Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, April 2014, 117-134 Copyright ©2014, Program Studi Linguistik FIB USU, ISSN 1978-8266
Tahun ke-8, No 1
MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC CULLOUGH’S THE THORN BIRDS AND LANNY MURTIHARDJANA’S BURUNG-BURUNG SEMAK BERDURI Juliana Universitas Sumatera Utara
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Abstract This study aims to (1) find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc Cullough„s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murthihardjana (2) analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa Indonesia translation of the novel and (3) investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts used in the novel. This study uses a descriptive qualitative with data collection on written documents from Colleen Mc Cullough‟s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. The data will be taken by using purposive sampling. The results of this study are there are two morphemic shifts in translation of The Thorn Bird. They are the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase. The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word are dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the total of 156 shifts (85 %). While the Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15 %). In short, it can be seen that the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the total of 156 shifts (85 %). Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in the total of 28 shifts (15 %).
Keywords: Translation, Morphemic Shifts
INTRODUCTION Translation is basically a change of form (Larson, 1984:3). The form refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc which are spoken and written. It consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into target language and reproducing a source language message into target language. The process of translation is done by studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of source language text, analyzing it and then reconstructing the meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure of target language context in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in the same effect, as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy for a translator to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for another language. For example, English and Bahasa Indonesia have the different rules in
linguistics units; one of them is in forming words especially the use of morphemes. 117
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Morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which words can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2001:22). For example, the word prejudge can be divided into minimal elements where each has meaning such as pre- and judge. Bahasa Indonesia has also morphemes. Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. For example, the word diperjualbelikan can be divided into the smallest meaningful unit is jual, beli, and di- +….-kan. There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or in structure (Nida in Venuti, 2000:126). This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the equivalence in TL. The equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language (SL) textual material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Catford in Hatim, 2000:14). Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or in structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says, ―Shift is needed to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖. Shifts are firstly proposed by J.C Catford. A shift is a translation procedure involving the change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shifts can be classified into level and category shifts. Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, the English word girl can be translated into a phrase anak perempuan in Bahasa Indonesia. Category shift refers to a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. It involves four categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in French equivalent student in medicine (Catford in Hatim, 2000:15). This study discusses about morphemic shifts. From the explanation of shifts above, it can be concluded that morphemic shift belongs to level shift that involve the change from SL to TL at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). In the translation, level shift can also be realized through category shift. As Hatim (2000:16) says ―A translation through level shift could on a different occasion or by a different translator, be achieved through category shift‖. For example, the morpheme unin the word unable is translated into a word tidak. It means that there is morphemic shift from morpheme to word. And the morpheme -un in the word unspoken can be translated into a phrase yang tidak diucapkan. This means that there is morphemic shift from morpheme to phrase. This study uses novel as the data source, because novel is one of literary works in which shifts are commonly used; one of them is morphemic shifts. The problems of this study are to find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc Cullough‗s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murthihardjana; to analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa Indonesia translation of the novel; and to investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts used in the novel.
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Review of Related Literature Translation Theories The term translation itself has several meaning. It can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2004:5). It means that translation refers to the general subject, product and the process. Translation is to reproduce a source language message in the receptor language in both receptor (of the original message) and source (of the new message) (House, 1977:1). It means that translation is to reproduce a source language message into receptor language (the original message of source language). While Newmark stated that Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. It means that in translation the meaning of a text should be same with what the author‘s intend Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber in Venuti, 1999:12). It means that in reproducing the message in translation there should be natural equivalent in terms of meaning and style between SL to RL. Translation is the result of a text-processing activity, by means of which a source language text is transposed into a target language text (Koller in Hatim, 2000:27). It means between the resultant text in L2 (the target language text) and the source text in L1 (the source language text), there is a relationship which can be designed as a translational or equivalence relation. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation refers to the general subject, product and the process of reproducing the source language information or message into target language (the original information or message) which the information or message should be equivalent with what the author‘s intend.
The Shifts in Translation A translator will always attempt to reproduce the messages of SL into TL (the original message of SL). In doing this, a translator not only studies and analyzes the form of SL, but also reconstructs the meaning of SL using the form that appropriate in target language in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in the same effect as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for another language. This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the same equivalent and the exact structure (form) in TL. Therefore, in translation a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖. Shifts are defined in terms of departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965:73). Shift can also be called as transference that means a translation procedure involving the change in grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). It means shift is a translation strategy that involves a grammatical change from SL to TL. The phenomenon of shifts should be redefined positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the SL and that of the TL. 119
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In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies adopted consciously to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another. Catford proposes two main types of shifts; they are level and category shifts (Catford in Hatim, 2000:15). Firstly, level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text word play achieved at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language. In short, in level shifts the SL word at one linguistic level may be translated at a different level in the TL, it might occur in grammatical, lexical, etc. Secondly, Category Shift. Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system, and unit. For example, ST adjectival phrase is translated into an advervial phrase in TT. In short, category shift may involve class, structure, system and unit shifts. Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL items belongs to a different grammatical class. For example, the adjective in medical student is translated into an advervial phrase student in medicine in French. It means that there is a change in grammatical class from adjective to advervial phrase. While Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between ST and target text TT. For example, Jhon loves Mary is translated into is love at Jhon on Mary in Gaelic. It means that there is a change in a grammatical structure. Unit shift may occur when a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses groups, words, and morphemes is not observed. For example, the word girl is translated into a phrase anak perempuan. While intra-system shift occurs within a system when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL systems when approximately correspond formally. For example, a pair of trousers is translated into sebuah celana.
METHODOLOGY Data dan Data Source The data source of this study is written text, which are taken from one of the International best selling novels written by Colleen Mc Cullough, under the title The Thorn Birds in 1977. This novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. While its translation BurungBurung Semak Berduri translated by Lanny Murtihardjana in 2007. It consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages. The data of this study is words that has morphemes and used in Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.
Data Collection Method Dede Oetomo (in Suyanto, 1995:186) says ―There are three methods of collecting data such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation, notes, memorandum, publications, and official reports, diaries, and written answer to questioner and survey‖.Since the data of this analysis are collected from Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and also from the translation of this novel into Bahasa
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Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, so the method of collecting the data is the written documents. The data will be taken by using purposive sampling. It means that I take only the samples of which are concerned with the purpose of this study. The novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. The translated novel itself consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages. The data to be analyzed will be taken purposively. It can be 10, 20, 30, from each of morphemic shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. Each sample has already been on the homogeny data. Data Analysis Method In this thesis, I apply qualitative method to analyze data. Qualitative method is applied by describing or explaining the data from Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds translated into Burung Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. Qualitative method means an analysis which uses some instruments for collecting the data. To find the most dominant of morphemic shifts is used in the novel, so I use Bungin‘s formula. The following formula is: N = X x 100% Y Where,
X
= the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel
Y
= the total number of all morphemic shifts
N
= Percentage of morphemic shift
The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow: 1. Reading the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL) repeatedly. 2. Identifying and selecting morphemes from the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL). 3. Categorizing and underlining the morphemic shift from the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL). 4. Analyzing the morphemic shifts by using J. C Catford‘s theory in Basil Hatim‘s book 5. Calculating the morphemic shifts 6. Drawing the tables which show the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the novel. 7. Making some conclusions based on the result of analysis
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word are shifts from morpheme level in Source Text (ST) into word level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word occur in morphemes dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), and re-…-ed (5) with the total of 156 Shifts (85 %) 121
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Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No
Prefixes
1
dis- into tidak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
But it‘s no disgrace to have Tapi punya tangan kapalan calluses on your hands (p. 27) tidaklah memalukan (p. 28) He knew her to give her any hint Karena mengenal gadis ini of his embarrassment or dengan sangat baik, Pastor discomfort (p. 151) Ralph tidak mau menunjukkan rasa jengah atau tak nyaman sedikitpun (p. 169) In spite of her dislike for beer Meskipun tidak menyukainya (p. (p. 283) 326)
2
un- into tidak, tak dan tanpa
Sister Agatha used to Suster Agatha untuk demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya untidy work (p. 45) yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48) Sister Agatha used to Suster Agatha untuk demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya untidy work (p. 45) yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48) But in its appurtenances it was not unlike the house they had left behind in New Zealand (p. 90)
Tapi dalam hal perlengkapannya, rumah ini tak beda jauh dengan rumah yang mereka tinggalkan di New Zealand (p. 98)
Unable to make it sound as light Tak mampu bersikap sesantai as he had intended (p. 122) yang dikehendakinya (p. 135) Unaware of the thoughts of his Tanpa menyadari pergolakan companion harbored (p. 254) dibenbak teman seperjalananya (p. 291) He could have passed among us Ia ternyata berhasil melalui so many years and not made an masa sepanjang itu tanpa unfriend (p. 519) kehilangan persahabatan (p. 602) 3
In- into tidak
They were riveting, Mata yang menatap dengan uncomfortable, inhuman eyes, tajam, meresahkan, dan tidak rather blind-looking (p. 331) manusiawi mirip mata buta (p. 382)
4
Im- into tidak
Knowing it was quite impossible, she permitted herself the luxury of dreaming about him (p. 154)
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Karena tahu bahwa cintanya tak mungkin jadi kenyataan, ia memanjakan diri dengan berkhayal tentang diri sang pujaan hati (p. 173)
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Re- kembali 5
The gnarled finger plucked another sheet from a pigeonhole, dipped the pen in the Standish again, and rewrote the words as surely as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggolbonggol itu menarik sehelai kertas baru, mencelupkan pena kedalam botol tinta, dan menulis kembali kata-kata tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
I am reborn (p. 182)
Aku dilahirkan kembali (p. 207)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No 1
2
Suffixes
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
-ly into dengan dan The rains fell gently without Hujan jatuh dengan lembut secara bruising the tender sweetness of tanpa merusak aroma manis all growing things, there was semua makhluk hidup (p.17) snow, and the sun had just enough strength to cherish, never enough to sap (p.16)
Ing- sambil, yang, sedang, sungguh
She became mentally deaf, dumb and blind; that useless appendage her right hand was no more linked to her thought processes than her toes (p. 46)
Ia seakan-akan jadi tuli, bisu dan buta secara mental kemampuan anggota badan tak berguna alias tangan kananya itu untuk mengikuti perintah otaknya tak lebih dari kemampuan jari-jari kakinya (p. 49)
Stroking the bright pink folds of the dress, grander than any she had ever seen on a human woman, she picked Agnes up tenderly (p.13)
Sambil membelai gaun merah jambu yang lebih indah daripada gaun kaum wanita yang pernah dilihatnya, ia mengangkat boneka itu dengan penuh kasih saying (p.14)
Sank her fingers into satisfying hair (p. 590)
that Membenamkan jari-jarinya kedalam rambut yang lebat itu (p. 684)
Paddy was waiting for him in Paddy sedang menantinya the hall downstairs (p. 175) diruang depan dilantai bawah (p. 199)
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Frank‘s getting you some Frank sedang memesankan sandwiches and I‘ll see the boys sandwich dan aku akan are fed (p. 85) mengajak anak-anak lelaki makan (p. 92) Interesting to take a face apart Sungguh menarik untuk which was already so well menbelusuri setiap bagian known (p. 518) wajah yang serasa sudah dikenalnya (p. 600) 3
-less into tak, tanpa
Many priest left their people feeling guilthy, worthless, or bestial (p. 150)
Begitu banyak pastor yang membuat umat mereka merasa bersalah, tak berguna atau seperti hewan (p. 168)
Ralph; An impotent, useless Ralph, Laki-laki palsu sham! (p. 165) impotent dan tak berguna (p. 187) The two spinters maid and the Kedua pelayan yang tidak widowed childless housekeeper menikah dan poengurus rumah tangga yang sudah (p. 127) menjanda tanpa anak (p. 141) Life went on in the rhythmic, Hidup terus berjaklan endless cycle of the land (p. menurut lingkaran hidup 140) daerah itu yang berirama dan tanpa ujung (p. 156) 4
-er lebih, semakin, begitu, tukang
The house lay on top of a small hill about one hundred feet higher than the barn and stables (p. 16)
Rumah itu terletak di puncak bukit kecil, kira-kira tiga puluh meter lebih tinggi daripada gudang dan kanddang-kandangternak (p. 16)
The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan yang animal save the emu (p. 207) anggun lebih cepat daripada binatang lain (p. 235) The bigger and tougher they were, the more Frank wanted to see them humbled in the dust (p. 56)
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Semakin besar dan tangguh lawan-lawanya, semakin besar hasrat Frank untuk merobohkan mereka (p. 61)
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
The house lay on top of a small Rumah itu terletak di puncak bukit hill about one hundred feet higher kecil, kira-kira tiga puluh meter than the barn and stables (p. 16) lebih tinggi daripada gudang dan kanddang-kandangternak (p. 16) The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan yang anggun animal save the emu (p. 207) lebih cepat daripada binatang lain (p. 235) The bigger and tougher they were, the more Frank wanted to see them humbled in the dust (p. 56)
Semakin besar dan tangguh lawan-lawanya, semakin besar hasrat Frank untuk merobohkan mereka (p. 61)
Work became increasingly harder Lapangan pekerjaan semakin sulit to get (p. 76) dihadapkan (p. 83) She could no longer manage any Karena telah begitu lama tidak but the simplest pieces (p. 78) terlatih, sehingga hanya mampu mendentingkan lagu-lagu sederhana (p. 84) 5
-est paling
At school he had always been the Di sekolah ia selalu jadi anak smallest boys in his class (p. 56) dengan badan paling kecil (p. 60) Buit it was at Meggie everyone Namun, pada Meggielah semua stared the longest (p. 157) orang menatap kagum paling lama (p. 177)
6
-s into para, kedua, semua
His fleet of eleven ships held over one thousand convicts, plus sailors, naval officers and a contingent of Marines (p. 31)
Armadanya yang terdiri sebelas kapal membawa lebih seribu narapidana, belum para kelasi, perwira AL, dan kontingern Marinir (p. 33)
atas dari lagi satu
The twins were beaming in Kedua bocah kembar itu pun administration (p. 157) tersenyum kagum (p. 177)
7
-ful into penuh, yang, sangat
The rabbits are dead (p. 448)
Semua kelinci sudah mati (p. 520)
The boys gathered round (p. 77)
Semua anak mengerumuninya (p. 82)
lelaki
Stuart just looked on quietly, from Stuart Cuma memeandang dengan out of his peaceful, sympathetic tenang dari dalam jiwanya penuh little soul (p. 62) kedamaian dari simpatik itu (p. 67) Bringing her face up to within Menariknya lebih dekat sampai inches of those dreadful wajah kecil itu hanya terpisah spectacles (p. 39) beberapa senti dari kacamata yang mengerikan itu (p. 42)
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One of the rare handful of men Salah satu dari sedikit pencukur who managed to shear over three yang mampu mencukur lebih dari hundred merino sheep a day (p. tiga ratus domba sehari (p. 306) 266) The spiders were dreadful (p. 94) Laba-labanya sangat mengerikan (p. 103) Meggie felt wonderful (p. 375) 8
-‗s into milik
Meggie merasa sangat nyaman (p. 434)
His arms were filthy from Kedua lengannya berlepotan mucking out Mr. Jarman’s dairy karena membersihkan kotoran (p. 42) sapi di perusahaan susu milik Mr. Jarman (p. 45) The shearers loaded their swags into the contractor’s old fork truck and disappeared down the truck to their next shed (p. 106)
9
-hood masa
Maybe a leaving-behind childhood (p. 126)
Para pencukur memasukkan hasil jerih payah mereka ke truk Ford tua milik kontraktor dan pergi menyusuri jalan menuju bangsal berikutnya (p. 117)
of Mungkin ini saat ketika dia harus meninggalkan masa kanakkanaknya (p. 140)
Perhaps remembering her own girlhood, and angered that all the other young ladies uinvited had ordered their growns from Sydney (p. 157) 10
-ed dengan, yang
Boleh jadi karena teringat masa remajanya sendiri dan kesal karena semua gadis yang diundang kepesta itu telah memesan gaun pesta dari Sydney (p. 177)
Terrified, Meggie watched Bob‘s Dengan ngeri Meggie menatap steady hands (p. 37) tangan Bob yang mantap (p. 39) Starled, she took her unwilling Dengan terkejut Meggie miuth away from his to look at menjauhkan bibirnya dari bibir what lay under her hand (p. 289) Luke untuk melihat apa gerangan yang berada dibawah tangannya (p. 332) The gnarled finger plucked another sheet from a pigeonhole, dipped the pen in the Standish again, and rewrote the words as surely as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggol-bonggol itu menarik sehelai kertas baru, mencelupkan pena kedalam botol tinta, dan menulis kembali katakata tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
She scanned a yellowed sheet of Fee melihat sekilas sehelai Koran the Sydney Morning Herald (p. Sydney Morning Herald yang 194) menguning (p. 221)
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11
-ness sifat, sikap
So So grateful for his calmness and sympathy (p. 116) You‘ve always sweetness (p. 328)
retained
Bersyukur karena sikap tenang dan simapati Pastor Ralph (p. 128) your Kau selalu mempertahankan manismu (p. 379)
berhasil sikap
A blind streak of stubbornness in him Sifat keras kepala buta dalam wouldn‘t let him back down (p. 279) dirinya tak sudi mundur setapak pun (p. 321) We took pushing neatness and tidiness Sudah begitu keras upaya kami into your head too (p. 489) menjejalkan sifat rapi kekepalamu (p. 565)
Confixes: Morphemic Shifts from morpheme into word:
1
Confixes In-…….-able into tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
If she put her fingers in her Kalau ia memasukkan jari mouth the taste was kemulut, rasa pahitnya tak indescribable (p. 47) terkatakan (p. 50) That had faded too, was Di batu nisanya pun sudah practically indecipherable (p. memudar dan nyaris tak terbaca 436) (p. 505)
2
In-….ible into tak
There was always a suffocated sense of waiting, an intangible shuddering and thumping that actually transmitted itself through the feet (p. 16)
Sepanjang waktu, terasa penantian yang menyesakkan, getaran dan gejolak tak teraba yang merambat melalui kaki (p. 17)
Most of them were insensible Mereka sudah terkapar (p. 364) sadarkan diri (p. 423) 3
Un-….-able into tak
4
Un-….-ed into tak, tanpa
All through the unspeakable eight months voyage to New South Wales he proved a stubborn, difficult prisoner, further endearing himself to his ship‘s officers by refusing to die (p. 31)
tak
Sepanjang perjalan tak terkatakan selama delapan bulan menuju South Wales itu, tampak jelas bahwa ia napi yang keras kepala dan sulit diatur (p.33)
And an answer came directed Balasanpun tiba dengan tulisan in a writing unexpected (p. tak dikenal (p. 159) 142) Ia akan mendengarkan dan And he would listen totally sama sekali tak terpengaruh unmoved save for a sick kecuali merasa jijik contempt (p. 148) (p. 166) 127
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But it was dying and coming back to life again, to have survived the atmospheric tantrum unscathed
Namun rasanya seolah-olah mereka mati dan bangkit kembali setelah melewati murka alam tanpa terluka sedikitpun (p. 149)
He‘s lying in an unmarked Dia sedang berbarin di kuburan grave somewhere! tanpa nisanentah dimana (p. 637) 5
Dis-…..-ed into tidak
He still disliked his sister as much as he had back in his early childhood in Ireland (p. 118)
Ia masih saja tidak menyukai kakaknya sama seperti dimasa kecilnya dulu ketika mereka masih tinggal di Irlandia (p. 130)
She also was disowned and Ia juga dibuang keluarganya disadmitted again (p. 265) dan tidak diakui lagi (p. 304) 6
un-…-ing into tanpa
British justice of the time was Peradilan Inggris pada masa itu grim and unflinching (p. 30) cukup tegas dan tanpa komfromi (p. 33) Unfailing support that I so Dukungan tanpa henti yang dispose of my assets (p. 172) diberikannya sehingga saya menyerahkan asset-aset saya kepadanya (p. 195)
7
re-…-ed into kembali
He pointed his riffle at the sky, fired a shot, reloaded, fireed s second shot, reloaded, let off the third (p. 229)
Stuart mengarahkan senapannya kelangit, melepaskan tembakan, mengisinya kembali, melepaskan tembakan kedua, mengisi kembali, dan melepaskan tembakan ketiga (p. 261)
Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Phrase Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are shifts from morpheme level in Source Text (ST) into phrase level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to phrase occur in morphemes un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), and dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15 %)
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Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Prefixes
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
Un- into yang tidak
It was a hidden, unspoken thing between them something to buffer their loneliness (p. 128)
Ini adalah sesuatu yang tersembunyi diantara mereka yang tidak diucapkan, sesuatu untuk menahan rasa kesepian mereka (p. 142)
Often killing an unwary Tak jarang bahkan membunuh dog (p. 205) anjing yang tidak waspada (p. 205) 2
In- into sikap tak
The perfidies and Penghiantan dan sikap tak ingratitude of women (p. tahu terima kasih kaum wanita 367) (p. 425)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Suffixes
1
-less into tak mampu -less into yang tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
She was speechless first Meggie nayaris tak mampu from terror (p. 262) bicara (p. 300) Powerless to call a halt (p. Tak mampu berhenti, dan 273) nyaris gila (p. 313) The Persian carpets and Permadani Persia serta the spindly priceless perabotan langsing yang tak furniture (p. 95) ternilai (p. 104) Her eyes going from her Pandanganya berpindahbrother to her father in pindah dari kakak ke ayahnya helpless (p. 119) dengan kesedihan yang tak terkatakan (p. 132) Gear was a useless Sikap sok aksi affection (p. 373) berguna (p. 432)
2
-er into yang lebih
3
-est into yang paling
yang
tak
Notice anything farther Bisa melihat apapun yang away than their feet beer lebih jauh daripada gelas bir glasses (p. 364) mereka (p.423) Frank was not on a block; he was working on a massive eucalyptus log and undercutting it to get it small enough to place in 129
Frank tidak sedang bekerja ditanggul. Ia sibuk membelah sebatnag kayu eucalyptus utuh dan memotong bagian pangkalnya supaya dapat
Juliana
the slowest, widest stump ditempatkan ditunggul yang (p. 58) paling pendek dan lebar (p. 62) 4
-ful into yang penuh
It couldn‘t fail to be Perpaduan ini pasti akan powerful human soup (p. mengahsilkan sup manusiawi 375) yang penuh daya (p. 434)
Confixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase
No
Confixes
1
in-…-able into tak dapat
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
Perhaps it was inevitable (p. Boleh jadi ini memang tak 128) dapat dihindari (p. 142) To die so is indescribable (p. Mati dengan cara seperti ini 219) benar-benar tak dapat terlukiskan (p. 250)
2
in-…-ible into yang tak
It was took dark to see her, and the invisible substance of her sympathy undid him (p. 63)
Suasana terlampau gelap untuk bisa melihat gadis cilik itu, dan rasa simpatinya yang tak tampak meluruhkan hati Frank (p. 68)
His God and his church Tuhan dan gerejannya halwhich to him were hal yang tidak dapat dibagiindivisible (p. 313) baginya (p. 361) 3
un-…-ing into tak pernah
As for Meggie, she was incapable of equating Teresa‘s beaming, portly little mother with her own slender unsmiling mother (p. 47)
Mengenai Meggie sendiri ia tidak bisa menyamakan ibu Teresa yang gemuk pendek dan berseri-seri itu dengan ibunya sendiri yang langsing dan tak pernah tersenyum (p. 51)
Your taste is impeccable and Seleramu benar-benar tanpa unerring (p. 433) ada cela dan tak pernah salah (p. 503) 4
un-…-able into yang tak
It‘s a part of God‘s great Ini adalah bagian dari unfathomable plan; think of rencana agung Tuhan yang it like that (p. 120) tak terselami (p. 133) Luke not a bad man or even Luke bukan orang jahat atau an unlikable one (p. 329) bahkan orang yang tak menyenangkan (p. 380) What an unforgivable idiot Kau juga idiot yang tak you are into the bargain! (p. ketolongan (p. 425) 366)
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5
un-…-ed into yang tak
The overwhelming impression Kesan yang terasa adalah was one of uncontrolled (p. pertumbuhan tanaman 284) yang tak terkendali (p. 326) An insane and unfounded Tuduhan gila yang tak accusation (p. 419) berdasar itu (p. 485)
6
dis-…-ed into yang tidak
Stilled, absolute silence, breaking like waves on distented eardrums; unbearable silence (p. 394)
Keheningan yang mencekam, bergelombang menghantam gendang telinga yang gembung, benar-benar kesunyian yang tak tertahankan (p. 456)
Visitors or discontented stockmen or maids or rousebouts ver occasionally a governess (p. 97)
Para pengunjung atau pengurus ternak pelayan atau pekerja baru yang tidak puas (p. 106)
Others (No Shifts from Morpheme into Word and Phrase) There are no shifts from morphemes to other levels (word and phrase).
Morphemes into Morphemes
No shifts from morphemes to other levels No
Morphemes (ST)
Morphemes (TT)
1
The three had survived by killing and Ketigannya berhasil tetap hidup karena membunuh eating their weaker companions (p. 32) dan memakan teman-teman mereka ynag lebih ramah (p. 34)
2
Sister Agatha deemed beaten enpugh Suster Agatha sudah sering dipukul untuk bisa to behave inspite of a young and soft berperilaku baik meskipun mendaat pengajar yang supervisor (p. 38) muda dan berhati lembut (p. 41)
3
What I think of her allowing lousy Apa pendapatku tentang dia membiarkan anakalong with Meggie (p. 50) anka berkutu masuk sekolahnya (p. 54)
4
Her widowhood was thirty three years Ia sudah menjanda selama 33 tahun (p. 78) old (p. 73)
5
His patience and kindness had brought Kesabaran dan keramahannya membuanya disukai him liking from all and sincere from semua orang dan bahkan dikasihi8 sepenuh hati some (p. 73) oleh beberapa (p. 79)
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The Frequency of Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word and from Morpheme into Phrase No
Morphemes (SL)
Word (TL)
Phrase (TL)
1
dis-
5
-
2
un-
9
4
3
in-.
1
1
4
im-
4
-
5
re-
6
-
6
-ly
6
-
7
-ing
14
-
8
-less
12
5
9
-er
14
1
10
-est
5
1
11
-s
13
-
12
-ful
11
1
13
-s’
5
-
14
-hood
4
-
15
-ed
8
-
16
-ness
8
-
17
in-...-able
2
2
18
in-…-ible
3
2
19
un-…-able
3
3
20
un-…-ed
12
5
21
dis-…-ed
4
1
22
un-…-ing
2
2
23
re-…-ed
5
-
156 shifts
28 shifts
Total
184 Shifts
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The frequency of all morphemic shifts occurs in the translation of The Thorn Birds: a. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is: N = 156 x 100% = 85 % 184 b. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase is: N = 28 x 100% = 15 % 184 CONCLUSIONS After analyzing the data from the novel of Colleen Mc Cullough The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, it can be concluded that: Firstly, the best translation is the translation that uses the natural language forms of the receptor language, communicates as much as possible to the receptor language speakers and has the same meaning that is understood with the speakers of the source language. Besides, it also must maintain the dynamics of the original source language text. Maintaining the ―dynamics‖ of the original source text means that translation is presented in such a way that it will hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke. Secondly, to find the same equivalent and the exact structure (form) between the two different of language systems is the difficult thing in translation. Therefore, a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL‖. Thirdly, there are two morphemic shifts in translatrion of The Thorn Bird. They are the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word such as dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, -ly, ing-, less-, -er, -est, -s, -ful, -„s, -hood, -ed, -ness, in-…-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able, un-….-ly, un-…-ed, dis-…-ed, un-….-ing, re-…-ed.and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase such as dis-, un-, mis-, in, -less, -est, -er, -ful, in-….-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able, un-….-ly, un-…-ed, , dis-…-ed, un-..-ing. The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word occur in dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), ‗s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the total of 156 shifts (85 %). While The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase occur in un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15 %). In short, it can be seen that the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the total of 156 shifts (85 %). Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in the total of 28 shifts (15 %).
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REFERENCES Arifin, Zaenal and Junaiyah. 2007. Morfologi; Bentuk, Makna, dan Fungsi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia Bassnett, McGuire, Susan. 1991. Training the Translator. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Jhon Benjamins Publishing Company Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, London: Routledge Brislin, W. R. 1976. Translation: Application and Research. London. Rouledge Bungin, Burhan. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, dan Kebijakan Publik serta Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial lainnya. Jakarta: Prenada Media Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London and New York: Routledge Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1983. An Introduction to Language. New York: Harcout Brace College Publishers Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language and Research Press House, Julian. 1977. A Model for Translation Quality Assesment.Tubingen: TBL Veriag Gunter Narr Katamba, Francis.1988.Morphology: Modern Linguistic. Great Britain: Creative Print and Design Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1986. Kelas Kata dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. United States of America: University Press of America Machali, Rochaya. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: P.T Grasindo Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications London and New York: Routledge Nababan, Rudolf. 1997. Aspek Teori Penerjemahan dan Pengalihan Bahasa Surakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Nawawi, Hardi. 1991. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press Newmark, Peter. 1990. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall Nida, Eugene A. 1967. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words; Second Edition.
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