 reading texts and 4 writing tasks/questions.

Most common me-kan words in VCAA exams 2005-2014 • Mengadakan (14 times)

Most common me-i words in VCAA exams 2005-2014 • Mempunyai (12 times)

• Melakukan (12 times)

• Memiliki (10 times)

• Merupakan (12 times)

• Menikmati (9 times)

• Meyakinkan (11 times)

• Mengikuti (6 times)

• Menggunakan (11 times)

• Menghadiri (6 times)

• Meningkatkan (9 times) • Memerlukan (9 times) • Menyediakan (8 times)

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2

Indonesian Affix Me-Kan – Verbs •

Me-kan verbs are transitive, that is, they must be proceeded by an object.

•

They come in two main forms, “causative” and “benefactive,” the first being by far the most common. Attesting to this, In VCAA Indonesian exams since 2005, there have been over 120 causative me-kan’s used. In the same time, not a single benefative mekan has been used. However, that is not to say it cannot be used in your own work!

•

“Saya membersihkan meja” is an example of a causative me – kan. Literally, I (agent) am causing the table (object) to be clean. Of course we would probably translate this more simply as “I am cleaning the table.”

•

“Saya membelikan ibu hadiah” is an example of the rarer benefactive me – kan. The use of benefactive me-kan is more difficult, as these sentences will have two objects, the primary object and the secondary object (in that order.) In all cases, the primary object is the benefactor (the person benefiting from the action.) Therefore, this sentence would mean “I am buying mum (primary object) a gift (secondary object.)” I.e I am buying the gift for the benefit of mum. Alternatively, the sentence could be structured as “saya membelikan hadiah untuk Ibu.” More examples can be found on page 4.

•

Sometimes me-kan verbs can be either causative or benefactive, just depending on the context. Memberikan, meaning to give, is a good example of this.

•

In some cases, the affix me-kan can create adjectives. Although these words are still technically verbs, they function and translate more closely as English adjectives. Often they can be used as both verbs or adjectives, just depending on sentence structure. eg. Menyakitkan can mean to make sick/to hurt (verb) or painful (adjective) just depending on context. Another example would be membingungkan, which could either mean to confuse (someone) or “confusing.” More examples can be found on page 10.

•

Me-kan adjectives are also fairly rare, appearing just nine times in exams between 2005 and 2015; an average of just under 1 per exam.


3

Benefactive Me-kan Verbs Membawakan

Brought

Saya membawakan ibu makan malam dari pasar.

I brought mum dinner from the market.

Membuatkan

Made

Ibu membuatkan saya kue.

Mum made me a cake

Mencarikan

Found

Teman mencarikan saya CD

My friend found me a CD

Membacakan

Read

Saya membacakan nenek surat kabar.

I read grandma the newspaper.

Membukakan

Opened

Pacar saya membukakan saya pintu

My girlfriend opened (for me) the door.

Menjualkan

Sold

Agus menjualkan saya mobil lewat carsales.com

Agus sold my car (for me) through carsales.com

Memesankan

Ordered

Saya memesankan bapak ikan goreng.

I ordered dad fried fish.

Membayarkan

Paid

Ayah membayarkan saya makan siang.

Dad paid for my lunch.

Membelikan

Bought

Anak saya membelikan saya hadiah.

My child bought me a gift.

Menjahitkan

Sewed

Nenek menjahitkan saya kemeja.

Grandma sewed me a shirt.

Memberikan

Gave

Saya memberikan teman saya HP tua saya.

I gave my friend my old phone.

Mendapatkan

Got

Pemerintah Australia mendapatkan Singapura dua ekor koala.

The Australian Government got Singapore 2 koalas.

Meminjamkan

Borrowed

Ibu meminjamkan saya gula dari nenek.

Mum borrowed for me some sugar from grandma.

Memasakkan

Cooked

Saya memasakkan pacar makan malam.

I cooked my boyfriend dinner.

Menyewakan

Hired

Saya menyewakan teman mobil di bandara.

I hired my friend a car from the airport.

Mengeluarkan

Took out

Adik laki-laki saya mengeluarkan saya sampah.

My younger brother took out (for me) the rubbish.


4

Causative Me-kan for base words starting with: L, M, N, R, W, Y Melakukan (1, 7, 4)

Do

Saya melakukan banyak kegiatan di sekolah.

Merupakan (3, 9, 0)

Constitutes

Hukuman mati merupakan ketidakmanusiawian.

Meyakinkan (0, 1, 10)

Convince/Reassure

Kamu harus meyakinkan ibu kamu!

Melaporkan (4, 0, 0)

Report

Wartawan melaporkan situasi di Aceh.

Implement

Pemerintah harus melaksanakan undangundang yang adil.

Launch

Apple akan meluncurkan iPhone 7 tahun depan.

Melestarikan (1, 1, 0)

Preserve

Meresmikan (1, 1, 0)

Inaugurate

Melewatkan (1 ,1, 0)

Skip

Melanjutkan (0, 0, 3)

Continue

Kita harus melestarikan lingkungan Peter Cosgrove meresmikan Malcolm Turnbull sebagai Perdana Menteri Australia. Kalau ke Kuta, jangan melewatkan Waterbom! Mudah-mudahan sekolah saya akan melanjutkan program petukaran siswa tahun depan.

Merasakan (0, 1, 1)

Feel/Experience

Di Sumatra, anda bisa meraskan budaya Medan.

Merencanakan (0, 2, 0)

Plan

Mal harus merencanakan kegiatan untuk bulan natal.

Memimpikan (0, 1, 0)

Dream

Menyatakan (0, 0, 2)

Declare

Merayakan (0, 1, 0)

Celebrate

Melaksanakan (2, 1, 1) Meluncurkan (1, 1, 0)

Memungkinkan (0, 0, 1) Memenangkan (1, 0, 0)

Enable

Anak saya memimpikan angkasawan. Kepala sekolah menyatakan kesedihannya mengenai Bom Bali. Walaupun tidak beragama Kristen, banyak orang Indonesia merayakan hari natal. Sekolah saya memungkinkan pertukaran siswa antara Australia dan Indonesia.

Win

Hawthorn memenangkan Grand Final.

Melukiskan (0, 0, 1)

Portray

Media melukiskan Tony Abbott secara negatif

Melupakan (0, 1, 0)

Forget

Australia ingin melupakan sejarahnya.

Menamakan (0, 0, 1)

Name

Hanya orang tua boleh menamakan bayinya.

Memanjakan (1, 0, 0) Meringankan (0, 1, 0) Mewujudkan (0, 1, 0) Meringkaskan (0, 0, 1)

Spoil/Pamper Relieve/Lighten Realise/Actualise

Hotel sering memanjakan tamu-tamu. A/C meringankan kepanasan siswa-siswi. Dewi dapat mewujudkan impiannya.

Summarise

Autobiografinya meringkaskan kehidupan dia.

Memanfaatkan

Utilise

Kalau kamu ingin mendapat sukses, kamu harus memanfaatkan sumber gratis ini!


5

Causative Men-kan for base words starting with: C, D, J, Z, (T) Meningkatkan (0, 9, 0)

Increase

Pak Sam meningkatkan kualitas Bahasa saya

Menjelaskan (2, 0, 5)

Clarify

Panduan ini menjelaskan imbuhan “me-kan”

Mendapatkan (1, 4, 1)

Get/Obtain

Saya mendapatkan informasi dari bandara.

Menunjukkan (0, 1, 3)

Show

Guru menunjukkan film di kelas.

Menciptakan (1, 2, 1)

Create

Lampu di Mal menciptakan suasana nyaman.

Mengakibatkan (1, 2, 0)

Result

Cuaca panas mengakibatkan api hutan.

Mencalonkan (0, 2, 1)

Nominate

Jokowi mencalonkan diri untuk Pemilu 2014.

Menanyakan (1, 1, 1)

Ask

Dia suka menanyakan pertanyaan bodoh.

Meninggalkan (1, 1, 1)

Leave

Keluarga belum meninggalkan rumah.

Mendirikan (0, 2, 0)

Establish

Saya mendirikan Tutoring Hall pada tahun 2014.

Menerapkan (0, 2, 0)

Apply

Bule harus menerapkan tabir surya.

Menerbitkan (0, 1, 1)

Publish

Dosen saya menerbitkan artikel mengenai Bali.

Menjadikan (1, 1, 0)

Make

ibu menjadikan anak belajar bahasa Indonesia.

Meneruskan (1, 0, 1)

Continue

Teman saya meneruskan pelajaran Bahasa.

Menerjemahkan (0, 2, 0)

Translate

Untuk p.r, saya harus menerjemahkan koran.

Menonjolkan (0, 1, 0 )

Accentuate

Kim Kardashian menonjolkan tulang pipinya.

Menekankan (0, 1, 0)

Emphasise

Kecelakaan mobil menekankan kepentingan sabuk pengaman.

Menentukan (0, 0, 1)

Determine/Decide

Penonton menentukan pemenang X-Factor

Menampilkan (0, 1, 0)

Feature

NGV menampilkan lukisan dari seluruh dunia.

Menjanjikan (1, 0, 0)

Pledge/Promise

Perdana menteri menjanjikan bantuan.

Menayangkan (0, 0, 1)

Broadcast

Wartawan menayangkan laporan dari Bali.

Menemukan (0, 1, 1)

Meet

Saya menemukan Lleyton Hewitt di AusOpen.

Menawarkan (1, 0, 1)

Offer

Tukang catut menawarkan karcis mahal

Menempatkan (1, 0, 0)

Put/Place

Saya menempatkan cangkir di atas meja.

Menugaskan (0, 1, 0)

Assign

Kepala sekolah menugaskan peran untuk saya.

Menandakan (0, 1, 0)

Signify

Hari Natal menandakan kelahiran yesus.

Mencerminkan (0, 0, 1)

Reflect

Facebook tidak mencerminkan realitas


6

Causative Mem-kan for base words starting with: B, F, V, (P) Memerlukan (3, 3, 3)

Need

Perancis memerlukan bantuan Australia.

Memberikan (1, 2, 1)

Give

Perusahan memberikan bola gratis.

Membandingkan (0, 3, 1)

Compare

Membuktikan (0, 2, 1)

Prove

Membebaskan (0, 2, 0)

Free

Membicarakan (0, 0, 2)

Discuss

Mempromosikan (0, 1, 1)

Promote

Samsung mempromosikan Gallaxy6.

Memastikan (1, 0, 1)

Ensure

Sopir saya selalu memastikan kenyamanan saya.

Membutuhkan (1, 0, 0)

Require/Need

Keberhasilan membutuhkan kerjasama

Memfokuskan (0, 0, 1)

Focus

Regu saya memfokuskan sukses!

Memamerkan (0, 1, 0)

Showcase

Mementingkan (0, 1, 0)

Consider important

Ramayana Ballet memamerkan budaya dan tarian Indonesia. Pemerintah Australia mementingkan pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di sekolah.

Mematikan (0, 1, 0)

Shut off/turn off

Tamu harus mematikan lampu sebelum berangkat dari hotel.

Membersihkan (0, 1, 0)

Clean

Ibu membersihkan meja.

Membiasakan (0, 1, 0)

Accustom

Kamu harus membiasakan diri dengan cuaca kalau berkunjung ke Indonesia.

Membahasa-Indonesiakan

Indonesianise

Penutur asli sering membahasaindonesiakan kata dari Bahasa inggris.

Membedakan

Differentiate

Kalau di ubud, kamu harus membedakan monyet ramah dan monyet nakal!

Membalaskan

Avenge

Pria itu ingin membalaskan pembunuhan temannya.


Saya mau membandingkan Universitas Deakin dan Monash. Nilai tes kamu tidak membuktikan kepintaran kamu. Pemerintah membebaskan perdagangan antara Australia dan Cina. Kadang-kadang, kami membicarakan tata Bahasa.

7

Causative Meng-kan for base words starting with: A, E, I, O, U, G, H (K) Mengadakan (8, 4, 2)

Hold/Conduct

Saya mengadakan pesta di rumah saya.

Menggunakan (0, 9, 2)

Use

Siswa boleh menggunakan kamus di ujian.

Mengenakan (0, 4, 0)

Wearing

Pada hari Jumat, pekerja mengenakan Batik.

Menganjurkan (0, 3, 0)

Recommend

Teman saya menganjurkan buku bagus!

Mengerjakan (3, 0, 0)

Do/undertake

Murid harus mengerjakan p.r sebelum kelas.

Menggambarkan (0, 0, 2)

Describe

Temanku menggambarkan keindahan gunung

Menghancurkan (2, 0, 0)

Destroy

Banjir menghancurkan 200 rumah

Mengutamakan (0, 1, 1)

Prioritise

Pemerintah mengutamakan persatuan.

Menghasilkan (0, 2, 0)

Produce

Perusahan menghasilkan 2000 kemeja sehari.

Mengharapkan (0, 0, 1)

Hope

Bapak mengharapkan sukses anaknya.

Menghilangkan (0, 0, 1)

Get rid of/Omit

Saya belum menghilangkan bau dari mobil saya.

Menggabungkan (0, 1, 0)

Combine

Fitzroy Lions menggabungkan Brisbane Bears.

Mengeluarkan (0, 0, 1)

Take out

Mengabadikan (0, 1, 0)

Immortolise

Adik saya mengeluarkan sampah. Rezim Soekarno, mengabadikan dia sebagai pahlawan Indonesia.

Mengendalikan (0, 1, 0)

Control/Manage

DFAT mengendalikan perdagangan dari luar.

Mengawinkan (0, 1, 0)

Marry

Ibu saya mengawinkan bapak pada tahun 1990.

Mengemukakan (0, 1, 0)

Put Forward

Anggota klub mengemukakan banyak ide baru

Mengusulkan (0, 1, 0)

Propose

Teman saya mengusulkan perjalanan ke Surabaya.

Mengundangkan (0, 1, 0)

Legislate

Pemerintah mengundangkan program baru.

Mengatakan (0, 1, 0)

Say

Guru mengatakan Tony Abbott pemimpin terburuk di seluruh dunia!

Menghabiskan (1, 0, 0)

Spend

Saya suka menghabiskan waktu di taman.

Mengizinkan (0, 0, 1)

Allow

Sekolah saya tidak mengizinkan Hari Muck Up.

Menghapuskan

Delete

Aduh! Bapak menghapuskan file komputer saya!

Mengumpulkan

Collect

Anak mengumpulkan bunga-bunga dari kebun.

Menggantikan

Replace

Ibu Yanti menggantikan Pak Sukono.


8

Causative Meny-kan for base words starting with: (S) Menyediakan (2, 5, 1)

Provide

Ibu menyediakan makan malam untuk keluarganya.

Menyalurkan (1, 2, 0)

Channelled

Kamu harus menyalurkan upayamu terhadap pelajaran bahasa Indonesia!

Menyesuaikan (2, 0, 1)

Adjust/Adapt

Saya harus menyesuaikan diri di rumah baru.

Menyelesaikan (2, 0, 0)

Finish

Saya menyelesaikan ujian pertama saya!

Menyebabkan (0, 2, 0)

Cause

Hujan keras dapat menyebabkan banjir.

Menyembuhkan (1, 0, 1)

Cure/Heal

Jamu bisa menyembuhkan kesakitan apa saja.

Menyebutkan (0, 0, 2)

Mention

Agus menyebutkan guru dia dalam pidatonya.

Menyelamatkan (0, 1, 0)

Save

Kami harus menyelamatkan orangutan yang terancam punah.

Menyerahkan (1, 0, 0)

Submit/Hand in

Teman saya jarang menyerahkan p.r dia.

Menyempurnakan (0, 1, 0)

Perfect

Saya ingin menyempurnakan tata Bahasa saya sebelum ujian VCE.

Menyarankan (0, 0, 1)

Suggest

Penjual menyarankan bebek goreng pilihan terbaik dan paling enak.

Menyiapkan (0, 1, 0)

Prepare

Bapak menyiapkan makan siang.

Menyebarkan (0, 1, 0)

Spread

Nyamuk menyebarkan Malaria.

Menyiarkan (0, 3, 0)

Broadcast

RRI menyiarkan berita setiap hari.

Menyelenggarakan (0, 1, 0)

Organise

Saya menyelnggarakan pesta.

Menyampaikan (0, 1, 0)

Convey/Deliver

Julie Bishop menyampaikan pesan penting kepada anggota UN.

Menyejukkan (0, 1, 0)

Cool/Soothe

Aloe Vera menyejukkan terbakar sinar matahari saya.

Menyimpulkan

Conclude

Perdana Menteri menyimpulkan pidato dengan cerita mengenai orangtuanya.


9

Me-Kan – Adjectives • • •

•

Me-kan “adjectives” are still technically verbs, however they function and translate more closely to English adjectives. Me-kan adjectives come from causative me-kan verbs, and literally mean to cause the state of the base word. Although all me-kan verbs should be proceeded by objects, me-kan adjectives do not need objects, as it is generally implied by the context. Eg. “buku itu sangat mengejutkan, it’s clear that the person surprised by the book was me! There is no need to say “buku itu mengejutkan saya.” The meaning does change slightly from the base-word adjective to the me-kan adjective. Eg. Saya bosan = I am bored, but “Saya membosankan = I am boring.

Kata Dasar

Meaning

Me-kan

Meaning

Senang

Happy

Menyenangkan (0, 3, 0)

Enjoyable (literally, to cause happiness)

Heran

Amazed/Suprised

Mengherankan (0, 2, 0)

Amazing/Surprising

Kecewa

Disappointed

Mengecewakan (1, 0, 0)

Disappointing

Pesona

Dazzled

Mempesonakan (0, 1, 0)

Dazzling

Kagum

Amazed

Mengagumkan (1, 0, 0)

Amazing

Bangga

Proud

Membanggakan (1, 0, 0)

(makes) proud

Sedih

Sad

Menyedihkan

Bingung

Confused

Membingungkan

Bosan

Bored

Membosankan

Boring

Kejut

Shock

Mengejutkan

Shocking

Gembira

Excited

Menggembirakan

Exciting

Haru

Moved/Touched

Mengharukan

Moving/Touching

Kesan

Impression

Mengesankan

Impressive

Lelah

Tired

Melelahkan

Tiring

Jijik

Disgusted

Menjijikkan

Disgusting

Jengkel

Annoyed

Menjengkelkan

Annoying

Curiga

Suspicious

Mencurigakan

Suspicious (literally, to make suspicious/cause suspicion)


10

Saddening (literally, to cause sadness Confusing (to cause confusion)

Indonesian Affix Me-i – Verbs •

Me-i verbs are similar, but distinct from me-kan verbs. The main similarity is that they are transitive, that is, they must be proceeded by an object.

•

There are several functions of Me-i, the most common being a locative function. Locative is a broad term used to indicate the verb/action is being directed towards somewhere or something (the object.)

•

In many cases of the locative function, the suffix –i often replace words like ke, dari and di, kepada, tentang, untuk etc. that are present in simple or different forms of the verb. For example: o Saya masuk ke rumah becomes Saya memasuki rumah o Saya kunjung ke Indonesia, becomes saya mengujungi Indonesia. o Agus berwawancara dengan Nyoman becomes Agus mewawancarai Nyoman.

•

Another function is to indicate intensity – either that the action is being carried out by many people, or it is being done repeatedly. Examples include memukuli and menciumi. This can negate the need to say “banyak kali” or “secara keras.”

•

When added to nouns, the me-i affix usually just means “to apply” whatever the base word is (to an object.) Eg. Mengobati is literally to apply medicine, or to medicate, menghormati is to apply or to give respect.

•

Me-i can also mean “to act as” in some cases, notably membintangi and mengepalai.

•

There are many forms of the me-i prefix, not all of which are easy to categorise. Many in the following list are categorised (perhaps a little vaguely) as locative when the true function is slightly different. The most important take-away is that these verbs are transitive, that is, they must be followed by an object, and not a preposition, eg. “ke”


11

Me-i for base words starting with: L, M, N, R, W, Y Menikmati (3, 5, 1) Melalui (1, 1, 0) Memasuki (1, 0, 1)

Enjoy

locative

Penggemar menikmati konser Taylor Swift.

Through

locative

Saya naik tram melalui kota.

Enter

locative

Saya memasuki kamar.

Mewakili (1, 0, 0)

Represent

to act as

Cathy Freeman mewakili Australia.

Preserve

locative

Australia harus melindungi lingkungan

Interview

locative

Wartawan mewawancarai politikus

Traverse/Cross

locative

Saya melintasi Jalan Flinders

Cover

locative

Program meliputi bahasa dan budaya.

Service

locative

Restoran melayani pelanggan.

Redden

locative

Wanita itu memerahi bibirnya.

Melindungi (0, 0, 1) Mewawancarai (1, 0, 0) Melintasi (0, 1, 0) Meliputi (0, 1, 0) Melayani Memerahi

Men-i for base words starting with: C, D, J, (T) Menangani (2, 0, 0) Mendasari (0, 1, 0)

Handle

locative

Polisi menangani situasi kekerasan.

Underly

locative

Agama Islam mendasari hukum Aceh.

Menanggapi

Respond

locative

Saya harus menanggapi kritik ini.

Menduduki

Sit/Occupy

locative

Bapak menduduki kursi hijau.

Menembaki

Shoot

locative or intensity

Katniss menambaki musuhnya.

Menciumi

Kiss

intensity/repetition

Ibu menciumi bayinya.

Menandatangani

Sign

to apply/give

Saya harus menandatangani surat ini.

Mendatangi

Approach

locative

Kerata api mendatangi stasiun

Mencintai

Love

locative or intensity

Ibu sangat mencintai putri.


12

Meng-i for base words starting with: A, E, I, O, U, G, H (K) Mengikuti (3, 0, 3) Menghadiri (1, 2, 3) Menunjungi (2, 1, 2) Mengurangi (1, 3, 0) Mengatasi (0, 2, 2) Menghadapi (0, 0, 3) Mengetahui (0, 2, 1) Menghidupi (0, 1, 1) Menghargai (1, 1, 0) Mengagumi (0, 0, 1) Menghindari (0, 0, 1) Menguasai (0, 1, 0) Mengadili (1, 0, 0)

Follow

locative

Saya mengikuti mobil bapak.

Attend

locative

Saya sering menghadiri sekolah.

Visit

locative

Banyak wisatawan Australi mengunjungi Bali pada liburan sekolah.

Lessen

to apply/give

Pemerintah mengurangi harga bensin.

Overcome

locative

Kamu harus mengatasi tantangan!

Face

locative

Know/Find Out

locative

Support

to apply/give

Value/Appreciate

to apply/give

Admire

locative

Warga Solo mengagumi Jokowi

Avoid

locative

Saya menghindari film kekerasan.

Dominate

locative

Michael Jordan menguasai bolabasket.

Judge

to apply/give

Hakim mengadili Ned Kelly.

Mengairi

Water

to apply/give

Petani mengairi tanaman

Mengalami

Experience

locative

Mengepalai

Head

to act as

Mengobati

Medicate

to apply/give

Doktor mengobati pasien.

Menghormati

Respect

to apply/give

Siswa-Siswi harus menghormati gurunya


13

Politikus menghadapi pencemooh dari bidang media setiap hari. Saya ingin mengetahui informasi mengenai tempat pariwisata. Tanpa nafkah, saya tidak bisa menghidupi keluarga saya. Mahasiswa harus menghargai kesempatan mereka!

Saya belum pernah mengalami letusan gunung api! Malcolm Turnbull mengepalai pemerintah Australia

Mem-i for base words starting with: B, F, V, (P) Mempunyai (1, 9, 2) Memiliki (2, 7, 1) Mempengaruhi (0, 1, 4) Memenuhi (0, 3, 0) Mempelajari (0, 1, 0) Mematuhi (0, 1, 0)

Have

locative

Teman saya mempunyai jetski baru.

Own

locative

Orang tuaku memiliki dua rumah!

Influence

locative

Televisi dapat mempengaruhi remaja.

Fulfil/Meet

locative

Study

locative

Obey

locative

Memanasi

Heat

locative

Ibu memanasi nasinya.

Memukuli

Punch

Intensity/repetition

Orang-Orang memukuli preman.

Membintangi

Star

to act as

Membanjiri

Flood

Intensity/repetition

Memahami

Understand

locative

Saya tidak memahami maksud kamu.

Membatasi

Restrict

locative

Pemerintah membatasi ekspor sapi

Mudah-mudahan saya memenuhi kriteria untuk pekerjaan ini. Di Sulawesi saya mempelajari budaya Makassar. Kalau di rumah saya, kamu harus mematuhi aturan saya.

Morgan Freeman membintangi film The Bucket List. Pencari Suaka menbanjiri Pulau Krismis

Meny-i for base words starting with: (S) Menyukai (0, 2, 0)

Like

locative

Teman saya menyukai musik rap.

Menyutradarai

Direct

to act as

Ridley Scott menyutradarai The Martian.

Menyelidiki

Investigate

locative

Polisi menyelidiki pembunuhan anak.

Menyetujui

Agree

locative

Saya menyetujui pendapat kamu.

Menyoroti

Highlight

locative

Buku menyoroti ketidakmanusiawian dari perang dunia dua.


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Difference between Me-Kan & Me-i •

This is probably one of the hardest grammar points for English speakers to learn, so don’t stress if it doesn’t make sense straight away! Generally, it is easier to learn lots of the words individually before worrying excessively about the intricacies of the grammar behind it.

•

There are several examples of words where both me-kan and me-i can be applied, resulting in similar but slightly different meanings. It is important to remember the grammar above, and apply it accordingly. Generally, me-kan verbs are causative, and me-i verbs are locative. Here are some examples:

Menembekkan vs Menembaki In English the phrase “I shoot balls” could mean I shoot at balls, or I shoot with balls. English speakers don’t differentiate linguistically between these, using the word “shoot” for both. In Indonesian we can differentiate these two meanings. •

Menembakkan is literally to cause something to be shot, i.e to shoot with something

•

Menembaki is to shoot at (as in locative function) something.

•

Eg. Saya menembakkan panah – I shoot (with) arrows (I cause the arrow to be shot)

•

Eg. Saya menembaki bebek – I shoot (at) ducks

•

If you said saya menembakkan bebek – you’d be saying you shoot (using) ducks! Awas!

Mendudukkan vs Menduduki Again, this example shows the difference between a causative me-kan and a locative me-i. •

Mendudukkan is literally to sit someone down or to cause/make them sit down

•

Menduduki is to sit somewhere (or occupy)

•

Eg. Saya mendudukkan anak saya di kursi – I sat my child in the chair

•

Eg. Anak saya menduduki kursi – My child sat on the chair.

Memasukkan vs Memasuki •

Memasukkan – to bring something inside (cause it to enter)

•

Memasuki – to enter (a location)

•

Eg. Saya memasukkan cucian dari luar – I brought the laundry in from outside

•

Eg. Saya memasuki rumah – I entered the house.


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Memanaskan vs Memanasi Both these words translate as “to heat up (something)” however the meanings do differ slightly. Whilst in both examples below the milk is being heated up, only in the me-kan construction is something actually causing the milk to become heated. •

Memanaskan – To cause something to become heated

•

Memanasi – To heat something up

•

Eg. Ibu memanaskan susu – Mum heated the milk up (using something, eg. A stove/microwave. I.e it is not literally mum who is heating the milk)

•

Eg. Ibu memanasi susu – Mum heated the milk up (we don’t care how/what caused it to be heated, we just know it was heated up.

Meninggalkan vs Meninggali Sometimes the meanings between the two alternative forms are very similar (as above with base word panas) whilst other times the meanings are quite different and easy to differentiate. •

Meninggalkan – to leave

•

Meninggali – to live (somewhere)

•

Eg. Keluarga meninggalkan rumah tuanya – My family left the old house

•

Eg. Keluarga meninggali Melbourne – My family lives in Melbourne. Note this structure uses the me-i construction in place of the simple verb + preposition construction, i.e “tinggal di”

Memerahkan vs Memerahi Both terms mean to make red/to redden, however only the me-kan construction places importance on exactly what is making/causing the object to become red. In the second example, the woman might be reddening her lips, but it is not actually her causing her lips to be red – it is probably some lipstick! •

Memerahkan – to cause/make something red

•

Memerahi – to redden

•

Eg. Api memerahkan langitnya – fire made (caused) the sky (to become) red.

•

Eg. Wanita itu memerahi bibirnya – the woman reddened her lips.


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Panduan Lengkap Untuk Imbuhan Me-Kan dan Me-i A complete guide to the Indonesian affixes me-kan and me-i. Includes over 200 examples

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