01 Modul ke:
Fakultas
PSIKOLOGI Program Studi
Nursakinah Oktaviana Sasmita, S.Psi , M.Si
• A specialized pattern of verbal interaction initiated for a specific purpose, and focus on some specific content area, with consequent elimination of external material. (Kahn & Cannel, 1957) • An interview is a conversation directed to a definite purpose other than the satisfaction in the conversation itself. (Bingham & Moore, 1959) • An interview is a conversation with a purpose or goal. (Matarazzo, 1965)
• An interview is a conversational encounter between two individuals encompassing both verbal and nonverbal interactions. (Pope, 1979) • An interview is an interactional communication process between two parties, at least one of whom has a predetermined and serious purpose, and usually involves the asking and answering of questions. (Stewart & Cash, 2006)
Slide 4
The Essential Elements of Interviews
• The Five Elements of Interviews Interactional An interview is interactional because there is an exchanging, or sharing, of roles, responsibilities, feelings, beliefs, motives, and information.
Continued…
Slide 5
The Essential Elements of Interviews • Interactional •Roles may switch from moment to moment.
•It takes two to make an interview a success.
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The Essential Elements of Interviews • Interactional •Roles may switch from moment to moment.
•It takes two to make an interview a success. •Disclosure is essential in interviews. •All interviews involve risk.
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The Essential Elements of Interviews • Process •An interview is a complex,dynamic, ever-changing process.
•No interview occurs in a vacuum. •Once initiated, the interview is an ongoing process.
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The Essential Elements of Interviews • Parties • A dyadic process involves two parties.
• If more than two parties are involved, a small group interaction may be occurring, but not an interview.
Slide 9
The Essential Elements of Interviews • Purpose • at least one of the parties comes to an interview with a goal
•All interviews have a degree of structure. • distinguishes the interview from social conversation
Pentingnya Perumusan Tujuan • Untuk mengendalikan alur wawancara dan mengontrol proses wawancara. • Sumber-sumber untuk menetapkan tujuan wawancara: – Wawasan/pengetahuan diri sendiri/orang lain. – Pengalaman dan latihan khusus yang pernah diperoleh sehingga memunculkan suatu insight. – Literatur. – Dugaan/hipotesis.
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The Essential Elements of Interviews • Questions • All interviews involve questions and answers.
• Questions play multiple roles in interviews.
Fungsi Wawancara • Fact Finding: usaha mengumpulkan data untuk menemukan pokok masalah. • Informing: untuk memberikan petunjuk kepada subyek. • Motivating: usaha untuk mempengaruhi perasaan/tingkah laku subyek dalam tujuan tertentu.
Responsibilities • Tanggung jawab iter: – Mengontrol dan fokus – Mendengarkan aktif – Memberikan pertanyaan kedua untuk probe info penting
• Tanggung jawab itee: – Berikan penjelasan detail dan akurat – Mengkoreksi jika ada kesalahan
Kapan wawancara digunakan? Tergantung situasi, ketersediaan waktu, tujuan, ketersediaan i-e, masalah. 1. Utk mengklarifikasi jawaban dari kuesioner seperti usia, ras, tingkat pendidikan, gaji, dll 2. Untuk mengontrol waktu, kehadiran org lain, situasi --> utk segera mengetahui info setelah suatu kejadian 3. Untuk memotivasi orang untuk mengambil bagian, merespon secara bebas, terbuka. --> orang akan lbh percaya saat bisa mengobservasi dan melihat atau mdengar scr lgsg --> cth: utk penggalangan dana kpd alumni sekolah 4. Saat membutuhkan informasi dr setiap i-e. --> cth: guru BK wwcr setiap siswa kls 6 menjelang UAN
5. Saat membutuhkan jawaban detail dan panjang --> dibutuhkan adanya probing 6. Saat ingin mencaritahu latar belakang sso, tindakan, pengalaman yg menyebabkan kepercayaan, sikap dan pengalaman emosional --> org lebih membuka diri saat wwcr drpd saat mengisi kuesioner 7. Saat ingin menjelaskan, klarifikasi jawaban ataupun pertanyaan -->terkadang dalam kuesioner pertanyaan maupun jawaban sulit dipahami atau diinterpretasikan berbeda 8. Saat dirasakan penting utk mengobservasi penampilan, sikap, cara berpakaian dan komunikasi nonverbal dari i-e 9. Utk tambahan atau follow up kuesioner, formulir pendaftaran, dan respon tertulis lainnya.
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Electronic Interviews • The Telephone • The telephone interview is convenient and inexpensive.
• Save time • A major drawback with telephone interviews is the lack of “presence” of parties.
Electronic Interviews Videoconferencing • Eight of Ten Companies Use Them for Recruiting Interviews • Visual Cues Are Limited to Upper-Body Ones • Videoconference Interviews Provide Less Nonverbal Information • Interviewees Do Not Prefer Videoconference Interviews
Slide 18
Electronic Interviews • The Internet • The internet lacks the nonverbal cues critical in interviews.
• face-to-face ear-to-ear finger-to-finger • However, if both parties use the internet to interact in real time, it meets the definition of an interview.
Slide 19
Summary •Interviewing is an interactional communication between two parties, at least one of whom has a predetermined and serious purpose, that involves the asking and answering of questions. •We employ interviews to get and give information, to recruit, to assess performance, to persuade, to counsel, and receive help, and to provide quality healthcare.
