OCEAN ACIDIFICATION RESEARCH AND MONITORING Dr. Anna Kuswardani R&D Center for Marine and Coastal Resources
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ON MARINE AND FISHERIES SECTOR IN INDONESIA
INCREASE OF CO2 SEA LEVEL RISE SST INCREASE 1.MARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION 2. SINKING ISLANDS 3. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION 4. CHANGING ON CARBON CYCLE 5. CORAL BLEACHING
COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD 1. LOSS OF HOME FOR 42 MILLIONS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES IN 2050 2. LOSS OF INCOME RESOURCES 3. UNCERTAINTY IN FISHING ACTIVITIES DUE TO SEASONAL CHANGES 4. EMERGING DISEASES
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 1. CHANGES OF FISH MIGRATION PATTERN 2.INCREASE NUMBERS OF STRANDED FISH 3. INCREASE OF FISH DISEASES
Coral Bleaching (CB) & HAB In Indonesia Severe CB in Indonesia occurred in 1982/1983, 1997/1998, 2010, 2016
HAB i.e. in Jakarta Bay & Bali = very frequent
CB per April 2016 www.facebook.com/CoralBleachingIndonesia
CO2 SINK/SOURCE 1. In general, Indonesia playing a role as carbon source 3 .7 ± 2.2 mol m-2 / year, particularly in North West Monsoon (November – Februari) 2. The sink area of CO2 : Makassar strait, Banda sea and Madura strait 3. Java Sea is a major contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere
Ocean and Climate Impacts on Coral Bleaching Sea Surface Temperature
Warmer
Coral Bleaching
Sea Level Rise
Rain Fall Pattern changes
Sea Current Pattern changes
Ocean Acidification
Sediment rate
Saliniity decrease Fresh water intake
Changes on ocean circulation and temperature
pH decrease
Coral Disease
Turbidity decrease of light absorption
Lack of nutrient and larva distribution
Disturb coral growth
• Ocean acidification is a serious threat to Indonesia’s fisheries. • Many reefs and fish species are dying across the Indian Ocean due to rising sea temperature but the ocean acidification effect still not identified. • Research on ocean acidification in Indonesia are less and difficult.
InaCoBHAS – Indonesia Coral Bleaching and Harmful Algal Bloom Alert System
OA monitoring
NOAA Bleaching Alert validation for Indonesian reefs
Other local parameters : light, run-off, pollution status, geographical shapes, disturbance level (e.g. marine tourism)
Indonesia Coral reef monitoring networks
INA-GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System) 1. Coastal buoy array 2. vessel-based monitoring
Reef ‘Lifeform’ map
InaCOBHAS
Coupled atmosphereLand-ocean model to estimate seasonal SST by Bureau of Meteorology
Presidentil Decree - Annex (SDGs Indonesia - Goal 14) K/L GOAL/TARGET GLOBAL TARGET NASIONAL (RPJMN 2015-2019) PENANGGU NG JAWAB 14. Melakukan Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Laut, Samudera dan Maritim untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 14.1 Mencegah dan mengurangi semua Menurunnya beban pencemaran dan KLHK dan jenis pencemaran laut tingkat kerusakan kawasan pesisir dan KKP laut hingga tahun 2019 14.2 Mengelola dan melindungi ekosistem laut dan pesisir secara berkelanjutan
Goal 14 : Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.3 Meminimalisasi dan mengatasi dampak pengasaman laut
14.4 Mengatur pemanenan dan menghentikan penangkapan ikan berlebihan, ilegal dan merusak, serta memulihkan stok ikan secara layak biologisnya 14.5 Melakukan konservasi setidaknya 10 persen dari wilayah pesisir dan laut
14.6 Menghilangkan subsidi yang berkontribusi terhadap penangkapan ikan ilegal, tidak dilaporkan dan tidak diatur
Terkelolanya sumber daya ikan pada Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif di 7 Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) pada tahun 2019 (2015: 2 WPP) Menurunnya beban pencemaran dan tingkat kerusakan wilayah pesisir dan laut di 3 kawasan pada tahun 2019 (2015: 1 kawasan) Meningkatnya produksi perikanan tangkap menjadi 6.982.560 ton pada tahun 2019 (2015: 6.299.290 ton)
KKP
KLHK
KKP
Bertambahnya luasan kawasan KKP konservasi perairan seluas 20 juta ha sampai dengan tahun 2019 (2015: 17,3 juta Ha) Terkendalinya IUU fishing dan kegiatan di KKP laut yang merusak ditandai dengan kepatuhan sebanyak 87% pelaku usaha
National Budget 2017 Ocean Acidification Research 2017
2018 • Identify potential area of Ocean Acidification in Indonesia using Biogeochemical Model • Collecting pH and CO2 sample from potential area (West Sumatra and Bali)
2019 • Collecting pH and CO2 sample from potential area • Modeling the carbon cycle in the Indonesia sea to define potential location of ocean acidification • Identify impact of ocean acidification on carbon on coastal ecosystem and marine biota.
• Collecting pH and CO2 sample from potential area • Modeling the carbon cycle in the Indonesia sea to define potential location of ocean acidification • Identify impact of ocean acidification on carbon on coastal ecosystem and marine biota. • Develop policies related to ocean acidification to be incorporated into national document on climate change
Proposed pH and CO2 Sensor on mooring buoy • 5 RAMA buoy in Indian Ocean • 1 ITF buoy in Makassar strait Need further discussion
THANK YOU
