Oktober 2011

Jurnal Prakarsa Infrastruktur Indonesia

PRAKARSA Edisi 8 / Oktober 2011

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Poin-poin Utama Kecelakaan di jalan raya adalah penyebab signifikan dari kematian dan lukaluka baik secara internasional maupun di Indonesia. PBB telah menyatakan tahun 2011–2020 sebagai Dekade untuk Aksi Keselamatan Jalan Raya, dan Indonesia telah menanggapinya dengan menyusun Rencana Tindak. Apa cara terbaik untuk melaksanakan rencana ini? Ingin rasanya langsung menerapkan langkah-langkah yang telah terbukti efektif di negara lain. Namun program keselamatan jalan raya yang efektif mensyaratkan tiga langkah yang saling terkait: Kedua langkah pertama, menjamin kapasitas kelembagaan dan memastikan para pemangku kepentingan menyepakati hasil yang diinginkan. Ini akan sangat membantu untuk menjamin keberhasilan langkah ketiga, yaitu menerapkan langkah-langkah tertentu yang telah diketahui keberhasilannya. Target dapat ditentukan dengan menanyakan berapa besar jumlah kematian dan cedera serius yang ingin dikurangi selama periode waktu tertentu. Target ini harus mencakup beberapa “perluasan” untuk menciptakan insentif bagi upaya yang lebih besar. Lembaga yang efektif harus ada bersama dengan sistem pengambilan keputusan dari “pemerintah secara keseluruhan”. Jika organisasi dan tingkat pemerintahan yang berbeda gagal dalam berkoordinasi, maka kemungkinan besar mereka akan gagal pula untuk mencapai target keselamatan jalan raya. Peran dan tanggung jawab yang jelas dari lembagalembaga, koordinasi tindakan yang kuat, dan pengambilan keputusan yang efektif sangat penting. Pengelola harus mampu untuk mendapatkan pendanaan yang memadai, mendorong perubahan legislatif dan sistem data dalam pemerintahan, memperkuat advokasi di dalam maupun di luar pemerintahan, melaksanakan pemantauan dan evaluasi kinerja, mendorong penelitian dan pengembangan yang efektif, serta mengembangkan pola alih pengetahuan untuk membina peningkatan keahlian dalam lembaga-lembaga tersebut seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Membangun kapasitas ini merupakan persoalan yang mendesak di Indonesia, di mana tanggung jawab untuk keselamatan jalan raya terpencar. Salah satu cara untuk mengembangkan kinerja yang sukses adalah melalui perencanaan dan peluncuran proyek serta program percontohan yang bersasaran dan merupakan kerjasama antarlembaga.

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The Prakarsa Editorial Team Carol Walker, Managing Editor, [email protected] Eleonora Bergita, Communications Consultant, [email protected] Pooja Punjabi, Communications Consultant, [email protected] David Ray, IndII Facility Director, [email protected] Mark Collins, Deputy Facility Director, [email protected] Jim Coucouvinis, Technical Director – Water and Sanitation, [email protected] David Shelley, Technical Director – Transport, [email protected] Lynton Ulrich, Technical Director – Policy & Regulation, [email protected]

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Poin-poin Utama Menurut Korps Polisi Lalu Lintas (Polantas), lebih dari 31.000 korban meninggal di jalan-jalan di Indonesia pada tahun 2010, dan jumlah ini semakin meningkat, membawa dampak serius bagi perekonomian negara. Wakil Presiden Boediono menyatakan komitmen Indonesia terhadap Dekade untuk Aksi Keselamatan Jalan dari PBB di Indonesia dengan meluncurkan Rencana Umum Nasional untuk Keselamatan Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Darat, yang bertujuan mengurangi jumlah korban jiwa akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia sebesar 50 persen pada tahun 2020. Kepolisian Republik Indonesia (Polri) merupakan pemangku kepentingan utama dalam upaya ini dan memiliki komitmen kuat terhadap peningkatan keselamatan lalu lintas. Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk meramal jumlah korban jiwa akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia adalah dengan menggunakan “Smeed’s Law” (Hukum Smeed), berupa persamaan yang menggunakan jumlah kendaraan bermotor dan jumlah penduduk untuk memperkirakan jumlah korban jiwa, Dengan menggunakan penyempurnaan hukum tersebut yang dikembangkan oleh Jacobs dan Cutting pada tahun 1986 untuk diaplikasikan pada negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah, Indonesia diperkirakan akan mengalami 37.493 korban jiwa setiap tahun pada tahun 2020 apabila tidak dilakukan langkah-langkah pencegahan. Jika Dekade Aksi ini berhasil, angka tersebut akan berkurang separuhnya, dengan pengurangan secara kumulatif dalam jumlah korban sebesar hampir 87.000 jiwa. Polri memiliki program aksi lima tahun dengan prioritas yang mencakup kemitraan pemangku kepentingan; peningkatan investigasi dan pencatatan data kecelakaan lalu lintas; penegakan hukum di aneka bidang termasuk pembatasan muatan kendaraan, penerbitan Surat Izin Mengemudi (SIM), dan pelanggaran kecepatan. Kemungkinan besar program tersebut akan berhasil jika mereka menggunakan tujuan yang dapat diukur; jika semua pemangku kepentingan bertekad dan memainkan peran aktif dalam pelaksanaannya; dan apabila tujuan tersebut ditinjau ulang secara berkala untuk mengevaluasi keberhasilan program tersebut dan melakukan perubahan sebagaimana diperlukan untuk mengantisipasi tren baru.

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Hasil:

Reformasi Keuangan Menuju Sambungan Air Minum Baru Upacara penandatanganan telah direncanakan pada tanggal 11 Oktober 2011 untuk menandai keberhasilan upaya Prakarsa Infrastruktur Indonesia (IndII) yang didanai oleh AusAID dalam mendukung PDAM di Lombok Timur. Perjanjian antara PDAM Lombok Timur dan Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya ini akan membuka jalan bagi PDAM untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) no. 29/2009. Perpres no. 29 memberi insentif kepada PDAM untuk menyusun dan melaksanakan rencana investasi untuk meningkatkan jumlah sambungan rumah tangga baru. Berdasarkan peraturan ini, Pemerintah Indonesia mensubsidi suku bunga pinjaman bank sampai dengan 5 persen, sehingga memudahkan PDAM yang telah memenuhi standar yang ditentukan Perpres no. 29 untuk memperoleh pinjaman. IndII telah menyediakan dukungan teknis kepada 20 PDAM untuk membantu mereka memenuhi persyaratan Perpres no. 29 dan menyelesaikan reformasi keuangan yang diperlukan (lihat “Siap Untuk Reformasi: Menuju PDAM yang Kuat Secara Finansial” oleh Ahmad Lanti dalam Prakarsa edisi Oktober 2010). Di Lombok Timur hal ini mencakup dukungan kepada PDAM dalam pembuatan rancangan teknis dan AMDAL, menyelenggarakan Survei Kebutuhan Nyata, menganalisis rencana investasi serta menentukan tarif pemulihan biaya penuh, dan menyusun rencana usaha yang menguntungkan. PDAM Lombok Timur saat ini sedang melaksanakan rencana usaha yang memenuhi persyaratan Perpres no. 29 dan mencakup pinjaman bank sebesar Rp 11 milyar. PDAM ini sedang melaksanakan pembangunan satu unit produksi air berikut fasilitas pendukungnya, dan telah menetapkan target untuk menurunkan tingkat kebocoran air (air yang hilang akibat kebocoran pipa dan sambungan yang tidak terdaftar). Sebanyak 22.000 sambungan baru diharapkan akan melayani 100.000 penduduk pada tahun 2014.

Prakarsa Edisi Mendatang: Transportasi Udara 9(1+# 1/)0(.# +5(8(# 5/# !)56)%./(# 5/-%8?/8(?()# (?()# &%)/)*?(0# .%:(8(# .+'.0()./(1# 5/# 0(C+)S0(C+)# 4()*# (?()# 5(0()*J# 3%):()(#!)5+?#$()(<%&%)#9(1+#9/)0(.#e5(8(#N@;$H#D'#(I#$EE',(Q$0$&%1%0"P#4()*#0%8.+.+)#'%1+
(&(#/)/#'%8+-(4(# +)0+?#&%)()**+1()*/#?%0%8'(0(.()#./.0%()*#5/-(?(/#.((0#/)/H#4()*#&%):(?+-#-%&'(*/()#.%?068(1#5()#.08+?0+8#8+0%# -%)%8'()*()#4()*#?(?+H#&()(<%&%)#(8+.#1(1+#1/)0(.#+5(8(#4()*#0/5(?#'%8(0+8()H#5()#?(-(./0(.#-%)*%)5(1/()#1(1+#1/)0(.# +5(8(# 4()*# 0%1(C# 0%8-(?(/# .%1+8+C)4(# 5()# 0/5(?# 5(-(0# .%*%8(# 5/-%81+(.J# e)0+?# &%)*(?6&65(./# -%80+&'+C()H# 5/-%81+?()# /)I%.0(./# '%8.?(1(# '%.(8# 5()# 0/)5(?()# 4()*# (&'/./+.J# 7(5(# .((0# 4()*# .(&(H# .%8()*?(/()# 8%B68&(./# 5(1(&# /)5+.08/#-%)%8'()*()H#'(/?#'(*/#-%)+&-()*#&(+-+)#?(8*6H#.%5()*#5/8%):()(?()#.%.+(/#5%)*()#?%0%)0+()#?%'/<(?()# =[-%)#"?4A#5(8/#@"D@`J#7%8<()
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