Science and Research Paradigms

Science and Research Paradigms Presented by :

M Anang Firmansyah

Research – Knowledge – Audience Form of Knowledge Audience

Reflexive

Instrumental

Instrumental

Autonomous

Commissioned

Autonomous

Basic Research Scientific Community

Basic critical

Basic contract

Basic professional

General Public

Public intellectual

Dedicated policy

Democratic policy

Participants

Public educator

Consultant

Participatory Researcher

Generalist practitioners

Democratic deliberation

Democratic contract

Democratic applied

Narrow practitioners

Dedicated deliberation

Dedicated contract

Dedicated applied

Applied Research

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Basic and Applied Research Compared Aspect

Basic Research

Applied Research

Primary audience

Scientific community (others researchers)

Practitioners, participants, or supervisors (non-researchers)

Evaluators

Researcher peers

Practitioners, supervisors

Autonomy of researcher Research rigor

High

Low-moderate

Very high

Varies, moderate

Highest priority

Verified truth

Relevance

Purpose

Create new knowledge

Resolve a pratical problems

Success indicated by

Publication and impact on knowledge/scientist

Direct application to address specific concern/problem 3

Science and Research Paradigms

Science

Metoda Ilmiah Prosedur yang ketat untuk menghasilkan penelitian yang berkualitas

Norma Komunitas Ilmiah Seperangkat norma dan nilai profesional yang diinternalisasi oleh peneliti. 4

Science 

Pengetahuan (body of knowledge) yang terklasifikasi dan tersistematisasi



Terorganisasi berdasar satu atau lebih teori sentral dan sejumlah prinsip umum



Biasanya diekspresi secara kuantitatif



Pengetahuan yang memungkinkan untuk memprediksi dan, dalam beberapa situasi, untuk mengendalikan kejadian di masa datang

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Validitas Penelitian  Validitas Internal  Pemahaman yang mendalam  Identifikasi kausalitas

 Validitas Eksternal  Generalisasi  Replikasi  Alamiah

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Metoda Ilmiah  

      

Penilaian terhadap pengetahuan yang relevan Pembentukan konsep dan spesifikasi pertanyaan penelitian/hipotesis Pengumpulan data Pengorganisasian dan analisis data dengan cara yang relevan Evaluasi dan pembelajaran dari temuan/hasil riset Penyebaran informasi riset Memberikan penjelasan Membuat prediksi Melakukan aktifitas pengendalian yang diperlukan

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The Hallmarks of Scientific Research  PURPOSIVENESS  The manager must start with a defined aim or purpose for the research. It means the scientific research must be purposive.  RIGOR  Rigor connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the degree of exactitude in research investigations.  TESTABILITY  Scientific research let itself to test logically developed hypotheses to see whether or not the data support the educated conjectures or hypotheses that are developed after a careful study of the problem situation.  REPLICABILITY  Our hypotheses would not have been supported merely by chance, but is reflective of the true state of affairs in the population.

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The Hallmarks of Scientific Research  PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE  Precision refers to how close the findings, based on a sample, are to “reality”  Confidence refers to the probability that our estimations are correct  OBJECTIVITY  The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective; that is, they should be based on the facts resulting from the findings from actual data.  GENERALIZABILITY  Generalizability refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to other settings.  PARSIMONY  Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems, is always preferred to complex research frameworks that consider an unmanageable number of factors. 9

Norma Komunitas Ilmiah 1. Universalism: Penelitian dinilai semata-mata atas dasar sumbangannya terhadap ilmu pengetahuan; tanpa melihat pihak yang melakukan penelitian dan tempat penelitian dilakukan 2. Organized Skepticism: Ilmuwan harus selalu bersikap kritis dan berhati-hati dalam menerima ide baru 3. Disinterestedness: Ilmuwan harus netral dan terbuka terhadap hal-hal baru.

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Norma Komunitas Ilmiah (lanjutan) 4. Communalism: Pengetahuan ilmiah harus disebarluaskan dan dimiliki bersama. Temuan ilmiah merupakan milik publik yang dapat digunakan oleh semua orang. Proses riset harus dipaparkan secara rinci 5. Honesty: Merupakan norma budaya yang utama bagi seorang peneliti dan ilmuwan. Ketidak jujuran merupakan tabu besar.

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