02 Modul ke:
Fakultas
PSIKOLOGI Program Studi
Jenis Wawancara Wawancara terpimpin, bebas, bebas terpimpin, diagnostic. wawancara, tradisional dan non tradisional Nursakinah Oktaviana Sasmita, S.Psi, M.Si
Interchanging Roles • Directive Approach – The interviewer establishes the purpose of the interview and attempts to control the pacing, climate, formality, and drift of the interview
• Nondirective Approach – Interviewee(s) have significant control over the subject matter, length of answers, climate and formality.
• Combination Approaches
Interpersonal Communcation
Parties
R
E
R
E
Perceptions • Perceptions of Self – Self-concept – Self-esteem
• Perceptions of the Other Party – Cultural Differences – Perceptions of the other party’s age, sex, race, etc. – Perceptions may (and perhaps should ) change as the interview progresses
Communication Interactions • Levels of Interaction – Level 1: relatively safe and nonthreatening (facts and figures about life) – Level 2: personal, controversial or threatening topics about beliefs, attitudes, values and positions. – Level 3: intimate and controversial areas of life— responses include full disclosure of feelings, beliefs, etc.
All slides based on Interviewing:
Communication Interactions • Sex, Culture and Interaction – Sex: women tend to disclose more than men and are allowed to express emotions more openly – Culture: cultures vary in how, when and to whom self-disclosure is appropriate – “Politeness Theory” holds that all persons want to be appreciated and protected
All slides based on Interviewing:
Communication Interactions • Verbal Interactions – Words are imperfect and often lead to miscommunication as much as they may communicate – I.E., Multiple Meanings, Ambiguities, Sound Alikes, Connotations, Jargon, Slang, Euphemisms, Naming/Labeling, Word Order, Power Words, Regional Differences, Gender and Global Differences
All slides based on Interviewing:
Communication Interactions • Nonverbal Interactions – Up to two-thirds of meaning is conveyed in nonverbal communications (facial expression, body posture, gestures, etc.)
All slides based on Interviewing:
Feedback • Feedback verifies what is being communicated and how well it is being communicated. • Communicated verbally and nonverbally
All slides based on Interviewing:
Listening Styles • Listening for Comprehension – Receiving, understanding and remembering the message as accurately and completely as possible to understand content
• Listening for Empathy – Communicating genuine concern, understanding and involvement with the person’s subjective frame of reference. to understand the other party
Listening Styles • Listening for Evaluation – “Critical Listening”: Judging what you hear and observe to judge content and actions
• Listening for Resolution – Dialogic Listening: focus on “ours” rather than “mine” or “yours”—appropriate for problemsolving interviews where the purpose is joint resolution All slides based on Interviewing:
The Interview Situation • Surroundings (atmosphere, climate, noise, presence of others/privacy) • Time (time of day, week, year) • Place (on whose “turf”) • Proximity and Seating (arrangement, comfort)
All slides based on Interviewing:
Outside Forces • Family, associates, friends, etc. may influence the progression of the interview • No one comes to the interview from a vacuum—we bring our lives with us.
All slides based on Interviewing:
Komunikasi • Proses penyampaian pesan/informasi dari seseorang kepada orang lain (2 orang atau lebih) • Menggunakan lambang-lambang tertentu. • Menimbulkan perubahan tingkah laku.
Komponen Komunikasi • Pengirim/komunikator (sender) • Penerima/komunikan (reciever) • Pesan/informasi (message) • Penyandian (encoding) • Pembalikan sandi (decoding) • Saluran/media (channel) • Pengumpanbalikan (feed back) • Gangguan (noise)
• • • • •
Latar belakang Harapan Pendidikan Konsep tentang situasi Sistem nilai
Hambatan dalam Komunikasi • Adanya pengaruh pengalaman masa lalu. • Adanya pengaruh pengertian makna atas lambang yang pernah diartikan. • Lebih menilai pada si komunikator daripada isi informasinya. • Perbedaan pengamatan. • Perbedaan kepentingan. • Adanya faktor-faktor perasaan yang mengganggu.
Kecemasan dalam Komunikasi • Takut dinilai; terutama segi-segi yang negatif. • Takut penyalahgunaan informasi. • Takut terungkapnya kenyataan mengenai dirinya. • Takut atau cemas bila pengalaman pahit di masa lalu dibicarakan.
Kecemasan dalam Komunikasi (contd...) Mengatasinya dengan: • Tunjukkan minat dan atensi yang sungguhsungguh tanpa ingin menyelidiki. • Tanggap dan penuh pengertian tanpa menilai. • Reseptif tanpa menuntut.
Terima Kasih Nursakinah Oktaviana Sasmita, S.Psi ,M.Si
