THE TRr\NSPOSITION IN THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS
A PAPER Presented to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements tor Degree of Strata 1 (S 1)
BY DEDEN SAPUTRA NI~.102026024483
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACOLTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES SYARIF HIDAl'ATlfLLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA
2007
THE APPROVAL SHEET OF THE AD
A PAPER Presented to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for Degree of Strata I (SI)
BY DEDEN SAPVTRi\ NIM. 102026024483
APPROVED BY ADVISOR
-=='=======--........:.2....r. Frans Sa 0 Ie M. Pd. NIP. 150299 481
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES SYARIF HJDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMICllNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2007
THE AFFROVAL SHEET OF THE EXAMINAnON BOARD This undergraduate paper entitled "The Transposition in Tile COIiference of the
Birds". Was examined by examination board, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) SyarifHidayatullah Jakmia on March 2nd 2007. It has been approved as pmiial fulfillment of the requirements for acquiring the Degree of Strata I (Sl) in English Letters Department.
The Examination Board
Chief
Secretary
Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. NIP. 150261902
NIP. 1
Committee Members
Examiner 1
Drs. Zaenal Arifin Toy, M:LIS. NIP. 150031 215
Examiner II
Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd.. MJ\>I. NIP. 132223 516
ABSTRACT
Deden Saputra, "THE TRANSPOSITION IN THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS". A Paper : The Departement of English Letter, Faculty of Adab and Humanities SyarifhidayatuJlah Jakarta, March 2007. The main objective of this analysis is the writer has fOlmd scme differences in the result oftranslations between source language and target language. He made notes to find the difierences and compared them certaiply transposition in the COJ!ference of the Birds'. Then, he made conclusion that transposition is procedure involving a
change in the grammar from the source iallguage text to the target
langu~.ge
text. The
transposition can replace of textual material in source language text (English Text) by equivalent textual material into another language (Bahasa Indonesia). In translating text from SL into TL, the transposition is ll1&in process in the translation that should be taken by translator. In the analysis of the transposition in the Co'!ference a( the Birds. it appears tbt the transposition that uses mostly is the grammatical structure of the target language or a change of word category occurs from a plural to a singular noun, there is a change from active sentence in source language to passive in target language, Therefore, the translators have no choice and must make the equivalent in the target language teA'!.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful. Praise to be Allah the Lord of the world that has blessed the writer in completing the paper in English Departemeat, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakaarta. May blessing and salutation be upon the most honorable Prophet and Messenger Muhammad, his families, his companions and his followers. The writer would like to say his gratitude to: l. His beloved parents, and also his brothers, sisters, cousins, nephwes, who al ways support and pray him for the writer's succes. 2. Dr. Frans Syogie, M.Pd, the advisor who has advised him to finish this paper. Thank a lot for advising him doing this paper. 3. Dr. H. Abd. Chair, the Dean of Humanities Faculty, Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, MPd, the Chief of English Departement, Drs. Asep Saepuddin, M.Pd, the Secretary of English Departement, and all staff of Humanities faculty. 4. All lectures who have taught and educated the writer. 5. For all the writer's classmates in English Departement, Abdul Wahab, Eko, Budi, Heny, Nuni, Wildan, Dina, Yusuf, Taufik, Zaky, Firmansyah, Untung, Sari Rusdiani, Eva nurul candra, Emi Maita, Dewi, Andri, and Novi. And to the writer's roommate and best friend Dindin Rosyidin.
Finally, the writer realizes that there are many lacks and mistakes in this paper. However, the writer hopes every reader of this paper send any suggestion, comments and advice to make this paper better.
May God bless us. Amieen....
Jakarta, March 2007
The Writer
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AESTRACT
.
ACKNOWLEGDMENT
II
TABLE Of CONTENTS
lV
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
'" .,
.
A
Background of Study
B
Focus of Study
4
C
Research Question
4
0
Signific<'Ulce of Study
II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A
Definition ofTransJation
5
B
The Types of Translation
7
C
The Process ofTransJation
10
0
Transposition
E
Fonnal Correspondence
III
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A
Objectivc of the Research
B
lv!ethod of the Research
C
Technique of Data Analysis
23
0
[nstrument ofthc Research
24
.
.
,
,
'" .. ,
,
.
4
13
22
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
E
Unit of Analysis
24
IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS
25
A
Data Description
25
B
Data Analysis
30
V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
40
A
Conclusion
40
B
Suggestion
41
BIBLIOGRAPlIY APPENDIX
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Stndy
Translation is mere than just transferring a text iil the source language (SL) into an equivalent text in the target language (TL). Translation is not linear translating each word or phrase in the target language, but it is looking for the equivalent of meaning or message in the ,ource language to
b~
transferred into the target language.
In many cases, the process is not simply, but it usually goes back and forth so that finally the translators can get the most equivalent translation of the original text. It is understandable that language is a set of system. Both English and Indonesia have structural systems. English and Indonesi2,n are two different languages. Therefore, it is important to poi nt out that there are similaritles as well as differences between English and Indonesia structure. When there are similarities exist translation would be easy. However, when there are differences occur translation could be dinicult. So, when there are different grammatical pattern usually the translation Indonesian into English is more difficult than that from English into Indonesia. In translating English words, phrases, and sentences into Indonesi2- or Indonesia words, phrases, sentences into English. Therefore. the translators must consider some gran1111atical and [exical equivalent. The translation is not writing the translator's own mind, no maner ho\\ g(lod it IS
and it is also not only adopting but understanding imitaung as re-expreSSll1g
2
mandate of work by il,'lloring the detail without defending on the style of large into other language. Many people think that translation is the process of transferring a text in the source language into an equivalent text in the target language. And when they are doing trarLSlation, they regard that every word has the same value thnt shollld be translated perfectly, where as, translation is the process of transforming message by reconstructing sentence. in a translation activity, a translator tries to find the equivalent of source language text to target language text. The equivalent is the cOlTespond content of the messages of SL text to TL text. It is the first step that a translator finds in translation_ So, formal correspondence is the equivalence of structures both the source language text and
the
target
language
text
that
denied
(equivalent
over formal
correspondence) I . The reaSon why the readers do mistake or misunderstand about the translation lies on two things. Firstly, the translator has not known at all about the source language. Secondly, the translator has not known at all about the target language and make the translator cannot express it in the target langnage. The translator should have another knowledge that will help him to make translation such as the culture of the source language and target language.
j Eugene A. Nida and Taber A Charles. Th('(JlY (Jud Practice (~l /!wfslation, (Den Haag Brill. 1974), p J2
3
Based en the shifting of structure concept, there are two basic techniques to solve the problem in shifting of the
tran~lation.
The first is Tramposifion, the
replacement of one I,'fammalical unit by another2 For example: A pair of trousers translated sebuah cdana. Here there is transposition that a change word from plural noun into singular n0un. Transposition .is the only translation procedure concerned with grammaticaL In translating text from source language into target language, transposition is ma.in process in the translation that should be taken into account by translator. The secoud, lv/odula/ion is a technique of translaticn used in the diHerent viewpoint of 1'L text from SL tex{ For example: 'No sm,oking' translated 'dilaran!! merokok' Besides that it has already been mentioned above, the translators must consider to five basics: I. The translator must fully understand the sense and me:aning of the original author. 2. The translator should have a perfect Knowledge about source language and target language. 3. The translator should have avoided word for word rendering. 4. The translator should use forms of speech in common use. 5. The translator should choose and order word appropriately to produce the correct one. Peter Newmark. Approaches to J'nmsla1101l (O~~J~)ni: Pergamon Press, 1981), p_ 31 Benny £-1. Hoed, Prosedur Pt.'Ill!rjemahan dan AkihoJlY(F. Lintas Bahasa (Jakarta· Pusat pcncrjemahan f[lkultas SaSira Uf, 995), p_ 2
4
n. Focus of Study In this paper the writer discusses the Transposition in the Conference of the Birds'. The writer only discusses the sentence in the scurce language and target language. The analysis is focused
0!1
the result of translatio::l in l.he Conference of the
Birds. In focus of study, the writer translates sentences between source language and target language to find transposition in the Conference ofBirds.
C. Research Question
Accord.ing to the explanation above, the research question that will be discussed deeply by the writer they are: I. What are the transposition procedures in the translation? 2. How is the transposition can used in translating the Conji.nnce ofthe Bird?
D. Significance of Study
The writer hopes the result of this research will assist the translator who translates with translation procedure such as transposition and be beneficial for the readers who want to know about the transposition.
CHAPTER II THEORFTJCAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Translation The translators must fid out and understand the definitions afthe translation. There are some definitions of translation taken Irom many sources that all give the theorist of it among others is as Newmark statement: "Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to repklce a written message ancllor statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in other language."J Another definition as Bell, T.R: "Translation is the expression .in another language (target language) of what has been expressed
in another (source
language) preserving semantic and stylistic
equivalences1 And "Translation consists in reproducing in the target language the closets natural equivalent of the SL message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.) According to Catford: "Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language"4 Based on those definitions above that there are three cases in translation: (I). It includes two languages: the SL (source language) and TL (target language). (2). To
Peter Nevm13rk Approaches To Translatioll (Oxtord: Pergamon Press, ! 98 I), p_ 7 Robert T Bell. Tralls/a/ioll and Tralls/ming, "Fhe lYn'ory and practice" (Nc\\ YorL Longman, 1995), p. 5 .1 Eugene A. Nida. and Chades R Taber, the lhemy alld Pracll..'(' (!l Frails/alfml, (Leidcfl EJ Blll1, ]982), p. ] 2 4 .I.e. Catford. language and language learllmg: a I.IJl,'lJti.\/ic lheory of Frans/mion, (Edinburgh: OXfOfC1 University'. 19(5), p 20 I
1
6
defend the content of message of 5L text to TL text. And (3). A translator tries to find equivalent of 5L text to TL text. According to Newmark that the translation theorist is concerned with every type of translation procedure. The procedures can be in the forrn of: a. Transcription, which mayor may not be required for 5L institutional or cultural words to provide authenticity or local colom respectively b. One to one translation, c. Through translation d. Lexical synonymy, translation by a close TL equivalent. e. Componential analysis, some form of componential anaIy~is should always be preferred to synonymy as provisional translation procedure. f Transposition, the replacement or' one grammatical unit hyanother. g. Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift m the point of view. h. Compensation, when loss of meaning or sound elTect or metaphor in one part of sentence is compensated in another part. 1. Cultural Equivalence. J. Translation label, an approximate equivalent, sometimes proposed as a collocation in inverted commas. k. Definition, recast as a descriptive noun phrase I. Paraphrase, amplification or free rendering of the meaning of a sentenceS From Rachmadie's book 'Materi Pokok Translation'. The procedures can be in the form of: a. Translation, this means rendering the sound of a source language to a target language form. b. Transliteration, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet into the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. c. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt source language text when th'" target language has no equivalent for the source language. Example; 'Handphone' translated handphone. d. Literal, this is one to one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can included borrowing and word for word translation. e. Transposition, this one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves replaeing a grammatical ~trllcture in the 5L with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same elTect. For example: 'Good morning' translated 'selall1at pagj·.
, INd. P }O
7
f
Modulation, variation through a change 0 f viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of though. For example; 'No smoking' translated 'dilarang merokok'. g. Adaptation, this process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept or using a situation analogous to the SL situation thought not identical to it. An adaptation may at the same time entail modulation and transposition: For example; 'First class' translated 'kelas satu'. The word 'kelas' adaptation from 'class,6
In translating from one language into another language, transposition and modulation are two main common procedures tbat sbould be taken into account by the translator. Nonnally the translator should al ways study the text as a wllole he begins to translate.
B. The Types of Translation
There are two types of translation m tbis paper.
J~~y,
according to his
article 'On Linguistic Aspects of Translation', Roman Jakobson divided tbree types oftranslation 7: I. Intralingual translations or rewording. It is an interpretation of verbal sib'lls by means of otber sign in the same language. Interlingual translation, it is an interpretation of verbal sign by means of s(jllne otber language. 3. Intersemiotie translations, it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal Sib'll systems. " Zllchridin Sur:ra\vinata~ and Sugcng I-]ar:.,:anto, li'olls!atiOlJ: Baht/.wl Teori & PCllImfUlJ j)raklis.\ft'ffL'fiemahkan. (Yogyakarta', Kanisius, 2(03), p, 75 7 Susan Basnen !'v1cGuilc, li-alJ,':!alioJJ SlIIdics, (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 22
8
Secondly, another types of translation, mentioned that Newmark distinguishes
them, among others as it stated below. And these types ares: L Communicative translation This translation creates the same effect with those that reads the source language text In this translation nsually the translator replace untranslatable woros with the equivalent words. This translation was the subjective one, because the translators try to reach the effect of the text For example: Keep off the grass, into the TL text: Dilarang berjalan diatas rumpu!. 2. Semantic translation In translation attempt;, the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language and contextual meaning from source language text In this translation the translator to be neutral and objective, the translator does not intend to help the readers bnt the translator Just re-places the meaning and the style from source language text to target language text.
J>
Peter Newmark. Appro(/che,v To Trallslation (Oxford' Pergamon Press, 1981), p. 38
9
In the semantic and communicative translation, Newmark distinguishes them below.Table 1. Semantic and communicative translation (Peter Newmark about Translation. Clevedon: Semantic translation 1. Author-centered 2. Pursues author's thought process related to thought. 3. Concerned with author as individual.
Communicative translation \ 1. Reader centered II. 2. Pursues author's intention related to speech. I 3. Adapts and makes the thought I and cultural content of original more accessible to reader. i 4. Effect oriented. Formal i features or original sacrificed i more readdy.
i
I
4. Semantic and syntactic oriented. Length of sentences, posiiion and intei,'fity of clauses, word position, etc. preserved whenever possible. 5. Faithful, more literal. 6. Informative. 7. Usually more awkward, more detailed, more complex, but briefer.
5. Faithful, freer. 6. Effective. 7. Easy reading, more natural. i sm~ther, simpler, clearer, more i direct, more conventional, confonning to particular I register of language, but no I longer. ! 8. Social. ' 9. Target language biased. . 10. Under translated: use of 'hold- i all'terms.
I
8. Personal. 9. Source language biased. lO. Over-transIated:more concentrated and more than original. 11. More powerful. 12. Always inferior to the because loss meaning.
13. Out of time and local place'eternal'. 14. Wide and universal.
i 1_ _
l2:..!naccur.acv.is alwa):s wrong
I !: :
J __
1 l. Less powerful. 12. May be better than original j because of gain in forces and ': clarity, despite loss in semantic " content. 13. Ephemeral and rooted in its context, 'existential'. 14. 'Tailor-made' or targeted for one category of readership: does one job, fultjlls one p,H1icular fll!1ction. }.s.c_;\.. c(Crtain __ .el~br()ide':.il1_(L a
10
stylistic synonymy, a discreet I modulatio'll is condoned the i facts are straight and the reader I, is suitable impressed. I 16. The translator has the right to correct and improve the logic i and style of the original, 'I clarity ambiguities, jargons, i normalize bizarre personal
I
I
16. The translator has no right to improve or to correct.
I
usage.
I '.
17. Mistakes in the original should (and must) be pointed out only in I footnote. 18. Target: a 'true' ver:;lon I.e. an exact statement. 19. Unit of translating: tends to word, collocation and clauses. 20. Applicable to all writings with original expressiveness. 21. Basically the work of translating lS an art. I 22. Usually he works of one translator. 23. Confonns to the 'relativist' position of cultural relativlly. 'I
j
17. Th," translator can correct! mistakes off fact in original. i
I
18. Target: A 'Happy' version, i.e. I a successful act. r, 19. Unit of tf'lns!a~ing: tends to i sentence and paragraph. ! 20. Applicable to impersonal texts'l
I
24. Meaning
.,
2 I. Basically the work of ! translating is crat!. 22. Sometimes the product of a! translation team. i 23. Conforms to the 'universalist' position, assuming that exact translation may be possible. \ -'-_c=2"'4:..,:..M:::e:.:::ss~ ,
I I
C. The Process of Translation
In translation process, translator must understand a SL lext and fonnulating a TL text. They do not occur successively but simultaneous that a translator has imperfectly understood the SL text until he comes up against a problem in evaluating a TL text. In this case, the writer just shows two processes of translation that are
11
according to the linguist statement. Flrstly, process of translation . 9
statement IS
III
Newmark's
:
1. The Textual Level
A translator makes certain 'conversion' and transpose:; the SL grammar into their 'ready' TL equivalent, then translates the lexical units into the sense. This is the level of the literal translation of the SL into the TL. It also acts as a corrective paraphrase and the purer-down of synonyms 10 2. The Referential Le'l'el This is level of objects and events, real/imaginary. A translator visualizes and builds up and which is an essential part, first of comprehension, then of tile reproduction process. 3. The Cohesive Level This cohesive level contains the two factors: the structure factor (the proceeding from known information (theme) to new information (rhyme); proposition, opposition, continuation, reiteration, opposition, conclusion for instance or thesis, antithesis, synthesis), and Mood factor]] (the dialectical factor moving between positive and negative, emotive and neutral. A translator has a spot the ditTerence between positive and neutral in, 'appreciate' and 'evaluate', 'awesome and .amazing'. Simi lady he has to spot differences between negative and neutral in say 'potentate' and 'ruler') Peter Ncv..' mark, A Texfbook (!f TraJ1.\}{l/;Oll, (London Prentice Hall, 1988), p. J9 Ibid, p_ 22 II Ibid, p. 24
9
](1
12
4. The Level of Naturalness ft is to determine the deviation, and only concerned with reproduction. A
translator has to ensure: that his translation makes sense; and that it reads naturally, that it is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and words that meet thp.t kind of situation. Natural usage comprises a variety of idioms or styles or registers determined primarily by 'he 'setting' of the text, secondarily by the author, topic and leadership, all of who are usually dependent on the setting l2 .
,','econdly, according to Nida and Taber, they defined the translation process into four levels. Theyare 13 : 1. Analyzing the SL text
A sentence, in this level, will be analyzed into the grammatical, word meaning or word combination, the textual meaning, and the contextual meaning. 2. Transferring A translator has analyzed and understood material, and she should thought in his mind and removes the material of the SL text to the TL text. He, however, does not produce the sequence of words yet, into the TL text. And they are still in his/her mind.
" fbul, 1'. 25 Zuchridin Suryawinata, and Sugeng Haryamo, lhmslalioJJ: Haha:w TeOJ'i &: PemmlUll Praktis A4eneljemahkan. (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003), p_ 17 13
13
3. Restructuring
A translator tries to find the appropriate words equivalent, and the sentence structures into the TL text. Then, He or she conveyed the messages or meanings into the whoIe TL text. 4. Revising and Evaluating
The result of translation can be evaluated or suited any more with the SL te:-.i. It should make revision, if the result is less completed equivalence of the TL text.
D. Transposition
Transposition
lS
termed by Catford as shift is a translation procedure
involving a change in the grammar from source language to target language"'. In the context of translating English into Indonesia, this change occurs as the result of dissimilarities of the system and structure of English and Indonesia to convey the same meaning. The application of transposition is aimed to avoid literal translation which only result in an unnatural translation Transposition is tem1ed by Vinay and Darbelnet called transposition involves replacing one word class with other without changing the meaning of the message. In translation there are two distinct types of transposition: I. ObligatOly transposition: Translation shifts which occur because of the discrepancies in the lexicogrammatical systems between th,; SL and the TL: the
1-1
Ibid, p. 85
14
compensatory device for the discrepancy
IS
predictable fTom the text and its
context. 2. Optional transposition: Translation shifts which occur because of the translator's discretion. In shifts like these, there are formal correspondences, but the translator in light of interpersonal meaning has selected something else 1>. A translator faces many problems to translate the SL text into the TL text. The linguistic problem facing Indonesia translators divided into two parts namely intrinsic difference among tl1e two languages, and special problem relating to the standardization process of Bahasa Indonesia currently as relative young and developing languages. When translation cannot be carried out by closely to the linguistic form of the source text, textual equivalence is achieved through what Catford calls 'translation shifts'. The concept of shifts is defined in tenns of departures 'from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to the TL'. Catlord divided two major types of shift are identified: 'level shift' and 'category shift' 16
1. Level shifts Catford means a shift oflevel we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. In English has a lexical unit in Indonesian as its translation equivalent. The following examples show these
----_._------_. l~ Venuti, Lawrence, lilt' li'tmskrlwlJ ,)'fudies Retlder, (London Routledge, 20(0), p 88 \(; Hatim, Basil, Teaching and Researching Fralls/a/io!J, (London: Longlll8J1 1(47), p. 1S 17 Rochayah Machali, Red(:!il1ing l"ex!Ua! J~-(!f(i\,(flellct' ill 1"([IISlaliol1, (Jakal1a The Translation Center Faculty of Arts-lhe Universil.v of Indonesia, 1988), pIS
15
A John has gone shopping. John sudah pergi berbelanja. B. Nenekpun malmn apel itu.
Even grandmother ate that apple. In (1) we can see that in English 'has' combined with the third form of the verb 'go' indicates that the act of 'going' has started before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still continues at the time of speaking, as opposed. The form 'has +Verb Ill' in English, a unit in the grammar, is translated into Indones.ian using the lexis 'sudah'. In the same way, 'pun' in (2), a unit (morpheme) in the h>rammar of Indonesian, which is an emphatic particle, is translated into 'even', a lexical word in English. 2. Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four
categories of class, structure, system and unit In category shifts may involve into four categories. There are: A Class shift is source language item is translated by means of a TL item
belonging to a different grammatical class. For example: a. Medical student Adj n b. Mahasiswa kedokteran.
N n B. Structure shift is involving a change in grammatical structure between SL and target text For example: a. The blue scarf is expensive. Adj n b. Sval yang birL! itu mahal N which + modifier
16
C. Unit shift is a where strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL
sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. For example: a. Thinking person. Adj n b. M&nusia yang berfikir N modifier (a clause) D. Intra system shift is which occurs when translation involves selection of a
non-corresponding term in TL system this is regardless of whether the SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formaIJyJ8 For example: a. A pair of trousers. N (+ plural) b. Sebuah celana H (+singular) Ne\\1nark refers to the same concept as transposition. There are four shifts on transposition as Newmark statement
l9
.
The First Shift It is an obligatory transposition and automatic, is caused by the grammatical
structure of the target language. It offers the translator no choic:e and must make the equivalence in the TL text as below: (I). Englishisource language plural to Bahasa Indonesiaitarget language singular, such as: a pair O(sClssors - translated into Indonesia: sebllah glll1tmg.
"lb'! ll, p_ ,) 19 Peter Newmark, A [exthook (!f Jinlls!a!lOJ1. (London Prentice Hal!, 1(88), p_ 85
17
(2). Adjective + Noun in English to Noun + Adjective in Bahasa Indonesia such as: Beautiftil woman translated into Indonesia wanila (yang) canlik. The Second Shift It is required, as source language grammatical structure is not in the target
language text, for instance, always options, and
tr.~y
are:
(I). In Bahasa Indonesia, the object is in front of the sentence, but in English, it is the last. For example: lYe l11usl bring the bag - translated into Indonesia: Tas ilu harus kita bawa.
(2). In Bahasa Indonesia, the adjective is in .front of the sentence, then followed by the subject, but it is not in English grammatical structure. For example: 1'111 afraid - translated into Indonesia: Takut saya.
(3). In Bahasa Indonesia, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is unusual in English, except the imperative sentence, for example: Jrs usage has been approved - translated into Indonesia: Telah disahkan pengguna{lIIl,va.
The Third Shift It is one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord
with natural usage in the target language text, such as: (I). In English, noun or noun phrase becomes verbal in Bahasa Indonesia, tor example: .. , 10 lram ilifeilectualmenj(Jr Ihe pursuils olan mldleeluol hje·· translated into Indoncsia:
unluk melollh para /I1leleklual /lnluk !/Ieni!.cwr kchiduf'on
inlelekluol. Actually, the word "pursuit" to translate in literal twnslation is
18
"pengejaran", but it
IS
unnatural usage or formal into the TL, so it becomes
"mengejar".
(2). In English, noun phrase with adjective frem verb intransitive becomes noun + clause, for example: Thinking animal - translated into Indonesia: Afakhluk .F'mg berfikir. and Boring lectwe _. translated into Indonesia: kuliah J'Wlg membosankan
(3). In English, the Clause in underlies form in source language that state in detail and expJidt in target language. For example: The approval signed by the doctor is valid - translated into Indonesia: Persetujuan yang ditandatongani olelz.
The Fourth Shift It is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. For
example: He is ve,y pleasant bUI his wije is arroganl - translated into Indonesia: [a sangal baik (sekali). lelapi iSlerinya sallgat sombollg. The word sekali is the
replacement ofa virtual lexical gap in i3ahasa Indonesia by a grammatical structure. In doing a translation. the translators have to pay attention to the linguistic functions. According to Buchler and Jakobson, Newmark divided the linguistic functions of texts into six kinds, they are20 : I. The expressive function is the mind of the speake" the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response.
20
Peter Nc\vmark, A {exthouk (!f Tram/ollol!, (London: Prentice Hall, 19S8J. P
}9 -
44
19
2. The infonnative function is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. 3. The vocative function language is the readership, the addressee. The vocative in the sense of calling upon the readership to act, think or feel, or react in the way intended by the text. 4. The aesthetic function of language is designed to please the sense, firstly through its actual or imagined sound, and secondly through its metaphors. 5. The phatic function of language is used for maintaining friendly contact with the addressee rather than for imparting foreign infonnation. 6. The metalingual function oflanguage indicates a language's ability to explain, name, and criticize its own f",atures. A translator faces many problems to translate the SL text into the TL text. The linguistic problem facing Indonesia translators divided into two parts namely intrinsic difference among the two languages, and spec:ial problem relating to the standardization process of Bahasa Indonesia currently as relative young and developing languages. The difficulties of syntax faced by translator, for example pronouns he and she, the reader ofTL text (Indonesia people) do not know the person involved except
to substitute the personal pronoun and possessive pronoun with the names. It means that in order to obtain clarity of translation personal pronoun and possessive pronoun. the translator of Bahasa Indonesia cannot directly change the personal pronoun and
20
possessive pronoun into their equals dta or ia and -nya. Except in each p<:rai,'Taph there is only a personal pronoun and possessive pronoun reference. A translator finding the dift"iculties arises in producing the plural fOnTIS in Bahasa Indonesia. If there are plural nouns of non-living such as some. mallY. or lell. arc not proceeded with the quantity. Those plural fOnTIS
~xpressed
by reduplicate its
single lorm. So, the use single nominal in expressing Bahasa Indonesia plural nouns that can be justified as the idea concerning plural form can be concluded from the context. Besides, a translator will find the difficulty in syntax. II: is the transfonnation of verb that based on the usage of time that following the subject in English and also followed by the time utility. In Bahasa Indonesia, there is no the verb change based on the time utility. Providing the time remarks in Bahasa Indonesia shows the time. For exanlple: I. She goes to the office everydav (habitual) Dia pergi ke kantor setiap hari 2. He i1; readin.g the magazine now (in progress) Dia sedang membaca majalah sekarang 3. He went 10 movie last night (past time) Dia pergi nonton semalam And the ditllculty of lexical shift, caused by the Indonesia translator's default frequently shifts the words, phrase, idiomatic expression, figurative expression and proverbs stand proverbs stand independently without the context.
21
E. Formal COlTespondence Fonnal correspondence is any grammatical category in the target language that can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the SL system21 Halliday recognizes five units that constitute ranks in English. The exanlples below show these units: I. Sentence, for example: 'John has gone to market'. 2. Clause 'John has gone. to market alia bought some apples (here we have
(WO
clauses, which are based on the verbs used). 1. Group (or phrase), for example: a black, long scarf (it is a noun phrase, where
a noun 'scarf' is modified by two adjectives 'black' and 'long'). 2. Word, for example: 'scarf'. 3. Morpheme, for example: the suffix 'ion' in the word 'examination' to indicate that word is noun in English, or the suffix '-s' attached to a 1I0un to indicate plural in English. In previous example for the word 'rice' in English, there is no one-to-one (formal) correspondence for the word in Indonesia, since there are at least four words to indicate the English word 'rice'. Here, the correspondence is one-to-many, and it has to be established on the basis of textual equivalence. If the: text is about having dinner, than the word 'rice' would correspond to the word 'nasi', and if the text is 21 Rochayah Machali, Redefining Texl1Ia! Equivalence in Tnms/afiol1. Translation Center Facuhy of Arts-the University ofJndonesia, 1988), p, 13
(Jakarta: The
22
cbout 'buying rice in the market for cooking', the word 'rice' would correspond the word 'beras'. However, when the text is about the harvest tiffil~ in paddy fiel
22
Ibid, P 13
CHAPTER III THE ImSEARCH M.ETHODOLOGY
A. Objective of the Research Related to the
r~sear(;h
question above, the writer intended to analyze the
transposition in translation certainly using the translation procedures. 4. To know how the transposition used in translation. 5. To know the application of translation procedure especially the transposition.
B. Method oCthe Research In this research, the writer used qualitative descriptive method. The descriptive method is a problem solving procedure through describing an object based on the readably visible fact. Therefore, the research report v"ill contain data excerpts to give an illustration in setting out the report. And the writer did the library research. He found the some book of translation for supporting the data analysis.
c. Technique of Data Analysis To get the aim of the research, the writer conducted the fi)lIowing steps: 1. Classifying the sentences of the transposition the COl1lerence olthe 8mls·'
2. Signing the sentences that are related to the transposition procedure. 3. Anillyzing the result of text between source language and target language.
24
4. Explaining the text to found some words or phrases that are related to transposition as in the theory of translation. And finally, the writer made conclusion based on the data analysis.
D. Instrumcnt of tilc Resc3l"ch The instrument of the research was the writer himself through reading, identifying and classifying the tex1. He also observed and signed the possibility of the transposition in translation certainly using the translation procedures.
E. Unit of Analysis The analysis unit of the research is the translation the COl!lerence olthe Birds. And Agus Supriyanto and A. Samsuri, the translators who have translated the result of translation. And there are six titles of Snli fable: I. The Conference Opens.
2. The Nightingale. 3. The Hoopoe.
4. The Parrot. 5. The Peacock. 6. The Duck.
CHAPTERJV RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description In the data Jescri ptiop., the writer finds the cases of transposition between the source language and target language in translating sentence of Sufi Fable "The Conference of/he Birds".
The possible strucHlral changes that may occur
In
transposition can be
observed in the following data descriptions: L SL Text:
The Conference of the Birds. The conference opens. All tile birds of the world, known and unkno\\fll., were assembled together. They said: No country in the world is without a king.
TL Text:
Musyawarah burung. Musyawarah pembukaall. Segala burung di dunia, yang dikenal dan tak dikenal, datang berkumpul. Mereka berkata: Tidak ada negeri di dunia ini yang tak beraja.
2. SL Text:
We must make effort together and search for one; for
110
country can
have a good administration and a good organization without a king. . TL Text:
Kita mesti berusaha bersama-sama untuk mencarinya; karena tiada negeri yang mungkin memiliki tata usaha yang baik dan tata susunan yang baik tanpa raja.
26
3. SL Text:
'Dear birds: she
beg~.n,
I am one who s engaged in divine warfare,
and r am a messenger of the world invisible. r have knowledge of God and of the secrets of creation. TL Text:
'Burung-Burung yang terhonnat,' dia mulai, akulah yang bergiat dalam peIjuangan suci, dan aku utusan dati dunia yang tak terl.ihat dimata. Ak'.' memiliki pengetahuan tentang banyak Tuhan dan rahasiarabasia ciptaan. Bila ada yang seperti aku membawa nama Tuhan, Bismiltah,
diparuhnya,
iiu
berarti bahwa dia
pasti
memiliki
pengetahuan tentang banyak hal yang tersembunyi. 4. SL Text:
When one carries on his beak, as
r do, the name of God, Bismillah, it
follows that one must have k'1Jowledge of many hidden things. TL Text:
Bita ada yang seperti aku membawa nama Tuhan, Bismillah, aiparuhnya, itu berarti bahwa dia pasti memiliki pengetahuan tentang banyak hal yang tersembunyi.
5. SL Text:
It is astonishing that he neither asked nor sought for those who were absent fi'om his kingdom, yet when r was away from him for a day he sent his messengers everywhere, and, since he could not be ,vithou! me for a moment, my worth is established forever.
TL Text:
Mengherankan bahwa ia tidak menanyakan atau pun mencari mereka yang tak hadir dalam kerajaannya, namun bila aku pergi sehari s
27
aku sebentar pun, maka nilai kepentinganku telah mantaplah buat selamanya. 6. SL Text:
We have a true king, he lives behind the mountains called Kaf His name is Simurgh and he is the king of birds. He is close to us, but we are far from him The palace where he dwells is inacce3sible, and no tongue is able to utter his name. Before him hang a hundred thousand veils of light and darkness, and in the two worlds no one has power to dispute his kingdom.
7. SL Text:
Even the purest soul cannot describe him, neither can the reason comprehend: these two eyes are blind.
TL Text:
Bahkan jiwa yang paling suet pun tak dapat melukiskanya, dan akal budi tak pula clapat memahami kedua belah mata ini pun buta.
8. SL Text:
Many lands and seas are on the way. Do not image that the journey is short; and one must have the heart of lion to follow this unusual road, for it is very long and the sea is deep.
TL Text:
Banyak laut dan daratan ditengah jalan. Jangan pikir peIjalanan itu singkat; dan kita mesti berhati singa untuk menempuhjalan yang luar biasa itu, karena jalan itu amat panjang dan laut Itu dalam.
9. SL Text: TL Text:
Wash your hands of this life if you would be called a man of action. Cucilah tangan kaJian dari kehidupan ini bila kalian ingin disebut pengamal.
28
10. SL Text:
One of his leathers fell on China and his reputation filled the world. Everyone made a picture of this feather, and from it fonned his
0,'<11
system of ideas, and so fell into a turmoil. All souls cany an impression of the mage of his feather. TL Text:
Sehelai hulunya jatuh di Cina clan kemasyhuran nUlJ1anya pIL'1 memenuhi dunia. Setiap orang membuta lukisan yang menggambarkan bulu ini, dan dari lukisan itu dibentuk susunan pikiranya sendiri, dan dengan demikian tergelincirlah ia dalam kekacauan. Semua jiwa menyimpan kesan gambaran angan tentang bulunya.
11. SL Text:
He poured emotion into each of the thousand notes of his song; and in each was to be found a world of secrets.
IL Text:
Dituangkan perasaannya dalam masing-masing dari seribu nada nyanyiannya, dan dalam setiap nada itu dapat ditemukan sebuah dunia penuh ..ahasia.
12. SL Iex1:
By the will of destiny a dervish caught sight of her, and he held the bread dropped from his hand.
IL Text:
Karena kehendak nasib seorang danvis sempat melihat putn itu sepintas, dan roti yang dipt'gangnya pun jatuh dari tangalmya.
13. 8L Iext:
My secrets are not knowTI to everyone only to the rose are they know'1 with certaimy.
TL Text:
Tak ada yang mengetahui rahasiaku hanya mawar mengetahuinya dengan past!.
29
14. 8L Text:
Forsake the rose and blush for yourself for she laughs at you with each new spring and then she smiles no more.
TL Text:
Tinggalkan mawar itu dan hendaknya kau malu pacta dirimu sendiri sebab, bersama tiap musim semi yang barn ia menertawakanmu dan kemudian pun tak tersenyuiTi lagi.
15. SL Text:
Passion was awakened by her sleepy eyes and by sweet intoxicatio'l of her presence.
TL Text:
Nafsu terbangkit okh matanya yang mengatuk sayu dan bills manis kehadirannya.
16. 8L Text:
This frantic love went on for seven years, the while he lived in the street with dogs.
TL TeJl.1::
Cinta yang garang ini berlangsung terus tujuh tahun lamanya, dan selama itu ia hidup dijalanan bersama anjing-anjing.
17. SL Text:
Since your men are bent on killing me unjustly, answer one simple question.
TL Text:
karena para pengiring tuan hendak membunuh hamba secara tak adil, maka jawablah kiranya pertanyaan yang biasa ini.
L8. SL Text:
Life has been given to you so that for an instant you may have a worthy friend.
TL Text:
Hidup diberikan padamu agar suatu ketika kau dapat mempunyai sahabat .vang mulia. "
19. SL Text:
~
The Hoopoe replied: "you are straying fTom the true way".
30
TL Text: Hudhud menjllwab: "kau tersesat dari jalan yang henar". 20. SL Text:
0 you who are attached to the earthly paradise by a hundred bonds,
knOIV that whoever in the two worlds is identified with that which comes between may become attached only me, his true friend. TL Text: 0 kau yang terikat pada sorga duniawi dengan seratus ikatan, ketahuilah bahwa ~iapapun di kedua dunia itu dikenal karena apa yang teJjadi antara rna dengan aku, kupisahkan dari segala yang ada agar ia hanya terikat padaku saja, kawannya sejati.
B. Da ta Analysis
In the data analysis the writer gets the source language text from Sufi fable "7'l1e Conference of/he Birds'''. Then, he analyzes the process olftransposition both of
them, namely: I. SL Text:
The Conference ofthe birds, page II.
All the birds of the world, known and unknown were assembled together. They said: No country in the world is without a king. How comes it, then, that the kingdom of the birds is without a ruler! This state of things cannot last. TL Text:
Musyawarah Burung Segala burung didunia, yang dikenaJ dan tak dikenal, datang berkumpul. Mereka berkata: Tidak ada negeri
31
beraja. Maka bagaimana mungkin kerajaan burung-burnng tanpa penguasa! Keadaan demikian tak bisa dihindarkan terns. This translation case, a change of word category occurs from a plural to singular noun in Bahasa Indonesia. The Conference of the Birds translated Musyawarh Burung, there is transposition that plural in English into singular in Bahasa Indonesia. 2. SL Text:
We must make effort together and search for one; for no country can have a good administration and a l!ood organization without a king. So they began to consider how to set out on their quest. The Hoopoe, excited and fuH of hope, came forward and placed herself in the middle of the assemble birds.
TL text:
Kita mesti berusaha bersama-sama untuk mencannya; karena tiada negeri yang mungkin memiliki tata usaha yang baik dan tata susunan vang baik tanpa raja.
In the sentence above, there is translation case typifies a structural change from adjective + noun into noun + which + adjective. Hare there is transposition of word good administration (Adjectil'e- Noun) translated into Indonesian tata usaha yang baik (Noun .. which·Ad/ective). 3. SL Text:
'Dear Birds: she began.
'j
am one who is engaged in divine warfare,
and j am a messenger of the world invisible. TL Text:
'I3unllw-burung yang terhormat,' dia Illulai, akulah yang bergiat dalam perjuangan suci, clan utusan dari dunia yang tak terJlhal di mata.
32
In the sentence above, there is transposition in werd 'pear Birds' from word 'burung-burung yang terhonnat'. This translation case shows a structural change from adjective + noun in English to noun + which + adjective in Bahasa Indonesia 4. SL Text:
When one carries on his beak, as I do, the name of God, Bismillah, it follows that one must have knowledge of manv hidden things.
TL Text:
Bila ada yang seperti aku membawa nama Tuhan,
Bi~millah,
di
paruhnya, itu bermi bahwa dia pasti memiliki pengetahuan tenlang banyak hal yang tersembur:!Yi. This translation case exemplifies a change of word category occurs from plural in English into singular in Bahasa IndonesialTarget language. So, there is transposition of word 'many hidden things' translated banyak hal yang tersembunyi.
On page 12, the writer found some transposition: 5. SL Text:
It is astonishing that he neither asked nor sought for those who were
absent from his kingdom, yet when I was away 'from him for a day he sent his messengers everywhere, and, since he could not be without me for a moment, my worth is established forever. . TL Text:
Mengherankan bahwa ia tidak menanyakan atau pun mencar; mereka yang tak hadir dalam kerajaannya, namun bila aku pergi sehar; saja. disebarkanya utusan dimana-mana, dan karena ia tak ITIungkin tanpa aku sebentar pun, maka nilai kepentinganku telah mantaplah buat sclaman}'a.
33
In the sentence above, there is transposition in word 'utl.lsan' from word 'J)wssengers'. This translation case shows a change of word category occurs from plural in English to singular in Bahasa Indonesia. 6. SL Text:
We have a true king, he lives behind the mountains called Kaf. His name is Simurgh and he is the king of birds. He is close to us. but we are far from him. The palace where he dwells is inaccessible, and no tongue is able to utter his name. Before him hang a hundred thousand veils oflight ,md darkness, and in the (wo worlds
110
one has power to
dispute his kingdom. TL Text:
Kita mempunyai raja sejati, ia tinggal di balik gunung-gunung Kat: Namanya Simurgh dan ia raja segala bunmg. Ia dekat dengan kita, tetapi kita jauh darinya. Tempat persemayamannya tak dapat dicapai, dan tiada lidah yang dapat mengucapkan namanya. Di mukanya tergantung seratus ribu tabir cahaya dan kegelapan, dan dalam kedua dunia itu tak ada yang dapat menyangsikan kerajaanya.
In the sentence above, there are transpositions in words birds. veils and worlds. This trans.lation case, a change of words category ()ccur from plural in English into singular in target language. 7. SL Text:
Even the purest soul cannot describe him, neither can the reason comprehend: these two eves are blind.
TL Text:
Bahkan jiwa yang paling suci pun tak dapat melukiskanya, dan akal budi tak pula dapat memahami kedua belah mata ini pun buta.
34
In the sentence above, there is transposition of word eyes translated kedua belah mata. This translation case shows
~
change of word category occurs from a
plural to a singular noun.
On page 13, the analysis that ~he \witer found is such transposition: 8. SL Text:
Many lands and seas are on the way. Do not image that the journey is short; and one must have the heart of lion to fonow this unusual road, for it i, very long and the sea is deep.
TL Text:
Banyak laut dan daratan ditengah jalan. Jangan pikir peIjalanan itu singkat: dan kita mesti berhati singa untuk menempuh jalan yang luar biasa itu, karena jalan itu amat panjang dan laut itu dalam.
In the sentence above, there are transpositions that a change of word category occurs in word lands and seas. These translation cases show from plural in source language into singular in target language. 9. SL Text:
Wash your hands of this lite if yon would be called a man of action.
TL Text: Cucilah tangan kalian dan kehidupan ini bila kalian ingin disebut pengamal. In this translation case, a change of word category occms from a plural to a singular noun. In English some noun such as hands always occur in a plural form. 10. SL Text:
One of his feathers fell on China and his reputation filled the world. Everyone made a picture of this feather, and from it formed his own
35
system of ideas, and so tell into a turmoil. All souls carry an impression of the mage of his feather. TL Text:
Sehelai bulunya jatuh di Cina dan kemasyhuran namanya pun memenuhi dunia. Setiap orang membuta lukisan yang menggambarkan bul u ini, dan dari lukisan itu dibentuk susuuan oikiranya sendiri, dan dengan demikian tergelincirlah ia dalam kekacauan. Semua jiwa menyimpan kesan gambaran angan tentang bul unya.
In the sentence above, there are transpositions in words feathers,
iQ~?ji
and
souls. These translation cases show plural in English into singular in Bahasa Indonesia.
On page 14, the \\Titer found some transposition: II. SL Text:
He poured emotion into each of the thousand notes of his song; and in each was tu be found a world of secrets.
TL Text:
Dituang:kan perasaannva dalam masing-masing dari seribu nacla nyanyiannya, dan dala.l11 setiap nada itu c1apat ditemukan sebuah dunia penuh rahasia.
In this sentence above, this translation case shows the word He poured emotion translated dituang:kan perasaannya. There is transposition that from the active sentence in source language text 12. 51. Text:
to
be passive sentence in target language.
By the will of destiny a dervish caught sight of her, and he held the
bread dropped from his hand.
36
TL Text:
Karena kehendak nasib seorang darwis sempat melihat putrj itu sepintas, dan roti yang dipegangnya pun jatuh da,ri tangannya.
In the sentence above, this translation case above shows the active sentence in source language to be passive sentence in target language. [~.
8L Text:
My secrets are not known to everyone only to the rose are they [(nOVin with certainty.
TL Text:
Tak ada yang men getahu i rahasiak'U hanya mawar mengetahuinya dengan pasti
In this sentence above, there
IS
transposition of word secrets translated
rahasia. This translation case shows plural
III
English into singular
III
Bahasa
Indonesia or target laJif,'Uage.
On page 15, the writer found some transposition: 14. 8L Text:
Forsake the rose and blush for yourself for she laughs at you with each new spring and then she smiles no more.
TL Text:
Tinggalkan mawar itu dan hendaknya kau malu pada dirimu sendiri sebab, bersama tiap musim semi vang barn ia menertawakanmu dan kemudian pun tak tersenyum lagi.
In the sentence above, there is transposition in word 'new spring' from word 'lllllsim semi 'lang baru'. This translation case shows a structural change from adjective + noun in Enghsh to noun + which + adjective in Bahasa Indonesia.
37
15. SL Text:
Passion was awakened by her sleepy eyes and by sweet intoxication of her presence.
TL Text:
Nafsu terbangkit oleh matanya yang mengatuk sayu dan bius manis kehadirannya.
[n this translation case above, there is transposition of word
'~'
translated
into Indonesian 'mata'. A change of word category occurs flom plural in English into singular in Bahasa Indonesia.
On page 16, the writer found some transposition: 16. SL Text:
This frantic love went on for seven years, the while he lived in the street with dogs.
TL Text:
Cinta yang garang mI berlangsung terus tujuh tahun lamanya, dan selama itu ia hidup dijalanan bersama anjing-anj Lng.
In this sentence above, there is transposition that a change plural in source language into si ngular in Bahasa Indonesia/target language. 17. SL Text:
Since your men are bent on killing me lmjustJy, answer one simple question.
TL TeJ'!:
karena para pengiring tuau hendak membunuh hamba secam tak adil, maka jawablah kiranya pertanyaan vang biasa in,i.
[n the sentence above, there is transposition in word 'simple question' translated into Indonesian 'pertanvaan yang biasa'. This translation case shows a structural change from adJective
+
noun into nOlin + which + adjective.
38
On page 17, the writer found such transposition: 18. SL Text:
Life has been given to you so that for an instant you may have a worthy friend.
TL Text:
Hidup diberikan padamu agar suatu ketika kau dapat mempunym sahabat yang n111Jia.
This translation case shows a structural change from adjective + noun
III
source language 'worthy friend' into noun + which + adjective in target language ',ahabat yang mulia'.
On page 18, the analysis that the writer found is such transposition: 20. SL Text: TL Text:
The Hoopoe replied: "you are straying from the yue wav". Hudhud menjawab: "kau tersesat dati jalan yang benar".
In this translation case shows a structural change from adjective + noun in word 'true wav' into noun + which + adjectiYe 'jalan yang benar'. 21. SL Text:
0 you who are attached to the earthly paradise by a hundred bonds, know that whoever in the two worlds is identified
\\~th
that which
comes between may become attached only me, his true friend. . TL Text:
0 kau yang terikat pada sorga duniawi dengan seratus ikatan, ketahuilah bahwa siapapun di kedua dunia itu dikenal karena apa yang terJll.di antara dia dengan aku, kupisahkan dari segal a yang ada agar ia hanya terikat padakll s
39
In the sentence above, there are transposition cases in word hundred bonds translated seratus ikatan and two worlds translated kedua duui,\. These are change of word category occur from plural noun in English into singular noun in Bahasa Indonesia. Based on the data analysis, the writer found some tmnsposition in the Conference of the Birds. And they are:
1. A change of word category occurs from a plural to a si!lgular noun, the writer
found in number 1, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10,13,16,17 and 21 2. A structural change from Adjective + Noun in word into Noun + Which + Adjective, the writer found in number 2,3,4,14,18,19, and 20. 3. From acti\e to passive, the writer found in !lumber II, [2 and 1.5.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion Translation is more than just transferring a text in the source language into an equivalent text n the target language. Therefore, the translation must consider some grammatical and lexical equivalent. Translation is not an easy thing. It involves many factors and one of them is already mentioned above, that is the transposition that has an important function that will help the translator do his translation. One factor that must be taken into consideration in the translation is the translation procedure that involves the transposition. The transposition is procedure involving a change in the grammar from the source language text to the target language te>.1. In the analysis of Transposition in the COI?ference (){the Birds, it appears that the transposition that used is that the grammatical structure of the target language or a change of word category occurs from a plural to a singular noun. It offers the translator have no choice and must make the equivalence in the TL text, there is a change from active sentence in source language to passive in mrget language. And adjective + nOlln in English become noun + which + adjective in Indonesia.
41
B. Suggestion Based on the conclusions above, the writer has some suggestions as follows: L To get a good translation, a translator must consider thl~ translation procedure especially the transposition. 2. To be a good translator, he must consecrate and painstaking effort, always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expressiQn; pursuing facts and words. 3. He must require in depth knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms, and the like of the source language, as we]] as the culture of its speakers, and must has in depth knowledge of target language.
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Catford, J.c. Language and Language Learning; A Linguistic Themy (!fTranslatiol1. Edinburgh: Oxford University Press, 1965. Hoed, RH. "Prosedur Peneljemahan dan Akibatnya" dalam Lintas Bahasa, 211 395:2-7. Jakarta: Pusat peneJjemahan fakultas Sastra UI Lawrence, Venuti. The Translation Studies reader. London: Routledge, '2000, Machali, R. Pedoman Bagi Peneljemah Jakarta: PT Grasindo, ;WOO.
_ _._----. Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation. Jakarta: The translation Center; Faculty of Arts the University oflndonesia, 1998. McGuire, Susan, Basnett. Translation Studies, London: Routledge, 1996. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science (l{Translating. Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1964, Nida, Eugene A. and Taber, C.R. 17w Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill, J982. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook a/Translation. London: Prentice Hall, J988. _~
. Approaches (l{Translation. Oxford: Permagon Press, 1981.
_ _ _ _ _ _. About Translation. Clevedon: MUltilingual Matters Ltd, 1991. Nott. C.S. ]Jle Conference ()(The Birds'. Shambahala Publication Inc, 1954, :'iavory, Theodore. the Art <>l7iwlslation. London: Cape, 1969. Simatupang, Maurits, 0.5. Penga11l0r Teon Tel:/emahon. Jakarta. Universitas Indonesia, 1999. Supriyanto Agus, Samhuri. A. ;\1I1.s)'oworah Burung. Yogyakarta, 2003.
T Bell, Roger. Translation and Translating: The theOI)1 and Practice. New York: Longman, 1991. Turabian, L.K "A mallual for Writers: of Terms Papers, 17Jeses, and Dissertations" rd 3 Edition. London: The University of Chicago, 1967. Zuchridin, Sand Sugeng. H. Translation: Bahasa Teori & Penuntun Prak-tis Menerjemahkan. Jogyakmia: Kanisius, 2003.
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A PHILO'OPl-fiCAL RELIC:Ot)S pO:::-,1 IS' fROSE
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SHAMBHALA PUBLICATIONS INC.
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CONTENTS
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pag!
vll
Foreword !
1. Invocation 8
.© 1954 C. S. Nott rsBN 0-87773-031-8 Cover design by Arthur Okamura Brush drawings by Kate Adamson
11. The Birds Assemble II
111. The Conference of the Birds IJj
Epilogue Distributed by Random House Printed in the United States of America
137
Attar A note on the Sufis
This book is published in the Clear Light Seri~J dedicated to W. Y. Evans-Wentz. The series is edited by Samuel Bercholz.
Glossary _
139
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:.; ':~f! :~ " /1~YJeI/ t1nd flJI;;e Jr/o;ds; l:,/ i.' is lh: j:tl/GII versi''In -- :J~; .:._':-':'11, rd ill E,.'..;/ijl ,r.-d, tiS _'-'(eh, lIlt!)' ':1J::ri'st t1 JJ./ider public
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by the Oxford Uni," -si:.1' PreJS. /1/1 three Gartin de T(Jf·P,'..r /,r.:::.:h-::ioll iJ~ (0111J -';;, m::-:', .':; he Sf:;'S, 'is as ///t'ral (]S J hart: /Jt'r'tl abJe Jo make if <;'l:sib,~ '. !-Ie btU a/~·I) re/a/led Jbe jlm/OIIT, tbe spirit, and !he
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- ;'tn-'C u·",'j//ed II~;! se,-lJnd ha!! oj the !IJlIOcalion-JJ./hich is /lliJ"jltlg {he i-//,:dll Ie."'.:! and is abridged in Jbe Tllr,t.:sh. The Epi/oJ{/le '-:':!ltC :/::ire(y from the Fflm!fI and the ~/ilrkish lexls, and varies -;;r 1/.,zI::mnpls; 0./ Ihis 1 hate incll/dec. on!y !h~ first part, sillce ....:sl, cOI;JiJlliZr, as ;1 does of antedotes, :omes oJ an finticlilJlax. ;. Ollli1ted or condensed are a jew ante/otes in tbe story, either thl!'v i""'" r'''''''''';':.,~ •._ '-
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all tbat relates to the 'Conference', 'Speech', 'LangllaJ!.e', 'Di,course' or 'Parliament' (as it is varivus(y caf/ed) of the Birds as told in the original manuscript, is here. A f/ notes on the "xl are included iii the Glossary so that the reading shaf/ nDt bc interrJtpted; these include some of 1 im;/s. In cc'!:pi/in,1!, tbis, and in JJJnting thg notes on Atfar and on tlx Sufts, I have consulted, among other SDJlrCeS, The Dic:tionary of Ismm mid the Encyclopaedia of Islam. In numberillg tbe srctions I have fof/owed TasD" s translatioll of the original manuscripts. If the reader wif/ rM through tbe GloSSJry before reading tb, bODk mal!! al:llsions wif/ be 17Jade clearer; thoNgh, as TasD' himself remark;, the m~ani>lg is someth'!es obscure. Miss Adamson's bmsh drawings are bas,d on thos' in an old Persian manuscript of Mantiq Uttair. C. $. NOTT
\ 10 )
Welcome, 0 Hav:k! You who hav~ taken v:ir,g, and after rebelling agaimt your master have bowed your head! Bear ;ourself becomingly. You are fastened to the \"ody of this ~'orld) ~'1d so are f2.: from the other. \"\lhen you a:e free of "Lne wadis, pr~5e:1t and future, you ,viti rest 'on the hand of },Jexander. \Velcome, 0 Go:dfinch! Come joyoesly. Be eager to act, and come as the fire. \J1hen you have burnt ep yOflf attachments the light of God win manifest itself mere and more. Since your heart knows the secrets of God, remain faithful. \Y7hen yot:. 1..:ave ?erL::cted yourself you will nO longer exist.
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III. THE CONFERENCE OF THE BIRDS \.,\ (ti,
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THE CONFERENCE OPENS
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.J.." L L THE. B 1 R DS of th~ w0rld, b.1o·w"n and uflknown, '.):err. 3.s::.cl11blcd together. They said: (No country in the world
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is \'l;ithout a king. How comr:s i~) then, ~h3.t the kingdom of rhe birds is \l,:ithout a ruler! This state of things cannot la~t. \\'c :TIust rn~ke e:Ton together and search for one; for no country can have:l good administration and a good organizaQQ.Q. \\.·ithour a king.' So they began to consider now to s_~.~,,_~ut on their quest. The Hoopoe, excited and full of hope, came forward and pl"ced bcrsclf in the middle of the assembled birds. On her breast was the ornament which symbolized that she had entered the way of spiritual knowledge; the crest on her head was as the crown of truth, and she had knowledge of both good and evil. 'Dear Birds,' she began, 'I am one who is engaged in divine '.v:ufare, and I am a messenger of the world invisible. I have knowledge of God arid· of the secrets of creation. \\lhen one carries on his beak, as I do, the name of God, Bismillah, it follows that one must have knowledge of many hidden things. Yet my days pass restlessly and I am concerned with no person for I am wholly occupied by love for the King. I can ~nd water by instinct, and I know many other ~. I talk with Solomofi md am the foremost of his ",
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:c.-llowers. It is asto::1sn.:ng that he neither asked no, sought :0: tho'" ",ho we!:" "."'sent from his kingdom, yet when I -=:..5 a~.v3.:.- {rom hirr~ :'J: a ciaI' he sent his messengers every';.-~ere) ~. .i, since r.c cC21d not be without me fo!" a mOfYlcnt) :_"':<.~ wo;:-~--. is estac-ll5:: ~d for ever. I carried his letters, and 1 '~'2-S ]oj, cxd';denti2.2 companion. The bird v.'ho is sought ::.:=:er b:: ::-;e pfoph::: ::::r10IT.on, merits a f:rown for his head. ~".£:. -:-:;e hir:::: ·;.·~o is ';.'~~ ~?0ker: cfby C;Cc1, ~O\;.· can r.e trail his b :·~;.:he:s :.:"'. :he du~:~ F0f years I h1.ve tr<:vdled by sea and ~" :~:""',d) o';t: mount::.:.:'.;:, ~~nd valleys:. I covered a~ immense ::~2.ce ir: :::e time 0: ::-:~ deluge; I accompanied Solomon on :_~ j0u::-:eys) ane I :-_~~:e me::~sure0. th~ bounds of the v:orld. ~ ~I k~-:,":': well m-;. :":"::;0", b'Jt alone I canllot 5Ct out to :loci 0 ~ h-; :"::n. ~-\:::.::don yr :imidity, j·ct:.r self-concci~ ~nd your rr, ..:::belic:, :'0: he -,;.: =--_:. ::,,_skes light of ills O\\:n life is ce!iver,:d ::0ffi n:::::;t:f; he is ::::j...-ered from good and evil in the \.1;ay ~;'" :.: his :--::oved. B·:; senerous with your life. Set your feet ::" ~, ..::>on tr-,e csrth a=-~:: s:ep out joyfuHy for the court of the . :,:-:ng. \\·c h3.ve a :.:-..:.:: king, he u\-es behind the mountains ~ ~lled }(2:-, His n;::.;-:-. ~ :5 Simurgh 2nd he is the king of birds. t ~ :-ie is GO;;'': to us, =-''':: -;;e are far [r0m him. 'The pbce where ,." :-.e d\".;C~5 is inacc::~~:·:)le, and DO tongue is able to utter his k~ ;::. :."me. &iore llli:. :-.".Clg a hundred thousand veils of light f. 2-3d d2rkness, and i.:: the two worlds no one has power to ( .:::spute his kingd0:::. He is the sovran iord and is ba~hcd in { ::;e pc::-ection of :-"':s ::najest..... He does not marufest bjmself co';plerely even i:o ",':e plac~ of his d'''''elling, and to this no knowledge or inte~:igence can attain. The way is unknown, 2-nd no one has rhe steadfastness to seek it, though thousands of creatures spend their lives in longing. Even the purest soul cannot descri::'e him, neither can the reason comprehend: these two e',es are blind. The wise cannot discover his perfection nor can the man of understanding perceive ]ojs beauty. All creatures have wished to attain to this perfection and beauty by imagination. But how can you tread that
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with thought? How measure the moon from the fish? So. thousands of heads go here and there, like the ball in 00010, and only lamentations and sighs of longing are heard. ~bny hnds and~ are on the \'laY. Do not imagine that [~O journey is short; and one must have the heart of a lion :0 fo:Iow this unusual road, for it is very long and the sea is deep. One Dlods along in a sta:e of amazement, sometimes ;",'Iing sometimes weeping. As for me, I shall be happy w l~;5COvcr e'.-en a trace. of him. That would inneed be somet:-:ing, but to li\re without him would be a reproach. A. man ",us; not keep his soul from the beloved but must be in 2 ;;:ring stale to lead his soul to the court of the King. \Vash . JLlr ~ or this life if you would be called a man of actiop-o ::-or ."ou: b~lo\'~d, rCf10unce this dear life of. yOL:.rs, as , \1/or't...t~·,; :::-:n. If you submit with grace, the beloved \vill give his life :.:;.;: rou. FIRST
)'L-\~IFEST.1..TION
OF THE
$I~1URGH
:.:1 :lstonishing thing! The nrst manifestation of the Simurgh tc-ok place in China in the middle of the night. Or.~ of his feathers fell on China and his reputation tilkd t:-:~ world. Everyone: made a picture of this fcather, and from it formed ]ojs own s\,stem of ideos, and so fell into a [~rmoil. Tl:is feather is still in the picture-gallery of that (ountry; hence the saying, n Seek know ledge, even in China!" 'But for his manifestation there would not have been so much noise in the world concerning this mysterious Being. This sign of his existence is a token of his glory. All souls corry an impression of the image of his feather. Since the description of it has neither head nor tail, beginning nor end, it is not necessary to say more·about it. Now, any of you who are for this road, prepare yourselves, and put your feet on the \Y/ay.' When the: Hoopoe had finished the birds began excitedly to di~cuss the glory of this king, and seized with longing to
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haye :-i:n for their o.,;n sovereign they were all impatient to be o;c. They resoh'ed to go together; e~ch became a friend to t:·e o:her ar>d a-, enemy to himself. But when rhey began to r~::i;::c: how loZ1z ~nd painSJl theillournev v.::as ~0 be, thev hes::;:d, and in s;cite of their ap!,ar~nt goon,w'ill begar> to exC'c~ d.,emseh'es, each according to his type. ......
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T·, ,80rous ::<;~,tingale first came forwardolmost beside hi::-:.3:::- ,,:ith ?2::::c.n. He poured C::lotjon into each oE th~ . , -,. 1"'-'bd tl:·;),::;'::':;8 notc5 G: rHS song; 3Da ;;; c:acn ,\V3S to . e rouo a \\'':':::::: of sccre:S. \\·'hen he sang of \.~cse mysteries the birds be..::::.:nc silent. T::e secrets of JOY:: 2rc known to me,' he 5"L '"'oJl nig;',: I repeat my songs of love. Is thee no un::2-??Y David ;:0 whom I can sing the yearning psalms of Jove? The flu:e's $\veet \vailing is because of me, and the b:nencing of t::e Jute. I create a tumult among the roses as ""ell as in the r.earts of lovers. J\lways I teach new mysteries, at e2ch instan: I repeat new songs of s2dnes9. \X/hen love overpowers my soul my singing is as the sighing sea. \'Vho hears me forsakes his reason, though he be among the wise. If I am parted from my dear Rose I am desolate, I cease my singing and re:ll my secrets to none. 1\1v secrets are not . known to eyeryone; only to the Rose are they known with . certainty. So deep'in love am 1 with the Rose that I do not ~ ·1.;~I, "" ITlV own existence; but only of the Rose and I
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[he coral of her petals, The journey to lhe Simurgh is beyond m), strength; the love of the Rose is enough for the Nightin~ "ale. It is fo, me thac she flowers with her hU!'ldrcd petals; ~ hal morc then ca~ I wish! Tht: R0se which blooms today is full of longing, and for me smiles lOyously. W'hen she shows her bce under the veil I know that it is for me. How ;hen can the Nightingale remain a .single !'light deprived of the JO\-C of this enchantress?'
3 THE HOOPOE
rho Hoopoe :eplied; '0 0iightingale, you ""ho would S1~y behind dazzled by the exterior form of things, cease to J,:Egh r in ~n att:H-nn:cnt '0 deluding. The iove. of thr; Rose has m"n)' thorns; it has disturhed and dominated you. Although the Rose is fair, her heauty is soon gone. One
\l,:ho seeks self-perfection should not become the slave of a
love so passing. If the smile of the Rose arouses your desire it \ViIi onjv' flll •\"OUr days and nicrhts u:jth hmentations. , 0' Forsake the Rose and blush for yourself: for she laughs at you with each _new Spring and then she smiles no more: THE HOOPOE TELLS 1.1E STORY OF THE PRINCESS AND TilE DERVISH
f\ king had a daughter as beautiful as the moon, who was
loved by everyone. Passion was awakened by her sleepy eyes and by the sweet intoxication of her presence. Her face was white as camphor, her hair musk-black. Jealousy of her lips dried up a ruby of the fir est water, while sugar melted in them for shame. . By the will of destiny a deJ:Yish caught sight of her, u.d the bread _he held dropped f om his hand. She passed him like a flame, and as she pas ;ed, she laughed. At this the
( 16 ) derYish fell in r..'-le dust almost deprived of life. He could rest neither by day nor night and wept continually. \\;hen he t~ouSh~ of he! s~~le he shed tears as a cloud drops rain. This f:2...:.ltlC lo~te ~;:c::t on for sever! Years, tho:: whik he lived iri [he street 'ViL1;. dogs. At last he;-anendc.nts resolved tv put an end to r-,.,irn.. But the princess spoke lO him in :>ecret and s2Jd: 'How is it possible for there to be i'ltimate relat~on:; bc[\l.'ccn yo'.,; ~nd me? Go at once, or yo~ will. be kilied: don"t St2Y a~y longer at my Joor, but get up and go: The 200r dervish replied: . The day I feU in loye with) O'J ~ \v2.s2cd ffi;" 1-:2.:"".::5 of Efe. Thousands such 3.5 I sacrifice themsd';es !.o )"0'..:.: bcaut~·. Since your men :are bent on killing
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you 'tx:c2.me the: :~usc of my death, \l:h: Jid you smile at iTiC:' '0 yc."J I0::-\' she s2id, 'when I $3.\'..: .. hJt you wert 1. '" ,r I srru'1 e d f rom PIty_ . I am per-. auou .. ;:0 , nurru::::.-.::: yourself, mitte:"::o smile: f:T~'::l pity but not from mockery.' So saying, she \"2.:".ishcd E:·::: a wisD , of smoke, 1e:n-ir,cr~ the dervish deso!J.:~.
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THE PARROT
Then came the ?arrot with sugar in her beak, dres·:ed in a gatment of gre' :l, and round her neck a collar of gold. The hawk is but ~ gnat beside her brilliance; earth's green carpet is the r,flection of her feathers, an-:l her w<>rds are distilled sugar Listen to her: 'Vile men whose hearts are iron have sht:: me in a cage, so charming am 1. Held fast
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in this prison I long for the source of the water of immortality guarded by Khizr. Like him I am clothed in green, for I am a Khizr among birds. I sho'l1d like to go to the source of this ",ater, but a moth h~s not strerrgth to lift itself to the Simurgh's great wing; the spring ofKl0r is enougn for me.' The Hoopoe repud: '0 yOIl who have no idea of felicity! He who is not willing to renounce his life is no man. Life has h,:en given to you so that for an instant you may have " worth, friend. Set out upon the \Vay, for you are not an almond you are only the shell. Join the company of worthy men and enter freely in their \Y/ay.' THE FOOL OF COD
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There \;::1S a mAO, m2? fr')[i1 love of GoJ. Khiz{ $2.10 to him: '0 perfect n1an, -.viti you be my friend?' He replied: , You and I are rrot comoatible, for ,'ou have drunk 10n<> " ~ dr;:lUghts of the water of immortality so that you willahvays exist, and I wish to giye up my life. I am without friends and do not know even how t~ suppOrt mysdf. \\7hilst you 3re busy preserving your life, I sacrifice fil.ine every day. It is Setter that I leave you) as birds esc2pe the snare, so, ' , goo d-Dye.
5 THE PEACOCK
Next came the golden Peacock, with f""thers of a hundtedwhat shall I say?-a hundred thousand colours! He displayed himself, turning this way and that, like a briGe.' The painter of the world,' he said, 'to fashion me took in his hand the brush of the Jinn. But although I am Gabriel among birds my lot is not to be envied. I was friendly with the serpent in the earthly paradise, and for this was ignominioush driven out. They, deprived me of a position of trust, they, who trusted me, and my feet were my prison. But I
( 18 )
am al\\'.:s hoping that some benevolent guide wIll lead me out of ':is dark abode a.cd uke me to the everlasting mansiems. I do not =}Xct to r""ch the king you speak of, it will sJmce me to re.ac..~ his gJ.te. I-Iow can you expect me to ,trive to reach the Sim"'sh since I have lived in the earthly paradise? I have no ~sh e~cept to d\vell t!1en~ again. Nothin;: else na::: 2:1¥, m~l..ing for me.' The rtoopoe rt.?lied: 'You afC straying from the ~ \Val- T~e palace of this Ki:1g is far better than your paradise. You cannot do bo,cer than to strive to reach it. It is the h2.bi~3.tion of the sod, it is eternity, it is the object of 0'Jr re~l desircs:, t~e dv;elling of the heart, the seat of truth. The ;\fosr: High is a \'2.;:.: ecean; the paradise of c::>.rthly hliss is only :::. .l.ir:t~e c::O?; 3.l1 =-'-:2.t ~s no! t}llS f)(c.:3.n is distraction. \X'hen "ou (2.n have t;;e ocean why will you seek a drop of evening dew? Shall he "::::0 shares tnc secrclS 0f -;:hc: :.::..:n idle with ~ s?cck of C'.l5t? Is ;,e who has all, concerned with the pan? Is the sot:! conce,:ced with members of-the body? If you v;oL!ld be ':"'.re:fccr s~ek the whole, choose the whol~, be whole.'
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AND THE PuPIL
A pupil asked his Mast::: 'Why was Adam obliged to leave paradise?' The ?iaster ,,,plied: '\X'hen Adam, the noblest of creatures, entered par:aCise he heard a resounding VOlee from the invisible world: "0 rou who are attached to the earthly paradise by a hundred bonds, know that whoever in the two worlds is identihed with that which comes between him and me, I deprive of all that eAists visibly, so that he may become attached only to me, his true friend." To a lover, a hundred thousand live,- are nothing without the beloved. He who has lived for something other than Him, were it Adam J:jrnself, has been driven out. The dwellers in Paradise know that the first thing they must give up is their heart.'
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THE DUCK
rimiclk the Duck came out of the \vater and Went up tei the 3.ssemo"ly, drc3sed in his finest robe. 'No One ha~ e\'er spoken ro a creature urettier or purer than I,' he said. ; Even-. heu! I perform the cu~tomary ablutions, and then spredd t.:pon d~c \vater the carpet of prayer. \v'hat bird Cdn liye J.nd mOve in the Water as I do? I;I this I have a marvellous po',,:."er. Among birds I am a penitent of clear sight, of clean garments; and I live in a pure clement. Nod,iclf; is [nOre P[0;~t able to me th2n water, for in it I find m~- food and h2.ve my dwelling" If [roubles ,"CX Inc I wash thcrn a\vay in \:;atcr. Clear \vater feeds the stream \vherein I live, I love not the dry carth_ So, ~ince my concern is only with \vater, ,;"..: hy should I lea·..e it) £\ll that lives, lives hy water. How shaU I be able to cwss the valleys and fly to the Simurgh? How can one such as I, contented with the surface of the water, have any longing to see the Simurgh?' The Hoopoe said: '0 you whose delight is in the water which oLcupies your whole life! Indolently you drowse there-but a wa"e Comes and you are SWept away. \vater is good only for those who have a fair COuntenance and a clean face. If yc>u are such, it is well! But how long will you stay clean and pure as the water?'
..
STORY OF THE PIOUS ~fAN
Someone asked a saintlv fool: 'What are the two worlds which always occupy ou; thoughts?' He replied: 'Both the upper and the lower worlds are as a drop of water, which is
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docs not seck the colour; he \vho hJ.s the ('sse nee will nu[ forsake it for the glitter of outw;ud forn1. Seck the true jewel sound quality and no longer be content \l,-'lth a
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S:-.'" said: 'I like to wander among ruins for I love precious sto::es. They have lighted a fire in my heart and tbis satisfies me. \\:'hen I hU:~l \viu.\ desire for them the pebbles have sw.Howed beco",e as if tinged with blood, But often I find myself between stones and fire, inactive and perplexed. 0 my frie::ds, see how I live! Is it possible to awaken one who slews on stones anC! swallows gravel? heart is wounded by a hundred sorrows because my low for precious stones has bound me to the rr ountain, Love for other things is transitory; the kingdorn of the jewels is eternal, they are the essence of the ('-erlasting mountain. I Know the mountai",:,s and the precio',s stones. \Vith my belt anct my sword I am always se eking the diamond, and I have yet to discover a substance "f a loftier Y
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nature than precious stones--even the pearl is not :;s beautiful. 1\lso, the way to the Simurgh is difficult, and my feet "0 attached to the stenes as if th~y were stuck in day, How can I expect to go Lra\'ely into the preser-ce or tpe mighty Simurgh, my hane! on my head, my fcet in the mud? Either I will die or I will discover precious stones, My nobility is c\'ident, and ;,e whe does not ohare in rr.y aim is not worth The Hocpoe said: '0 you who have colours of all the stones, you lim? a little and give lame excuses. Your heart's blood stains your claws and beak, 2nd l'om search demeans \"QU. What ore jc,:;els bur coloured s~ones, y~t t;,o love of r:1cn: h:udens your heart. \\li~hout th.::!r colour3 they \voulc he just ordinary little pebbles. Fie \1.,ho poss,,::~ses tile perfu~:~
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:\0 stone was ever so renowned as the stone in the Ring of .Solomon, yet it was quite a simple stone weighing no more: thJfl h:df a dang. But "\vhen Solomon rn3.de a seal of iI, [he:
whole earth came under his sway. His rule was established and his law extended to the far horizons. Though the wind carried his will to every quarter, h~ possessed only a stone of half a dang, He said: 'Sillce my realm and rule depend on this stone, from henceforth no one shall have such
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:\lthough Solomon became a great king because of his seal, it was this that delayed his progress on the spiritual path; and he came to the Paradise of Eden five hundred I'ears later than the other prophets. If a stone could produce such a state in regard to Solomon, what could it do to a being
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III. IvluSYAWARAH BURUNG ~'("
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1. MUSYAWARAH PEMBUKAAN
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SECALA hllrllnl'u di dunia, )'anOlJ dikt'nal dan lak dikenai, dalang herkumpul. ilkrcka bcrkala, "Tidak ada negcri di dunia ini yang lak bcraja. Maka hagaimana mllngkin knajaan burung-burung lanpa penguasa l Kcadaan dl'l11ikiilll lak hisa dihindarkan lcrus. Kila mesli herusaha h 'rSilll1a-Sama unluk Ilwnrarinya; karcna Liada nl'<'l'ri Vall<'l lHulwkin I11cmiliki lala usaha yanr) baik tl dan hila susunan yang haik hlllpa raja." Ma ka Ilw[('ka mulai lHcmikirkan bagairnana lwndak Ilwnrannya. Burung Hud~1Ud, dengan bcrsz'\ I
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ya tampak perhiasan yang mcIamhallgkall telall mer.gikuli larikal pelll'elahuall rohalli; \., kepa!anya sebagai mahkola kebeTlarall, dan iki jJcngetahuan ter.:.ang balk dan buruk, ~rung·'lUru
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ralnya, dan aku pengiringnya yang terpercaya. Burung yang diinginkan Nabi Sulainlan patul mendapat mah· kola di kepalanya, Burung yang dikatakan baik oIeh Tuhar., m<Jnu mUllgkin rnenyerel bulu·bulunya dalam debu? !krlahun·lahlln akl) Lelah mengelana di laul dan di dalal, lewal di alas gunung·gunung dan lemb2h· Icmb"h, Kucakup n'angan maha IUds di masa banjir besar; 2ku !J1cnyertai 5ulaiman dalam perjalanan·per. lalanannya, Jan aku lelah rnengukuf hatas·hatas dunia, Kukenal haik Rajaku, lelapi smdiri saja lak da· pal aku pergi mencarinya, Tin!~galkan kescganan kali· an, KcsomhOl,pan kalian dan keil1l'karan kalian, karena t' ,si"pa yang ulk Il1CmcnlingKan hidupnyil sendiri t('rhe· bds dari ikat;-1J1 dirinya send!r!; !J l()rhcbas dar! ikatan baik dan buruk demi yang dicinlainya, Bermurah hali· lah dcngan hidup kalian, Jejakkan kaki kalian di lanah dill1 mdangkahlah ke islana Faja, Kila !1wmpunyai Ra· di halik oununl'·\'ununl' KaL" Nama· l'a sCI'ali, ia lil1l'I'al
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Kaf::;; bilrlS<.in gunun£, ycttlf> tlwiingkari bumi. 3
Simurgh ::;; Juga discbul Scn-Simurgh.. burung angkasa. Dalarn f\1ahabarata, Garuda. Ada dua Simurbh. Yang salu lmggal di gununz. Elbruz di Pegunungan· Kaukasus, jauh dari manusia.
Saranenya t('rbuat dari Uang-tiang daging. kayu cendana dan f;
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empat persemalTlJlya tak dapat dkal'ai, dan tiada lidah yang dal1engucapkan namanya. Di mukanya le,gantung 15 tibu tab.iJ..ca.haj'a ddnkegelapan, dan dalam kcbnia itu tak ada yang dapat rnenyangsika'l kerao. 1a Raja lang berjaulat raya dan hermandikan ,purnaan daTi keagungannya. Ia lak membukain sepenuhnya meskipun la temral persemayaml Y:ndlri, dan lentang ini liada pengdahuan ,ltau ja9n yang dapal meraihnya. Jal2n ilu tak dike3[1 tak ada yang berteguh hali mencarinya, m('skllbuan maldlluk mel,"watkan hidupnya dalam kew. Bahkar, jiwa yang paling suci pun tak dapal iskannya, dan aka! budi tak pula dapat I1ll'l11ahadua beiah mata 1m pun buta. Si bi)iJk tak dapat :tahui kesernpurnaannya dan si ari( lak pula daengamati keindiJhannya. Sekian makhluk me. lngin rneraih kesempurnaan dan keindahan ilu , baYiJngan angan. Tetapi biJgaimana kalian da. e>nempuh ialan itu dengan pikiran 7 BagiJil11ana .I:ur bulan dari ikan? Begilulah, ribuan kcp!..lia ",k - ke sana ke mari, dan hanva , ratan , dan kl'!uh
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kcrinduan saja yang terdengar. Banyak laut d2n daralan di [('ngah jalan. Janr,an pikir perjalanan ilu singkal; dan kila mesli berhal.:i singa l1ntllk menempuh jalan yang luar hiasa ilu, karpna jalan itu amal panjang dan laul ilu dalam. Auc: y"ng hcrjalan diOngiln susc:h payah dan kchcranan, sambil kaeiang-kadang tersenyum dan kadang-kadang mcnangis. Adarun haglku, aku akan merasa h
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l'ENCEJAWANTAHAN SII\1URCH PERTAMA
:;: magis: Ia"mtnupakan lambang Tuhan ddn pdindll1l1: pdfd !2:.h' an" Sil11urgh y<mg ldin ialah gerg,aji ydllg I1Wl1dkulkdl1,
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"S(]IWl'uh a)'aih l Pcngcl'awal1lahan Simuroh vanr- pprlama tcrjadi di Cina paelil tengah malam. Schelai hulllnya iatuh eli Cina dan kel11asyhuran namanYil pun mcI11cnuhi dunia. Scliap orang mcmhl1at lukisan yang Od
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tmbarkan bulu ini, dan dan ltlkisan itu dibenunan pikirannya SS'ndiri, dan dengan demikian lcirlah ia ctalam kekacauan. Lukisan ini ada di ; :ukisan Ji negeri ilu; maka dihadiskan, 'carilah -iliau ke Cinal' Tetapi terhadal' pengejawan13ban ilu tak begillJ ribut-ribul di dunia mengmai wUjud yang pC'-,asia in:. Stmua liwa menytr11l'an k"san gar,1!:oar"'-" lenlang bulunya Karena renggambaran ll'nmu~gh tanra kepala maurun ekor, tanpa awal r. akhir, rnaka tak rerIu pemerian lebih lanjul. --'ora run di antdra kdlian yang hcnd,1k mt''1cm::lalanan vang kusebutkan, siapkan diri dan in1 : •.. " =~c.r(1 Ul Jd.. d n llU. 5delah Hudhud selesai bieara, dengan berset burung-burung pun mulai membicarakan k('d-. Raja itD, dim dieekam kcinginan hendak nwn, Raja it11 penguasa mereka, maka lak sabM m('len inQin ~ran(.!kal. Mercka memutDskan llnlllk - -:rs.a.ma-S.U11a; masing -rna sing pu n 11lt'lljad i kd~ ".;1 yang lain dan menjadi IJwan dirinya sc'ndiri. ~;etika mcrcka mulai menyadari belapa jallh dan ,':a peqalanan mereka nanti, maka mercka pun "gu, dan meskipun jelas mereka berkcmallan ,amun mcrcka mulai berdalih menyalakdn kebc'nasing-masing sesuai dengan walakny,f. '.
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al1l1ya akan scgcra Icnyap. Siara yang mcncari kesemrurnaan diri janganlah rncnjadi hudak cinta yang hcgitu (eral hcrlalu. Jika scnyurn Mawar it'J mcnimbulkan hcrahimll, maka ilu hanya akan rnl'lwisl hdri demi ha,, nllw dan malam han malarnmu dcngan ralapun-ratapall kcsalihan. Til1\' oalkan Mawdr itu dan hcndakr'V
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jupnya, bukanlah makhIuk. Hidup dihc'rikan padaJ: 2gar suatu ketika kau darat mempunyai sahahat ng; mulia Tempuhlah lalan itu. Karena kau hukan ale bacbm 5 Kau har.yaiah kulitnya. Masuklc:h di ka19",n mer-:,ka yang ,nu!iil dan tcmpuhiah jalan ll1l'rcJ -';:.'gan "",nang."
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PEI"CGILA TUHAN DAN KHIZR
de seoun~ lelaki, \ljla karena cinwnya rada TulMn. :11Z· berc.lll\ a kepacianya, "0 manllsia seml'llrna, ma(2:- kau pcii sahahaLku7" Or.ln''--, itu menj'awah, "Kau dan a:':'ll tak mUlw<, n jlsatuldn, karma kau telah hanvak nWH'l'uk air ] " ,t ~~~aan ,,,hinl',l',a kau akan scnanLiasa hidlll', sn!alw < < ~c :ngin menyerahkan hidupkll. Aku tak bcrkd"'dn " Dah~.m bagaimana menunjcmg hidlll'kll scndirl J, ~ku uk tahu. 5ementara kall as/ik m,'mdihdrd hIJ:-:TlU, al-.u mengorbankan hidllpkll sctiap 11M!. Lcbih i l~ akll meninggalkan kau, bagai b;:.:t!ng mmgl1in-
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lVlCKAK
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5elanjuLl1ya daLang Merak Kencana dengan buIu-bulunya yang seriltus - bagaimana mcsLi kuperikan 7 - SCi"atus ribu waG:!..a ilu l Ia memperagakan dirinya, pl.!tarpu La r ke sall3-sini, bagai pengan lin. "Pelukis dunia raya ini," katanya, "mempergunakan kuas Jin di Langannya untuk membC'ntukku. TeLapi meskipun aku ini Jibril di anLara burung-burung, nasibku tak layak diirikan. Aku beramah-ramaJ'~l1 delwall ular di sarra dunia iai, ,tan lanwwn i(u de:1gan :J 0 hina aku tenIsir. Mereka Iepas aku dari kedudukan yang dipcrcayakan padaku; merek.a, yang mempercayai diriku iLu, dan kakl run mcn)ad, pen)araku. Namun aku selalu bcrharap agar ada penun)llk Jalan yang bermurah hati mau menuntun akll kduar dan tempat vanl',y ,)pdap ini dan mcmhawaku ke rumah-ru1l1ah besdr .-' -'van" I..J LirwI'al berdlri selamarwa. A\.:u tak 1l1,~n()haral'(.1 kan akan sampai ke hadapan Fa)a yang kausebuLkan itu, cukuplah bagiku untuk .->ampai d i gerbangnya Ra"aimana danat kuhari';,,,an diriku akilI1 hl'I1J<.;ah" unluk sampai kc hadapan 51I11llrgh karena aku tdah tilW\lal di ',lJrga dunia? Tak ada keinginanku yalw lain (:h) " ) , ) ~
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benar. Istana Raja itu jauh lebih bagus dari sorgaak ada yang lebih baik bagimu selain berusaha "",mpai ke sana. lstana itu tempat tinggal bagi jil kc;abadi=.n, ia tUluan keinginan kita yang sebea. Denn\L\;l.ITlan haD, tempat dud uk kehenaran. hfc:ha Luruh itu lautan maha raya; sorga rahmal 'WI hanyala.h selitik keciJ; segala yang hukan 13ulhanya sesualu ya:tg merribingungkan. Bila kau memiliki bulan itu, mengapa kau ingin mencari embun retang? Akankah ia yang tahu u~an raS<.l'ya i".T.g berrnam dengctn S'-1umpul debut ,;-. 13 Yi'm,,~ mempt;nvai segalanya berurusan dLae=. yang merupakan sebagian sala? Adakah jiwa )",=.n deng.ill anggota-anggola badan? BiJa kau se::cpurna. cariJah kesemestaan, pilihlah kcscl1lcsa,': Jah ke:::-::;1rneSlaan."
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Dengan takul-takul llik pun kcluar dar; air lalu pergi ke persidangan ilu, mengenakan juba 1 ,nya yang lerindilh. "Tiadalah kiranva valw Dcrl'~il Incnvaksikan makhluk yang lcbih menarik dan lcbih suei daripadaku," katanya. "Seliap saal aku melakukan sesuei yang me-
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35
CURU DAN MURID
-w. murid bertanva kepada Curunva, "!v1l'l1j,ara _. . .,:)
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ihyang di air. Burung mana dapat hidur dan berge.k di air seperti aku? OaJam hal ini aku punya keamp:.:an yang mengagumkan. Oi antara burun3In.:.ng ckJ! pelobat ya:lg berpenglihatan iemih, berpaiian ber-sih; dan aku hidup daiam unsur -yanp,> sti(i. lie ada ~.-ar.g lebih bermanfaal bagiku kectiali air, karei di :;mhircan di air yang memenuhi selUJuh hidumu l Beralas-melas kau mengantuk di sana - tctapi omhak dan([ dan kau dihanvutkan. Air ham!a baik buat mercka '" , lIlg berm uka jeli ta dan bChvajah b(~rsih. jika ka u sc'rli ilu. baiklah Tetapi berapa lama kau akan lclap ' ~rs;l, dan suei bagai
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{_ERITA ORANG YANG :J ALiH
Seseorang bcrtanya kcpada seorang auJia, "Bagaimanakah kirany:! kcdua duma yang sclalu mcmel\uhi pikiran kila ilu;" jawa1mya, "Baik dunia atas maupun dunia bawan baoail~an se1jlik air;-yar.gada dan J vang -' lidak ada. Yailu selilik air yang menamrakkan dirinya sn,dii'i p;)(~a muianya, dan kemudi2n mengambiJ beragam ,'('lIluk vang indah-indah. SegaLl perwujudan ini hag<1ikan air. Tieda yang lebih ker<1s d<1ripada besi, namun bcsi pun ldhu bahwa <1irlah aSillnya. Tetapi segal;) yang rcr,lsal deri air, hiar besi rup. lidak lebih "yala ,Ln' mirn;,i. Air sarna ~l'kali lak lei")'." ()
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Ayam Hulan !alu Ilwndekal. canlik lctapi "ombong. Tersipu-si)'u ia bangkil dari harlil mUliaranya dalam I'akaian [ajar ilu. Dengan mala mc:lingkar dan paruh Ilwrah darah ia terbang sambilsl'dikiLmenclenf~kankev h.) .) dan l'('danpn a. !'ala, memakai ikal pinoganrr <)
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