NYOMATÉKOSÍTÓK: VERY, TOO, ENOUGH VERY Alapfokú melléknevek előtt = nagyon … pl. Yesterday it was very hot. (Tegnap nagyon meleg volt.) She was walking very slowly and arrived late at school. (Nagyon lassan ment, és későn ért az iskolába.) Megjegyzés: Az ún. erős melléknevek előtt nem használható (l. alap és erős melléknevek!)
Felsőfokú melléknév előtt = legesleg … – ez az ún. túlzó fok pl. She was the very most beautiful girl I have ever seen. (Ő volt a legeslegszebb lány, akit valaha láttam.) It was the very biggest monument in the world. (Ez volt a világon a legeslegnagyobb szobor.) A ’SAME’ melléknév előtt = pontosan ugyanaz a … pl. He had the very same solution as Kate. (Pontosan ugyanaz a megoldása volt, mint Kate-nek.) Néhány időhatározó előtt = közvetlenül … pl. On the very next day I got a message from him. (Közvetlenül másnap kaptam tőle egy üzenetet.) NEM HASZNÁLHATÓ a következő esetekben: ► Igék előtt soha nem használható! (↔ magyar) Ha a magyarban az ige előtt szerepel a ’nagyon’ szó, az angolban az ige (és a tárgy) után áll a ’very much’ kifejezés. pl. I like this film very much. (Nagyon tetszik ez a film.) I like spinach very much. (Nagyon szeretem a spenótot.) ► Az ún. erős melléknevek előtt sem használható (az erős melléknevek az adott tulajdonságot már felnagyítva adják meg) Nem mondhatjuk tehát: * ’very beautiful (nagyon gyönyörű)’; ’very huge (nagyon hatalmas)’ stb.! (Viszont ha ezen melléknevek túlzó fokát (legesleg-) fejezzük ki, akkor igen – l. fenn!)
TOO Melléknevek, határozók, határozatlan számnevek előtt = túl, túlságosan … pl. It is too expensive for me. (Ez túl drága nekem.) We ate too much spinach. (Túl sok spenótot ettünk.) There are too many passengers in the car. (Túl sok utas van az autóban.) Viszonyító mellékmondatok előtt = túl … ahhoz, hogy… ► Ilyenkor a ’too + mellénév/határozó’ után a mellékmondat ’to + infinitive’-vel kapcsolódik. pl. He was too old to play rugby. (Túl idős volt ahhoz, hogy rögbizzen.) ► Ha azt is meg akarjuk nevezni, hogy kinek a számára „túl … valami”, ahhoz, hogy vmit megcsináljon, akkor ezt a részes határozót ’for’-ral kapcsoljuk. Ha nem kapcsoljuk a részeshatározót hozzá, akkor a megállapítás mindenkire vonatkozik. pl. The exercise was too difficult for me to solve. (Túl nehéz volt a feladat számomra, hogy megoldjam / Túl nehéz volt a feladat, hogy megoldjam.) (v.ö.: The exercise was too difficult to solve. = A feladat túl nehéz volt, hogy megoldjuk. – t.i., hogy BÁRKI is megoldja) Kifejezés: ’much too …’ ; ’far too …’= jóval …bb pl. It was far too expensive for me to buy. (Jóval drágább volt, hogy megvegyem.) NEM HASZNÁLHATÓ a következő esetben: ► Ez sem használható az ún. erős melléknevek előtt! Nem mondhatjuk tehát: * ’too beautiful (túl gyönyörű)’; ’too huge (túl hatalmas)’
ENOUGH Melléknevek, határozók után = elég, eléggé (= megfelelő mértékben valamihez) … Az ”enough” nem a melléknév/határozó előtt, hanem mögötte áll! (↔ magyar) pl. He is clever enough now. (Most már eléggé okos. = már megfelelő a tudása) Viszonyító mellékmondatok előtt = elég(gé) … ahhoz, hogy… ► a mellékmondat ilyenkor is ’to + infinitive’-vel kapcsolódik pl. He was clever enough to go to university. (Elég okos volt ahhoz, hogy egyetemre menjen.) They are playing well enough to win the match. (Elég jól játszanak ahhoz, hogy megnyerjék a meccset.)
► Ha azt is meg akarjuk nevezni, hogy kinek a számára „elég … valami”, ahhoz, hogy vmit megcsináljon, akkor ezt a részes határozót is ’for’-ral kapcsoljuk. Ha nem kapcsoljuk a részeshatározót hozzá, akkor a megállapítás mindenkire vonatkozik. pl. The game was easy enough for a child to understand. (A játék elég könnyű volt egy gyerek számára, hogy megértse. / A játék elég könnyű volt ahhoz, hogy egy gyerek megértse.) (v.ö.: The game was easy enough to understand. = A játék elég könnyű volt, hogy megértsük. – t.i. hogy MINDENKI / BÁRKI megértse.) Igék után = eleget, elég sokat, elég sokáig pl. I have waited enough. (Eleget vártam. = elég sokáig) I think you haven’t studied enough. (Szerintem nem tanultál eleget. = elég sokat) Főnév előtt = elég, elegendő (= megfelelő mennyiségű) ► Ilyenkor az ’enough’ a főnév előtt áll! pl. He has enough money to buy a new car. (Van elég pénze, hogy vegyen egy új autót.) Kifejezés: have enough of sg. / sy. = ’elege van vmiből / vkiből pl. I have enough of you! (Elegem van belőled!) She had enough of studying. (Elege volt a tanulásból.) Megjegyzés: A magyar ’elég’ szó másik jelentése Vigyázzunk arra, hogy a magyarban az ’elég, eléggé’ azt is jelentheti: ’meglehetősen’ (Azaz nem megfelelő mértékben, hanem annál jobban, túlságosan is.) Ilyenkor az angolban a ’quite’ szót kell használnunk! pl. It was quite expensive. (Elég drága volt.) They are quite tired. (Elég fáradtak.)
QUITE ► Jelentése: eléggé, meglehetősen ► Állhat egy melléknév előtt vagy egy melléknév + főnév előtt. pl. We should stay at home. It is quite cold. (Itthon kéne maradnunk. Elég hideg van. – azaz: meglehetősen hideg van) (v.ö. : enough jelentése: megfelelő mértékben! pl. We can go skiing. It is cold enough. = Mehetünk síelni. Elég hideg van (hozzá). – azaz: a megfelelő mértékben hideg van)
RATHER ► Jelentése: nagyon, túlságosan, meglehetősen ► Gyakorlatilag a ’quite’ jelentésével egyezik meg. A ’rather’ ugyanakkor inkább negatív értelemben használatos (a ’quite’ nem feltétlenül hordoz negatív jelentést). pl. We should stay at home. It is rather cold. (Itthon kéne maradnunk. Nagyon hideg van. – azaz: túlságosan hideg van)
1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fill in the blanks with too or very This soup is __________ hot! I can’t eat it! This new car was ________much needed by the whole family. Helen was ________ involved in the film to answer me It’s _____ hot to stay inside. Let’s take a walk. I was _____ pleased with my students’ results.
2) Complete the sentences using enough and the word in brackets. 1. I don’t like this cake. It isn’t ____________ (sweet) 2. There aren’t ____________ in our city. (policemen) 3. This book doesn’t look ______________for me to buy. (interesting) 4. This bag isn’t ____________ for all my books. (big) 5. I’m not __________ to be a basketball player.(tall) 3) Fill the blanks using too or enough and the word in brackets. 1. John is very rich. He’s got _________ to do whatever he wishes. (money) 2. Helen hasn’t got a boyfriend. She’s ________(ugly) 3. That uniform is ________ for John. (big) 4. Sue isn’t _________ to paint that wall. (tall) 5. Jenny is carrying _______ papers. She’ll probably drop them. (many) 6. Harry is _________ ! He should stop eating all that junk food! (fat) 7. Bill hasn’t got ___________ to live on. He begs people on the street for some. (money) 8. That car isn’t _________ for Ted. (large) 4) Complete these sentences using enough or quite with one of the following adjectives or nouns: Adjectives: busy well far short hot Nouns: glasses time qualifications salt energy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Don’t you think it’s _____________________ in here? Shall I turn on the air conditioner? I don’t think Paul is suitable for the position. He hasn’t got ________________________. I don’t think I’m _____________________ to go to work today. I’m very nauseous. There aren’t _____________________ for everyone to have champagne at the same time. Don’t buy that skirt! It’s _____________________ for you. I didn’t manage to finish the exam because I didn’t have _____________________. I’m sorry but I can’t help you at the moment. I’m _____________________.
8. “ Do you want to go dancing with me tonight?” “No, thanks. I haven’t got ____________________” 9. It’s _____________________ to walk home! Let’s take a taxi! 10. This soup is tasteless. There isn’t _____________________ in it! 5) Write sentences using the word in bold and too or enough. Stay as close as possible to the meaning of the original sentence. 1. This knife is very dull so I can’t cut my steak with it! (sharp) This knife isn’t _____________________________________________________ 2. I didn’t buy anything because everything in the shop was too expensive. (cheap) Nothing in the shop was ______________________________________________ 3. I can’t buy the tickets. They are ₤15 but I only have ₤10. (money) I haven’t got _______________________________________________________ 4. The water in the lake is not warm enough to swim in.(cold) The water in the lake is ______________________________________________ 5. She’s too weak to take part in the competition. (strong) She isn’t __________________________________________________________ 6. The table is too dirty for me to eat on. (clean) The table isn’t ______________________________________________________ 7. This exercise is very difficult and I can’t finish it. (easy) This exercise _______________________________________________________ 8. There are many people here and we haven’t got much food. (food) There isn’t _________________________________________________________ 9. Your advice is bad so I won’t take it. (good) Your advice isn’t ____________________________________________________ 10. This road is too narrow for two large vehicles. (wide) This road isn’t ______________________________________________________ 11. He never drives carefully so I don’t want to ride in his car. (dangerously) He drives __________________________________________________________ 12. It’s too dark here. I can’t see anything. (light) There isn’t _________________________________________________________ 13. I haven’t rested enough to play tennis with you. (tired) I’m _______________________________________________________________ 6) Make one sentence from the two using ’too’ or ’enough’ with the adjectives. e.g. This soup is very hot. I can’t drink it. → This soup is too hot (for me) to drink. He is strong. He can lift the heavy case. He is strong enough to lift the heavy case. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
It’s very cold. We can’t go out. This book is very difficult. I can’t read it. It’s very dark. I can’t see anything. It’s very good. It can’t be true. this dress is very tight. She can’t wear it.
6. 7. 8. 9.
The water is clean. We can drink it. Is the house big? Can they all live in it? I am very tired. I can sleep all night. Are you tall? Can you reach that picture?
7) Fill in the sentences with too, enough or very. 1. The hot and sour pork was _____ spicy for me to eat. 2. I am just _____tired to work any more. 3. Is this box light _____for you to carry ? 4. Thank you _____much for your nice words.
5. Do you have _____money for emergencies ? 6. How much calcium is _____to prevent bone loss ? 7. Don't worry about your mother, she'll be home _____soon. 8. I'm ______interested in everyone's opinion, so I appreciate your view. 9. We don't get enough sleep because we have ______much homework to do. 10. High-definition televisions are much ______expensive for the average American consumer. 8) Choose the correct answer. 1 - It was _____ so we didn't get it. expensive enough too expensive enough expensive 2 - It's ___ to read; I don't understand it at all. enough difficult too difficult difficult enough 3 - They didn't sell _____ to make it worthwhile. tickets enough enough tickets too tickets 4 - There were _____ people there. too too many 5 - It's not ____ to sort things out. enough late late enough too late 6 - It's ____ to pass. enough difficult too difficult 7 - I left because I'd had ______ their arguing. enough enough of too 8 - He ate ____ and felt ill. enough much much enough too much 9 - I'm shattered; I didn't ____ last night. enough sleep too sleep sleep enough too much sleep 10 - It's ____ to walk- I'll take the bus. enough far too far far enough too much far 11 - I didn't get ____ last night and I'm exhausted. enough sleep sleep enough too sleep 12 - There were ....... many questions to answer so I only did three. too enough 13 - The coffee was .... to drink so I left it for a minute to cool. hot enough too hot 14 - The room wasn't ....... so I turned the heating on. hot enough too hot 15 - I didn't buy the jacket because it was ........ big enough too big 16 - The shoes were ..... so I didn't buy them. small enough too big 17 - It's far ....... to fit inside the bag. too big small enough 18 - It was far ....... to pick up. too heavy heavy enough 19 - I didn't get it because it was ....... too expensive expensive enough
20 - I haven't got ....... to take a holiday this year. too much time enough time 21 - It was ...... to carry. heavy enough too heavy 22 - There wasn't ....... for everybody to get in. enough room too much room 23 - He didn't do ........ to pass the exam. too much work enough work 24 - There wasn't ....... to finish so I didn't manage to. enough time too much time 25 - She can't sleep because she drinks ......... coffee. enough too much 26 - I didn't know him ......., but I was still upset when he died. too well good enough 27 - I left the job because I was making ....... too little money too few money 28 - I put a scarf on because it was ....... cold enough too cold 29 - This town isn't ....... for both of us. big enough too big 30 - He isn't ....... to go back to work yet. well enough too well 31 - I don't think the exam is ......... for me to have a good chance of passing. easy enough too difficult 32 - This room isn't ........ for all the guests; we'll have to get a bigger one. big enough too big 33 - She isn't ....... to start driving until next year. too old old enough 34 - I haven't got ........ to pay the bill until I get my salary. enough money too much money 35 - Everything was much ....... for us to get anything. too expensive cheap enough 36 - He speaks far ....... for us to understand him unless we ask him to say it again. quickly enough too quickly 37 - They haven't got .......... to buy it. enough money too much money 38 - They took ....... on the first part and didn't finish the rest. too much time enough time 39 - There's never ........ to do everything I would like to do. too much time enough time 40 - The photograph didn't come out because it was ........ dark enough too dark 9) Complete the sentences with “too much”. “too many” or “enough” + a suitable noun from the list. noise cigarettes people cars time questions make-up alcohol jam money 1.- There were ……….. ……….. in the meeting and I couldn’t see Peter. 2.- Now he’s got ……….. ……….. to stop working.
3.- He is always coughing because he smokes …………….. …………..... . 4.- I arrived late because there were …………… ……….. on the road. 5.- If you drink ……….. ……….. you’ll get drunk. 6.- She didn’t hear the doorbell because there was ……….. ………..…. in the house. 7.- Granddad says there isn’t …….. …….. to make the cake. 8.- Lisa failed the exam because there were ……….. ……….. and she didn’t have ……….. ……….. to answer them. 9.- I think Brenda wears ……….. ………...
KEY: 1) 1. too 2. very
3. 4.
2) 1. sweet enough. 2. enough policemen
3. interesting enough 4. big enough
5. tall enough
3) 1. enough money 2. too ugly.
3. 4.
too big tall enough
5. 6.
too many too fat
7. 8.
4) 1. quite hot 2. enough qualifications
3. 4. 5.
well enough enough glasses quite short
6. 7. 8.
enough time quite busy enough energy
9. quite far 10. enough salt
6. 7. 8. 9.
The water is clean enough to drink. Is the house big enogh for them all to live in? I am tired enough to sleep all night. Are you tall enough to reach that picture?
7. 8. 9.
very very too
too too
5) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
This knife isn’t sharp enough to cut my steak with. We lost because we didn’t play well enough to win. Nothing in the shop was cheap enough for us to buy. I haven’t got enough money to buy the tickets. The water in the lake is too cold to swim in. She isn’t strong enough to take part in the competition. The table isn’t clean enough for me to eat on. This exercise is not easy enough for me to finish. There isn’t enough food for the people here. Your advice isn’t good enough for me to take. That problem is too minor for me to worry about. This road isn’t wide enough for two large vehicles. He drives too dangerously for me to want to ride his car. There isn’t enough light in here to see something. I’m too tired to play tennis with you.
6) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
It’s too cold to go out. This book too difficult to read. It’s too dark too see something. It’s too good to be true. This dress is too tight for her to wear.
7) 1. too 2. too 3. enough
4. 5. 6.
8) 1 - too expensive 2 - too difficult 3 - enough tickets 4 - too many 5 - too late 6 - too difficult 7 - enough of 8 - too much 9 - sleep enough 10 - too far
11 - enough sleep 12 – too 13 - too hot 14 - hot enough 15 - too big 16 - too big 17 - too big 18 - too heavy 19 - too expensive 20 - enough time
very enough enough
5.
very pleased
21 - too heavy 22 - enough room 23 - enough work 24 - enough time 25 - too much 26 - too well 27 - too little money 28 - too cold 29 - big enough 30 - well enough
enough money large enough
10. too
31 - easy enough 32 - big enough 33 - old enough 34 - enough money 35 - too expensive 36 - too quickly 37 - enough money 38 - too much time 39 - enough time 40 - too dark
9) 1.- too many people 2.- enough money 3.- too many cigarettes
4.- too many cars 5.- too much alcohol 6.- too much noise
7.- enough jam 8.- too many questions ; enough time 9.- too much make-up
