Notes. 2 Why Hungary?

Notes

2 1.

2.

It appeared that since the 1970s, there were contacts between Imre Pozsgay—then the Minister of Culture—and the conservative elite who was critical of Western modernization and consumer society. This might be the main point of departure for the cooperation between the MDF elite and the soft-liners (Bozóki and Karácsony 2000, 377). One complication was related to the communists’ effort to create an institutional base for themselves by instituting a popularly elected presidency prior to the first competitive parliamentary elections. Communist strategists calculated that their better-known and better-organized candidate would win on a crest of popular appreciation of the communists’ willingness to open the system. That is why they wanted the president to be popularly elected. The opposition MDF initially accepted this proposal, but the strategy was torpedoed when the rest of the opposition took the issue to a popular referendum in fall 1989. At the end of the referendum, it was decided that the Hungarian Parliament would elect the Hungarian president, which was to be composed after the multiparty elections (Munck and Skalnik Leff 1999, 204).

4 1. 2.

3.

Why Hungary?

Historical Features of Liberal Thought and Liberalism in Hungary

For a more detailed debate on other factions of liberalism, please see Szabó Miklós [1993, 2001] 2008 and Gerő (1995). In examining their debates, I have one caveat: when I talk about liberal and socialist (or social democrat) as well as conservative ideologies, I refer to the political camps, the groups that typify and constitute the ideological face of these political traditions, but not the voters (Kis 2008, 452). The first economy, in this context, was the sphere that was regarded by the prereform orthodox interpretation as the genuine socialist sector, while the second economy was classified as nonsocialist (Kornai 1986, 1706).

204 4.

5.

6.

7.

●

Notes

Yet, this segment represented only part of the party intelligentsia. Outside Budapest where intellectuals were far from the center of power, they were of much less concern to the MSZMP leadership. These intellectuals saw themselves as particularly disadvantaged, from both an income and resource standpoint—trapped between capital and village, and unable to exploit the possibilities at either level (O’Neil 1998, 77). Interestingly, these intellectuals described themselves as köznemesek —lesser nobility— using the historical analogy of feudal Hungary (O’Neil 1998, 83). The purpose of a positive abolition of private property is to eliminate the inequalities of decision making made possible by the unequal distribution of property, while simultaneously avoiding the dictatorship over needs that results from state confiscation (Brown 1988, 142). While I nominate the dissidence in this period as liberal, I am aware of the criticisms Isaac posed to the liberal interpretation of dissidence in Eastern Europe. Isaac wrote that “if we examine the views of the democratic opposition more deeply, we will discover that while they are democratic, it is not clear that they are unambiguously liberal democratic. Liberal ideas of individual liberty and liberal institutions of constitutions, governments are surely valued as necessary ingredients of human freedom and dignity. They are not viewed as sufficient for many of the democratic oppositionist. There is a democratic surplus values that the liberal interpretation of 1989 quietly expropriates” (1996, 303). Therefore, as Isaac continues, “the kind of civic initiatives that they practiced are not illiberal. But they are in deep tension with the normal institutions of liberal politics. They are extraparliamentary. They impose ethical demands upon politicians . . . They involve a different style of politics, one more rebellious and more participatory than the normal forms of liberal democratic politics” (Isaac 1996, 316). However, in calling the dissidence of this period liberal, I adhere to my qualification of liberalization under communism meaning opening up and, hence, consider those calling for opening up as liberal. Beszélő was a political journal that related to such groups aiming at breaking official rules. The editors of the journal demonstrated the areas that the society developed opposition to the system so that those opponents, feeling isolation from each other, can connect and improve their possibilities of opposition and efficient activity. Following this line, Beszélő became the most significant journal of dissidence. The ideology that Beszélő generated thanks to a vigorous debate placed in its center was the adoption of social market economy, human rights, and socially balanced Western type of liberal economy. Alongside, Bozóki counts Hirmondó, a short-lived journal that published the works of non-Hungarian liberal thinkers and dissidents; Demokrata , a primary mouth-piece for those struggling toward democratic rights to freedom exposing the wrong-doings of the regime domestically; Égtajak között was another journal that either followed up with human rights abuses by the regime or else promoted the peace discourse and dealt

Notes

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205

with questions of culture, education, and arts. Overall, these journals aimed to generate and mediate a common will and common opinion while considering their right to foster a common response and public deliberation (Bozóki 2010, 12–13).

5 1.

MSZP and SZDSZ had more than two-thirds of the seats in the Hungarian Parliament between 1994 and 1998 and hence did not need the support of the opposition even for those acts that required two-thirds majority according to the then Hungarian constitution.

6 1.

Liberalization after 1989

The Conservative Reaction

Funding talks with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) collapsed when Fidesz refused to commit to deep spending cuts and insisted on imposing a controversially large tax on financial institutions (McLaughlin 2010).

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Veres, János. “Baloldaliság és kormányzati cselekvés.” Népszava (April 30, 2007): 6. Vermeersch, Peter. “Domestic Discourses on European Integration in Poland before and after 2004: Ideology, Nationalism and Party Competition.” Center for European Studies Central and Eastern Europe Working Paper Series 66 (June 2008): 1–13. Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the European Parliament, available at, http://www.orbanviktor.hu/in_english_article/speech_in_the_european_parliament———. (July 05, 2011). Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the Civic Picnic (according to the participants) at Kötcse, available at, http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110607-kotcse-orban-viktor-kotcseibeszede-a-resztvevok-szerint.html (June 07, 2011). Viktor Orbán’s Speech on the occasion of the Hungarian National Day, available at, http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110315-orban-viktor-miniszterelnok-marcius15i-beszede.html (March 15, 2011). Viktor Orbán’s Speech in the Hungarian Parliament, “Package of Economic Measures were announced by Dr. Orbán,” available at, http://www.fidesz.hu /index.php?Cikk=151660. (June 8, 2010). Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the Civic Picnic at Kötcse, “Új kezdet,” available at, http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/cikk/uj_kezdet (May 30, 2010). Viktor Orbán’s Speech opening the Referendum campaign “A jövő igennel kezdődik,” available at, http://www.orbanviktor.hu/cikk/a_jov_337_igennel_ kezd_337_dik (February 13, 2008). Viktor Orbán’s Speech on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, “Boldog születésnapot, Európa.” available at, http://orbanviktor.hu /beszedek_list.php?item=13. (January 2008). Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the twentieth Anniversary of Lakitelek Meetings, “Szent Mihálykor az a pásztor, aki elszámolavailable.” available at, http://orbanviktor. hu/beszedek_list.php?item=27. (October 1, 2007). Viktor Orbán’s speech at Tusnádfürdő Hungarian Summer School, available at, http://orbanviktor.hu/beszedek_list.php?item=25 (July 21, 2007). Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 19th birthday of Fidesz, “Az új Nyugat-nemzedék.” available at, http://orbanviktor.hu/beszedek_list.php?item=12. (March 30, 2007). Viktor Orbán’s speech at the Fidesz-MPP Congress, “Európa a jövőnk, Magyarország a hazánk,” available at, http://www.fidesz.hu/index.php?Cikk=9877 (April 30, 2003). Vogt, Henri. Between Utopia and Disillusionment: A Narrative of the Political Transformation in Eastern Europe. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005. Voszka, Éva. “Privatization in Central Europe: Can it be Designed?” In Institutional Design in New Democracies Eastern Europe and Latin America, eds. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, 177–194. Oxford: Westview Press, 1996. Wagener, Hans-Jürgen. “The Welfare State in Transition Economies and Accession to the EU.” West European Politics 25, no. 2 (2002): 152–174.

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Index

Absolutism, 86–88, 91, 164, 199 Alienation, 14, 17, 81, 82, 102, 110, 117, 119, 130, 132, 147, 160, 197 (see also Triangular relationship) Antall, József, 36, 38, 51, 53, 55, 74, 135, 140, 164, 186 Authoritarianism, 7, 15, 43, 109, 151 Autonomy, 120, 159, 182, 197 (see also Liberalism) and capability (see Capability, element of autonomy) and civil society, 87 and human rights, 129 as rights-based discourse, 128 and sexual minorities, 129 Baja, Ferenc, 137 Bajnai, Gordon, 39, 46, 143, 157 Bauer, Tamás, 40, 43, 49, 113, 133, 170–171, 152, 155 Beszélő, 34, 110–112, 134–135, 151 liberal-legalist strategy, 110 Bibó, István, 88 Bokros, Lajos, 113, 140, 157 and economic competitiveness, 153–156 and EU, 155 on Fidesz, 172 and MDF (see MDF, and Bokros) Bokros plan/package, 67, 74, 122, 131, 132, 136, 171 Bourdieu, 29 cultural capital, 146

and habitus, 148 social space, 75, 146 symbolic capital/power, 75, 146, 149, 152 Budapest, 17, 18, 19, 38, 44, 91, 101, 107, 108, 111, 119, 132, 134, 157, 171, 172, 176, 179, 186, 204 Budapest School, 101, 107–109, 111, 176 Budget, 12, 43, 70, 77, 138, 174, 176 constraint, 71, 120 deficit, 44, 54, 122, 153, 156, 171 education and healthcare, 45 grants, 107 resources, 154 Budget Council, 176, 185 Capability (see also Amartya Sen) aspects of, 125 element of autonomy, 124 and Gyurcsány, 140 Capital, 18, 90, 91, 113, 118, 179, 191, 196 cultural, 29, 75, 86, 144, 146–147 economic, 175 financial, 86 foreign, 123, 156 human, 145, 175 industrial, 98 Jewish, 134 moral, 109 political, 50 symbolic, 29, 149

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Index

Capitalism, 15, 17, 39, 52, 65, 71–72, 82, 108, 122, 136, 199–201 (see also Fidesz; MSZMP) crisis of, 143, 173 and democracy, 72 Cardinal laws, 174, 176, 183, 185 Charter of Fundamental Rights, 181–182, 185 Citizenship Law, 180 Civic education, 117, 146, 148 Civic virtue, 89, 90, 91, 93, 112–114, 121, 127, 199 (see also Developmentalism; Gyurcsány; János Kis) Civil society, 4, 9, 10, 12, 34, 67, 70, 87, 90, 100, 108, 114, 120–121 (see also Autonomy) and civic education, 117 and dissidents, 35, 36, 127 and moral agency, 86 and Széchenyi, 105 Cleavages, 3, 16, 23, 30, 55, 68, 92, 162, 198 and Europeanization, 27 and polarization, 25 types of, 16, 24, 26, 37 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 183 Conservatism, 1, 2, 19, 21, 53, 157, 177, 192 and populism, 162–167 and Fidesz, 47, 165–169 Conservative liberalism, 163 Constitution, 34, 59, 149, 166, 174, 176, 161, 180–185, 193, 204, 205 Constitutional Court, 170, 177 Critical discourse, 28, 56, 104 Csalog, Zsolt, 131 Csikós-Nagy, Béla, 106 Csillag, István, 113 Csurka, István, 41, 53, 186 Dávid, Ibólya, 30, 51, 52, 54, 55, 135, 176 Deák, István, 85–86, 91

Democracy, 1–3, 6–13, 16, 20–23, 25, 28, 32, 35–38, 43, 45, 53, 58, 60–67, 72–73, 85, 95–99, 105, 108, 112, 121–126, 143, 153, 158, 161–162, 182, 192–193, 196, 199 (see also Liberalism; Radical democracy) deliberative, 159, 160 liberal-constitutionalist understanding of, 119 liberal democracy, 59, 66, 77, 89, 96, 181, 201 moralization of, 9 parliamentary, 98 participatory, 159 social, 39, 42 types of, 4, 108, 119 Democratic Charter, 38 Democratization, 6, 9, 10–11, 20, 51, 62, 66, 72, 77, 84, 98 and Europeanization, 2, 3, 14–15, 23, 36, 67, 70, 193, 199, 201 and liberalization, 5, 8, 20, 57, 61, 200, 201 progressive, 58, 78 theories of, 4 Demszky, Gábor, 111 Developmentalism, 89–90, 97, 110, 173 civic-virtue seeking, 90, 94 cultural aspect of (see Széchenyi) economic, 94, 100 role of state in, 95–96 Discourse, 5, 10, 12, 24, 55, 63, 71, 118, 148–149, 152–157, 174 (see also Critical discourse) and policy change, 150 and Foucault, 29, 146 as truth-producing practice, 13, 148 conservative, 92, 175 dissident, 111, 121 extreme right, 37 Europeanist, 195 liberal, 7, 93, 117, 120, 147, 151, 160

Index liberalization, 16, 145 modernization, 129 morality, 45 peace, 204 political, 58 populist, 27 professional, 29, 150 public, 84, 141–142 rational economic policy, 153–155 reform, 119, 145, 153 rights-oriented, 110, 128, 133, 199 successful economic liberalization in neighbouring countries, 155–156 truth-producing practice, 13 welfare reform, 114, 151–152 Discursive practice (see also Discourse) and relationship to cultural capital, 146–147 Disempowerment, 74, 75, 117, 119–120, 157, 160, 196 discursive process of, 144 and LMP, 160 mechanisms of, 117–130, 145–148 political process of, 144 Dissidence, 32, 34, 50, 58, 64, 82, 107–114, 120, 125–126, 133, 160, 198, 204 and beat generation, 126 and individualism, 126 and János Kis, 110 moral agency of, 111 Dissidents, 9, 32–36, 38, 42, 46, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 70, 74, 75, 82, 101–104, 107–114, 121, 125–127, 131–133, 195, 199, 204 as value-indicating instructors, 111 Draskovics, Tibor, 141, 142 Economic competitiveness, 21, 68, 71, 118, 138, 152–155, 156, 173 Economic development, 10, 16, 24, 41, 72, 81, 91, 95, 97, 132, 151, 163, 174, 199 to enhance rights and freedoms, 88–91 and rights and freedom, 85

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Economic efficiency, 40, 78, 106, 135 Economic liberalism, 2, 10–12, 14, 21, 47, 49, 67–68, 70, 75, 79, 120, 126, 131, 136, 138, 154 and civic-virtue seeking economic developmentalism, 90 definition of, 89 and dissidence, 110 and elite democracy, 60 embodiment of voice of reason, 61 symptom of moral agency, 88, 199 thought, 96 Economic liberalization, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12, 19–20, 30, 55, 56, 60–61, 65, 67, 71–75, 78, 82, 100, 102–105, 120, 129, 137, 155, 172, 193, 195–196 (see also Fidesz; MDF; MSZP; SZDSZ) family and population problems, 175 goals of, 89 against Hungarian nation, 104 political liberalization, 10–14, 15, 23, 26–27, 52, 63 and power relations, 57 and technocrats, 127 under NEM, 81, 101–107 ECRI, 141–142 Election, 3, 32, 60, 64, 78, 131, 133, 143, 203 1985, 107 1990, 36, 46, 51, 67 1994, 41 1998, 47 2002, 42, 49–50 2006, 19, 39, 55, 43, 54, 65, 70, 137–138, 168, 187 2010, 31, 37, 46, 48, 51, 135, 151, 157, 159, 161, 175–176, 180–186 European Parliament 2009, 52, 55, 134 local 2010, 144, 162 Elites, 3, 9, 12, 15, 25, 30, 41, 65, 67, 76–77, 79, 145, 163, 165, 187, 197

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Index

Elitism, 3, 16–17, 24–25, 35, 47, 56, 57, 62, 71, 74, 79, 82, 87–88, 91, 99, 109, 114, 159, 166, 187, 193, 201 and alienation and liberalization, 33, 102, 118–119, 130, 147, 160, 165, 182, 198 and Europeanization, 9 formal democracy, 109 identity politics, 20, 27–30 legacy of, 17 and morally justified liberalization, 58–61 and NEM, 101 and progressivism, 199–200 triangular relationship, 81, 110, 197 Embourgeoisement, 85, 91, 110, 126, 139–140 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 8, 89–91, 124, 126 Eötvös, József, 85, 89 Eötvös Károly Institute, 141 Ertékteremtőmunka (value cultivating work), 169 EU enlargement, 8, 157 EU Presidency, 180–184, 190 European Commission, 8, 121, 141, 179, 181, 184 European Parliament, 184 (see also Election) Eurozone, 3, 9, 117, 119, 138, 160 accession paradigm, 156–157 welfare state debate, 150–157 Family, 55, 114, 127, 135–136, 165, 175–176, 178, 180, 184, 192, 200 anti, 166, 192 in Fidesz government, 48, 51, 162, 168–169, 172, 174–177 Fehér, Ferenc, 108 Ferge, Zsuzsa, 49, 106, 129, 136, 138 Fidesz, 37, 46–52, 54, 137, 161, 162, 167–170, 176, 182, 200 2006 election, 50

conservative legislative reform (see Constitution) and development, 165 and economic liberalism, 47–48, 175 and economic liberalization, 48, 54 and entrepreneurship, 165 EU-pragmatism, 178 and Europe and Christianity, 177–180, 185 governing style, 169 government program, 168–177 human rights, 179 identity politics, 47 and Jobbik, 186, 187, 193 Különadó (Special tax), 170 and Magyar Gárda, 142 middle-class, 169 and moral revolution, 19, 165 and morality, 19, 47–49 -MPP (Hungarian Civic Union), 47 and nation, 192 new right, 166 pension reform, 136, 170–172 polgár/polgári, 165 populism, 166–167, 201 radical-liberal, 46 rejection of capitalism, 42 and renewal (megújulás), 19, 64 system of national co-operation, 166 and virtue, 169 voter profile, 168 and work, 169–172 workface, 170–171 youth activism, 46 FKGP, 36–37, 47 Flat-tax, 43, 48, 54, 166 Fodor, Gábor, 132–134 Fordulat és Reform, 17 Foucault, Michel, 29, 75, 146, 147 Free-speech, 41, 141 Friedman, Milton, 7, 11 Gay parades, 18 Gays (see Sexual minorities)

Index Germany, 100 Global economic crisis, 21, 135, 143, 162, 167, 201 (see Global financial crisis) Global financial crisis, 18, 48, 55 Globalization, 8, 118, 158, 187, 199 anti, 159 and LMP, 158 Grosz, Károly, 32, 40, 64 Gyöngyöspata, 190 (see also Magyar Gárda) Gypsy crimes, 18, 142, 189–190 (see also Jobbik; Magyar Gárda) Gyurcsány, 19, 42, 46, 52, 68, 143, 165, 169 100 steps, 138 Blairite politics, 43 civic-virtue seeking liberalizer, 140 definition of reform, 138 elements of capability, 140 leaking speech, 17, 44, 70 and liberalization, 38, 138–141 Megegyezés, 140 and MSZP, 17, 39, 43, 137, 57 Útközben, 69 Habsburg Empire, 82, 85, 94 (see also Absolutism) Hack, Péter, 133 Hanák, Péter, 82–84 Harmadikút, 164 Hate crimes, 133, 141 Hate speech, 141–142, 188 Hatvany, Lajos, 92 Havel, Václav, 66, 74, 121 Hayek, Friedrich, 11 Hegedüs, András, 113 Heller, Ágnes, 108–109 Hitel, 87 (see also Széchenyi) Hobbes, 84–88 Holocaust, 100 -denial, 188 Horn, Gyula, 40, 132, 135, 136, 140

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Horváth, Aladár, 131 Human rights, 7, 10, 12, 16, 24, 31, 39, 46, 59, 70, 89, 120, 127, 129, 131, 133, 159, 197, 204 (see also Fidesz; LMP; SZDSZ) economic and social rights as, 125 and Europeanization, 128 liberal defense of, 111 and liberal dissidence, 107 media rights, 182 Hungarian Fabian Society, 96 Hungarian liberal thinkers, 83–88, 91 Hungarian Revolution 1848, 83, 85, 184 Hungarian Revolution 1956, 30, 32, 33, 40, 100, 101–103, 105–106, 110, 112, 130, 184 Identity politics, 3, 20, 24, 47, 50, 56, 63, 65 and elitism, 27–30 and liberalization, 30–32 Ignotus, Pál, 95–96 Intelligentsia, 17, 28, 35, 102, 104, 113, 117, 119, 121, 130, 145–150, 153–156, 186, 199, 204 (see also Dissidents; SZDSZ) brain power, 136 and communists, 105 composition under communism, 102 and critical discourse, 28 and frame-setting, 28 and liberalization, 144 and NEM, 104 powerlessness, 103 as reformers, 103 symbolic power, 151 transformation of capital, 29 Italy, 100 Jászi, Oszkar, 97–100 Jews, 91, 100, 130, 134, 142, 163, 164, 188–191

240

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Index

Jobbik, 2, 21, 37, 53, 61, 162, 185–193 anti-semitism, 191–192 Europe, 191–192 Gypsies, 189–190 (see also Gypsy crimes) social media, 186–188 visibility and appeal, 187–188 Judaism, 83 Kádár, János, 30–34, 40, 44, 48, 64, 105, 110, 112, 137 and NEM, 33, 81 and reform, 101–107 Kant, Immanuel, 86, 170 KDNP, 36, 37, 137, 161, 170, 175 Kis, János, 34, 42, 59, 66, 70, 88, 102, 110–113, 133, 140, 156 and Beszélő, 110 civic-virtue seeking liberalization, 112 Klaus, Václav, 74, 121 Kóka, János, 68–69, 132–133 Kölcsey, Ferenc, 86 Konrád, György, 66, 110–112, 158 and republicanism, 112 Kossuth, Lajos, 85 and Zemplén Speech, 86 Kovács, László, 143 Kövér, László, 46, 49 Kulturállam, 99 Kuznets, Simon, 78 Lakitelek, 35, 178–179 Latin America, 71, 105 Leaking speech (see also Gyurcsány) and Magyar Gárda, 188 Lendvai, Katalin, 143 Lengyel, László, 113 Liberal democrats, 83, 96 Liberal radicalism, 99 (see also Vilmos Vázsonyi) Liberal socialism, 82, 91–92, 97–100, 200 (see also Oszkar Jászi) Liberalism, 1, 2, 7, 8, 10–14, 46, 78, 88–89, 98–99, 102, 114, 126, 153,

162, 175, 177 (see also Economic liberalism; Political liberalism) after 1989, 124 as advancement of society, 95 and alienation (see Triangular relationship) Anglo-American, 84 and autonomy, 8, 160 and civil society, 87 civic-virtue seeking, 112 conservative, 163 and constitutional government, 83 and discord, 87 and democracy, 6–7, 11 and economic development, 95 and elitism, 110 and equal opportunities, 8 and equality, 83, 100 as an essentially contested concept, 85 European integration, 27 in Hungary, 16, 31, 39, 42, 60, 81, 83–87, 94–96, 105, 130, 139, 157, 160, 198–199 and individuality, 89 interwar, 92–97 and land reform, 92 and liberalization, 6, 15, 30, 91, 110 and monetarism, 117 monetarist interpretation of, 117 and non-interference, 8 and patriotism, 134 and privacy, 8 and reason, 76 and self-realization, 78 and socialism, 97 Polish, 122 proto, 109 rights-based, 134 Western, 84 Liska, Tibor, 113 LMP, 37, 157–160, 187 background, 158 and capability, 160 and human rights, 158–160

Index minorities, 159 values, 158 Lock, John, 84, 86 Lonely reformer, 121 Magyar Gárda, 133, 142, 187–191 (see also Jobbik) Manchesterism, 98 Matolcsy, György, 113, 171, 173 MDF, 36–38, 40, 46, 47, 51–55, 64, 123, 130, 137, 161, 178 (also see SZDSZ) after 1990, 51 2006 election, 54 and Bokros, 52, 55, 135 Csurka, Istán, 41, 186 and dissidence, 35 and economic liberalization, 31, 51, 54, 132, 135 and EU, 53 and media, 53 neoconservatism, 30 népi ideology, 164–165 Medgyessy, Péter, 42, 132 Media law, 158, 180–183, 193 Mesterházy, Attila, 143–144 MIÉP, 37, 186 Mill, John Stuart, 8, 86, 87, 89, 90, 124, 126 Minorities, 6, 134, 141 ethnic, 13, 183, 196 (see also Roma) Hungarians abroad, 24, 168 sexual, 13, 18, 37, 45, 71, 128–129, 133, 134, 176, 189 Miskolc, 142 Molnár, Lajos, 123, 139 Moral agency, 81–88, 110–111, 114, 198–199 Moral crisis, 44, 74 Morality, 16, 19, 21, 86, 109, 127, 158, 189, 200 confrontation over, 86 discourse, 45 and economic issues, 98

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Kantian definition of, 87 politicians, 66 MSZMP, 16, 40 anti-Stalinism in, 105 Central Committee, 106 rejection of capitalism, 40 MSZP, 17, 30, 38, 40–46, 132, 135–144, 157 (see also Gyurcsány; MSZP) balance between social democracy and liberalism, 42 and economic liberalization, 41–42 and liberalization, 43, 135–144 and SZDSZ, 19, 47, 49, 68, 74, 123, 128, 133, 162 Nagy, Imre, 32, 40, 100 National liberals, 83 NATO, 23 Nagy, Imre, 32, 40, 100 Navratil, Ákos, 95 Németh, Miklós, 40 Neoliberalism, 20, 67, 115–119, 138, 178 diffusion of, 145–148 and governance, 118 Népállam, 99 (see also Vilmos Vázsonyi) Népi ideology, 164–165 and Jobbik, 186 Népies, 92 Network of Free Initiatives (Szabad Kezdeményesek Halozata), 101 Nobility, 82–83, 204 Noble-liberal tradition, 17, 86, 94, 111 Numerus clausus, 100 Nyers, Resző, 16, 36, 40, 64, 65, 104, 106 Nyugat, 93, 95 ODS, 168 OECD, 23 Olaszliszka, 189–190 (see also Magyar Gárda)

242

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Index

Orbán, Viktor, 39, 45, 47, 50, 51, 144, 164, 165, 166, 169, 173, 175, 176, 182, 200 and 1968, 178 and Europe, 177, 180 European Parliament, 183 and Fidesz, 43, 46, 48–49, 54, 161–162, 178, 184 pension reform, 171 religion, 179 revolution of ballot bozes, 184 speeches, 161, 166–167, 172, 178, 183–184 and state, 179 Pásztor, Albert, 142 Pension, 49, 136, 170–171 Pető, Iván, 64 Phralipe, 131 PiS, 3, 167–168 PNL, 96 Poland, 3, 14, 33, 38, 62, 74, 103, 120, 121, 145, 146, 167 Polanyi, Karl, 94 Polgár, 48, 92, 95, 99, 137, 165, 186 Polgárosodás, 30, 139 Political liberalism, 61, 68, 70, 71, 74, 100, 120, 141, 144, 195, 201 Population problem, 175 Populism, 3, 13, 79, 119, 157, 192, 198 and Conservatism and Fidesz, 162–169 Pozsgay, Imre, 35, 36 Privatization, 13, 41, 48, 49, 51, 54, 74, 113, 118, 121, 123, 129, 136, 138, 152, 168, 169 foreign direct investment, 124 reasons in Hungary, 77–78 simultaneity, 72 Progressivism, 85–88, 134 elitism, 199–200 Europeanization, 198 and moral agency, 86

Radical democracy, 98–99, 101, 114 alternative to liberalization, 108 and Budapest School, 107–109 Rassay, Károly, 92–96, 134 and Christianity, 95 Referendum 2008, 39, 45, 140 Reform Alliance, 144 Registered partnership, 129, 176 Republicanism, 112, 183 Retkes, Attila, 134 and liberalism, 135 Revolution of ballot boxes, 161 Robespierre, 161, 166, 184 Roma, 18, 75, 128, 131, 136, 141, 142, 158, 159, 169, 171, 186 anti-, 168, 187 and Magyar Gárda, 189–190 rhetoric of denial, 128 strategy, 180 Romania, 9, 96 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 87 Sacks, Jeffrey, 120 Saint Stephen, 179, 183 Sartori, Giovanni, 26 Schiffer, András, 158 Second economy, 33, 105, 203 Semjen, Zsolt, 175 Sen, Amartya, 124–125, 158 definition of capability, 125 Shock therapy, 67, 120, 123, 152 and good society, 120 Slovakia, 3, 8, 14, 151, 155, 156, 167, 168 Slovenia, 3, 38, 155, 156 Smer, 167–168 Social cohesion, 69, 120, 138 Social contract, 34, 35, 112, 161, 182 Social justice, 104, 106, 158 Social liberalism (see Liberal socialism) Social policy, 16, 95, 114, 131, 136, 142 and economic efficiency, 106 and labor law, 166 and social rights, 183

Index Social rights, 10, 21, 86, 102, 106, 107, 110, 114, 125, 183, 199 and freedom, 86 in political liberalization, 37 rectification of Kadarism, 107 Social solidarity, 12, 16, 38, 66, 71–72, 95–96, 99 Bokros, 155 economic efficiency, 40 Socialism, 98, 100, 103, 127, 192, 201 (see also Liberal socialism) existing, 108 interwar, 97–100 market-, 102, 107 as panacea for liberalism, 97–100 Solidarity movement, 74 Solt, Ottilia, 114, 131–132 Sólyóm, László, 44 Sovereignty, 7, 11, 12, 16, 28, 58, 74, 83, 89, 106, 119–122, 150, 167, 193, 196, 200, 201 Soviet Union, 32 Stalin, Joseph, 100 anti-Stalinism, 105 Subjection, 29, 75, 146, 156 (see also Foucault) Bokros, Lajos, 154 Szabó, Érvin, 97, 98 Szabó, Miklós, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 98, 105, 106, 174, 203 Szacki, Jerzy, 4, 14, 15, 75, 109, 114, 125, 126 Szalai, Erzsébet, 113 SZDSZ, 3, 19, 38–40, 44, 64, 101, 119, 130–135, 152, 157, 205 (see also MSZP; SZDSZ) after 1990, 38 and economic liberalization, 38, 135 electoral alliance with MDF, 135 Gypsy issue, 188 and Gyurcsány, 137, 140 and human rights, 130, 134–135, 188 and intelligentsia, 131

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243

leadership problem, 132 and MDF, 54–55, 161 and SZETA (see Ottilia Solt), 132 Széchenyi, István, 87, 90, 91, 97, 163 and liberalism, 105 and women, 165 Széchenyi Plan (I and II), 49, 173 Szekfű, Gyula, 163–164 Szelényi, Iván, 113, 145, 146, 152 Széll Kálmán, 173 Széll Kálmán Plan, 173 SZETA, 114, 131 Szili, Katalin, 140 Tamás, Gáspár Miklós, 133–135, 153 Tardos, Márton, 113 Tawney, Richard Henry, 98 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 8 Torgyán, József, 47 Totalitarianism, 32, 33 Turkey, 71 Urbánus, 92 Vázsonyi, Vilmos, 94, 97, 99–100, 134 and liberal radicalism, 99 and népállam (see Népállam) Venice commission, 184–185 Veres, János, 141 Visegrad countries, 9 Voszka, Éva, 113 Welfare state, 1, 38, 42, 54, 107, 117, 122–123, 125, 136, 150–153, 160, 196 Women, 6, 24, 47, 165 Workers councils, 105, 112 World War I, 91, 93 World War II, 32, 100, 103, 134 Youth, 34, 42, 46, 100, 133, 143, 180, 187 Zsolt, Béla, 92