model optimum budidaya padi intensif pada lahan sawah irigasi teknis yang berkelanjutan. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abbas, A.I. dan A. Abdurrahman. 1985. Pengaruh Pengelolaan Air dan Pengelolaan Tanah Terhadap Efisiensi Penggunaan Air Padi Sawah di Cihea, Jawa Barat. Pemberitaan. Penelitian. Tanah dan Pupuk 4:1-6. Abdurrahman, A. 1985. Pengaruh Pengelolaan Air, Pengelolaan tanah, dan Pemupukan Terhadap Padi Sawah (Effect of Soil and Water Management and Fertilizer on Rice Yield). Kumpulan Makalah Pertemuan Teknis. Proyek Penelitian Tanah. Buku II bagian 3. Pusat Penelitian Tanah. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Bogor. Abdulrahman, S. dan Hasil Sembiring 2008. Penentuan Takaran Pupuk Fosfat Untuk Tanaman Padi sawah. (http://www./litbang/deptan.go.id) diakses pada tanggal 10 Februari 2012. Adachi, Y., Nagao, T., Saiga, H., Furukubo dan Tokunaga, K. (2001). CrossPhylum Regulatory Potential of The Ascidian Otx Gene in Brain Development in Drosophila Melanogaster. Dev. Genes E vol. 211(6): 269-280. (Export to RIS) Agus, F., Abdulrachman A, Sarwono H, Achmad M. Fagi dan Wiwik H, 2004. Tanah Sawah dan Teknologi Pengelolaannya. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat. Badan Litbang Pertanian. DEPTAN. Buku 328 Hal. Agus, F. 2006. Final Report, Country Case Studies on Multifunctionality of Agriculture in ASEAN Countries. ASEAN Secretariat and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry of Japan. Jakarta. Agus, F., dan A. Mulyani. 2006. Judicious Use of Land Resources for Sustaining Indonesian Rice Self Sufficiency. Rice Industry, Culture and Environment, Book 1. Indonesian Center for Rice Research, Sukamandi, Indonesia. Alihamsah. 2006. Pengelolaan Lahan Gambut. Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa. Banjar Baru. Badan Litbang Pertanian.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Arafah. 2005. Pengkajian Intensifikasi Padi Sawah Berdasarkan Pengelolaan Tanaman dan Sumberdaya Terpadu di Kabupaten Pinrang Sulawesi Selatan. Jurnal Pengkajian Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian (8) 2. A.R. Mosier, J. M. Duxbury, J.R. Freney, O. Heinemeyer, K. Minami dan D.E. Johnson. 1998. Mitigating Agricultural Emission of Methane. Climate Change Journal. Volume 401. Number 1 (1998) 39-80. Arsyad S., 1989. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB Press, Bogor Aulakh, M.S., J. Bodenbender, R. Wassman, dan H. Renneberg. 2000. Methane Ansport Capacity of Rice Plant II. Variation Among Different Rice Cultivars and Relationship with Morphological Characteristic. J. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 58: 367-375. Balasubramanian. Aulakh, M. S., R. Wassmann, C. Bueno, J. Kreuwieser, dan H . Rennenberg. 2001. Characterization of Root Exudates at Different Growth Stages of Ten Rice (Oryza sativa L) Cultivars. Plant Biology 3: 139-148 Bachelet. D , dan Hu. Neue, 1992. Methane Emissions From Wetland Rice Areas of Asia. Jurnal: Chemosphere. Vol. 26. No 1-4.pp 219-237. 1993. Balai Besar Padi, 2009. Pedoman Umum IP-Padi 400. Peningkatan Produksi Padi Melalui Pelaksanaan IP Padi 400. Balai Besar Penelitian Padi Sukamandi. Balasubramanian, P dan Santhoskumar. 2006. Integrated Crop Management (ICM) : Field Evaluation and Lesson Learn. Rice Industry. Culture and Environment. Book I. Balingtan, 2008. Menghitung Total Emisi CH 4 dengan Pengambilan Contoh Terbatas. Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian, Deptan. Badan Litbang Pertanian, 2012. Perubahan Iklim dan Inovasi Teknologi Produksi Tanaman Pangan. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Kementerian Pertanian. 34 hal. Baohua Xie, Zaiking Zhov, Xunhua Zeng, Wen Zhang dan Jianguo Zhu, 2010. Modeling Methane Emission from Paddy Rice Fields Under Elevated Atmoshperic Carbondioxide Condition. Journal; Advance in Atmoshpheric Sciencies – ADV. ATMOS SCI. Vol 27 No 1. Barrow, N.J., dan Mendoza. R. E. (1990). Equations for Describing Signoid Yield Responses and Their Application to Some Phospate Responses by Lupins and by Subterranean Clover, Fertilizer Research. 22, 181-8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bazkiaei, A. R., dan Saeedi, M. 2007. System Dynamics Model as a Decision Support Tool for Inventory Management Improvement. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Department of Hydraulics and Environment, Iran University of Science and Technology, Teheran, 2(5), 310-318. Iran. BB Penelitian Padi, 2009. Peningkatan Produksi Padi Melalui Pelaksanaan IP Padi 400. Pedum IP Padi 400. Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Bhuiyan, S.I. 1980. Water Allocation, Distribution, and Use Criteria For Irrigation System Design and Management: Selected Research Findings. P. 139-157. In IRRI (1980) Report of a Planning Workshop on Irrigation Water Management. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Boer, R. 2003. Fenomena ENSO dan Hubungannya dengan Keragaman Hujan di Indonesia. Bahan Pelatihan Dosen Perguruan Tinggi. dalam Bidang Agroklimatologi. Departemen GEOMET-FMIPA IPB. Borshchev, A., dan Filippov, A. 2004. From System Dynamics and Discrete Event to Practical Agent Based Modeling: Reasons, Techniques, Tools. XJ Technologies and St.Petersburg Technical University, Rusia. BPTP Sumatera Utara, 2012. Teknologi Budidaya Padi Sawah Mendukung SL PTT di Sumatera Utara. Buku 46 hal. Badan Litbang Deptan. BPS, 2008. Sumatera Utara dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Sumatera Utara. p 41. BPS, 2011. Sumatera Utara dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Sumatera Utara. BPS, 2011. Prediksi Pertumbuhan Penduduk Indonesia Tahun 2011. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi DKI Jakarta. BPS Republik Indonesia. 2011. Buku Laporan Bulanan Data Sosial Ekonomi. Badan Pusat Statistik Edisi 10. Maret 2011. BPTP SUMUT, 2011. Buku Teknologi Budidaya Padi Sawah Mendukung SLPTT Di Sumatera Utara. ISBN 978-979-3137-14-B. 46 Hal.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bray, R.H. dan L.T. Kurtz. 1945. Determination of Total Organic and Available Forms of Phosphorus in Soil. Soil Science 59:39-45. Bray, F. 1986. The Rice Economies: The Technology and Development in Asia Societies. Basil Black well. Oxford. Breierova, L. dan Choudhari, M. 1996. An Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis. Prepared for the MIT System Dynamics in Education Project Under the Supervision of Dr. Jay W. Forrester Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston : USA. Burns, J. R. 2002. Validation of Causal Loop Diagrams. Production Modeling Corporation, Three Parkland Boulevard, Rawls College of Business Administration, Texas Tech University,Texas. Cabangon, G, Lu.R., T.P. Tuong, P. Belder, B.A.M. Bouman, dan E. Castilo. 2002. The Effect of Irrigation Management on Yield and Water Productivity of Inbred, Hybrid, and Aerobic Rice Varieties. Pp. 15-28. In Bouman B.A.M., H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong. and J. K. Ladha (Eds). Water-Wise Rice Production. Internatioal Rice Research Intitute/IRRI and Plant Research International. Caughlin, D. 2000. An Integrated Approach to Verification, Validation, and Accredition of Models and Simulations. Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference, Space and Flight Systems Laboratory, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA. Cheng-Fang, L., Dan-Na, Z., Zhi-Kui, K., Zhi-Sheng. Z., Jin-Ping, W., Ming-Li. C., dan Cao Cou-Gui, C. 2011. Effects of Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on CH 4 and CO 2 Emissions and Soil Organic Carbon in Paddy Fields of Central China. National Tecnology Project for High Food Yield of China. On line : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344821/ CFSD (Catalina Foothills School District). 2003. Tips for Using System Dynamics Tools. Introduction to System Dynamics Tools Proceeding. Chen, X., P. Boeckx, S. Shen, O. Van Cleemput. 1999. Emission of N 2 O from Rye rass (Lolium perenne L.) Biol Fertil Soils 28:393-396. Christina, T.S. 2004. System Dynamics Model as a Decision Support Tool for Inventory Management Improvement. - A case study in General Electric Advanced Materials, Plastics, Lexan® Resin Plant, [Thesis] Faculty of Technology, Policy Analysis and Management Section Energy and Industry Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Cicerone, R. J. dan R. S. Oremland. 1988. Biogeochemical Aspects of Atmospheric Methane. Global Biogeocliem. Cycles 2, 299-327.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
De Datta, S.K. 1981. Principle and Practice of Rice Production. John Wiley dan Sons. New York. 618 p. DEPTAN. 2008. Peningkatan Produksi Padi Menuju 2020. Memperkuat Kemandirian Pangan dan Peluang Ekspor. 71 hal. Diamond. 1985. Availability and Management of Phosphorus in Wetland Soils in Relation To Soil Characteristic. P. 269-283. In Wetland Soil: Characterization, Classification and Utilization. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. Didiek. S., dan A. M. Fagi. 2010. Pengelolaan Air Padi Sawah Irigasi Antisipasi Kelangkaan Air. Balai Penelitian Padi dan Badan Litbang Pertanian. bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php/en/download/finish/19/.../0 Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Sumatera Utara. 2011. Dinas Angka Tetap (ATAP) Tahun 2010 dan Angka Ramalan II (ARAM II) Tahun 2011. Bahan Rapat tanggal 8-10 Juni 2011 di Yogyakarta. Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Dinas Pertanian. Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Simalungun, 2011. Penggunaan lahan di Desa Purbaganda, Kecamatan Pematang Bandar, Kabupaten Simalungun, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Doberman, A., K.G. Cassman, S. Peng. Pham, Pham Sy Tan, Cao Vhan Phung, P.C. Sta Cruz, J.B. Bajita. M.A.A. Adviento, dan D.C. Olk. 1996. Precision nutrient management in intensive irrigated rice systems. Proceeding International Symposium Maxizing Suistainable Rice Yield Through Improved Soil and Environmental Management. Khon-Kaen, Thailand p. 133-154. Doberman, A. dan P.F. White. 1999. Strategies for Nutrient Management in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems. In : V. Balasubramaniah, J. K. Ladha, G .L. Denning (Eds) Resource Management in Rice Systems: Nutrients. Kluwer Academic Publisher-IRRI. P. 1-26. Doberman, A. dan T. Fairhurst. 2000. Rice. Nutrient Disorders and Nutrient Management. International Rice Research Intitute (IRRI). Potash and Phosphate Institute/Potash dan Phosphate Institute of Canada. P. 139-144. Dooley, K. 2000. 2002. Simulation Research Methods, Companion to Organizations. Departments of Management and Industrial Engineering, Arizona State University. USA
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Duxbury, J. M Duxbury, dan J. M., A. R. MOSIER. 1997. Status and Issues Concerning Agricultural Emissions of Greenhouse Gases. In Kaiser, H. M., dan T. E. Drennen (Eds). Agricultural Dimensions of Global Climate Change. CRC Press LLC. p 229-258. Epule, 2011. Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice Fields: Strategies towards Achieving a Win-Win Sustainability Scenario between Rice Production and Methane Emission Reduction. Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM). Canada. Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 6; December 2011 Eriyatno, 2002. Ilmu Sistem. Meningkatkan Mutu dan Efektivitas Manajemen Jilid I. IPB Press, Bogor. Fagi. A.M., dan I. Manwan. 1992. Teknologi Pertanian dan Alternatif Penanggulangan Dampak Negatif Kemarau Panjang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Antisipasi Perubahan Iklim dan Dampaknya Terhadap Tanaman Pangan Kerjasama dengan PERHIMPI PUSAT dan Badan Litbang Pertanian. p 50-78. Fahmuddin, A, Wahyunto, Ai Dariah, P. Setyanto, I.G. Made Subiksa, E.Runtunuwu, E. Susanti, dan W. Supriatna. 2008. Carbon Budget and Management Strategies for Conserving Carbon in Peatland: Case Study in Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesian Center for Agric. Land Resources Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia. Proc.of Int. Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries. Bogor, Indonesia Sept. 28-29, 2010. Fauzi, A. dan S. Anna. 2002. Evaluasi Status Keberlanjutan Pembangunan Perikanan. Aplikasi Pendekatan Rapfish (Studi Kasus Perairan Pesisir DKI Jakarta). Jurnal Pesisir dan Kelautan 4(3). Fauzi, A dan Anna. 2005. Pemodelan Sumberdaya Perikanan dan Kelautan untuk Analisis Kebijakan. Gramedia Pustaka. Jakarta. Forrester, J.W, 2002. Road Maps: A Guide to Learning System. System Dynamics Education Project, System Dynamics Groups, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Gani, A, A. Rahman, Dahono, Rustam, dan H Hengsdijk. 2002. Synopsis of Water Management Experiments in Indonesia. Pp. 29-34. . In Bouman B.A.M., H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong. And J. K. Ladha (Eds). Water-Wise Rice Production. Internatioal Rice Research Intitute/IRRI and Plant Research International.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Gani, A., I. Yuliardi, T. Rustiati, Nurdiani, A. Arifin, dan E. Mulyadi. 2009. Peningkatan Efisiensi Pemupukan Fosfat pada Padi Sawah. Laporan Akhir Proyek/Bagian Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Partisipatif (The Participatory Development of Agricultural Technology Project/PAATP). Balai Penelitian Padi, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Ghosh, K. 2003. Overflow Irrigation In Bengal: Lessons from The Past.pp 172178. In Takara and Kojima (Eds). Proceeding of The 1st International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources in Asia Pasific Region. Volume 1. Pa-lu-lu Plaza. Kyoto. Japan, 13-15 March 2003. Gomez, A.K. dan A.A. Gomez. 1994. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. Terjemahan. Sjamsuddin, E. dan S.B. Yustika (1995). Prosedure Statistik untuk Penelitian Pertanian. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia Press. Jakarta. 689 hal. Greene, O., J. E. Salt. 1997. Agricultural Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, Monitoring and Verifivation. In Kaiser, H. M., dan T. E. Drennen (Eds). Agricultural Dimensions of Global Climate Change. CRC Press LLC. P 259-277. Gupta, P.K., Mitra, A.P., 1998. ADB-Methane Asia Campaign (MAC-98). In: Global Change: Greenhouse Gas Emission in India, Scientific Report No.19, Centre on Global Change, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India. Gupta, S., D. A. Tirpak, N. Burger, J. Gupta, N. Höhne, A. I. Boncheva, G. M. Kanoan, C. Kolstad, J. A. Kruger, A. Michaelowa, S. Murase, J. Pershing, T. Saijo, A. Sari. B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (Eds). 2007. Policies, Instruments and Co-Operative Arrangements. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Hall, J.W., Le Masurier, J.W., Baker-Langman, E.J., Davis, J.P. dan Taylor, C.A., 2004. A Decision-Support Methodology for Performance-Based Asset Management,. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems (21) 1:5175. Hardjowigeno, 1987. Ilmu Tanah. Edisi Revisi. Pt. Mediyatama Sarana Perkasa. Jakarta. Hartatik, W., Widowati, L. Retno, dan Sulaeman. 2007. Pengaruh Potensial Redoks Terhadap Ketersediaan Hara pada Tanaman Padi Sawah. Prosiding Pertemuan Pembahasan dan Komunikasi Hasil Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Bogor. Hlm 19-33.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hidaka, S. 2005. System Dynamics: A New Tool For Tqm. Ntt Data Corporation, Tokyo : Japan. Hidayat, A., M. Soekardi, dan B.H. Prasetyo. 2000. Ketersediaan Sumber Daya Lahan dan Arahan Pemanfaatan untuk Beberapa Komoditas. Prosiding Pertemuan Pembahasan dan Komunikasi Hasil Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Bogor. P. 1-20. Hilman Yusdar, Arry S, Aus M, Adang A, Anang T dan M. Winarn, 2010. Agribisnis Jeruk. Puslitbang Hortikultura. www. litbang. deptan. go.id/ special/publikasi/doc.../jeruk-bagian-a.pdf Holzapfel-Pschorn, A. dan W. Seiler. 1986. Methane Emission During a Cultivation Period from An Italian Rice Paddy. Journal of Geophysical Research 91:11.806-11.814. Hooijer, A., M. Silvius, H. Worsten, dan S. Page. 2006. Peat CO 2, Assessment of CO 2 Emission from Drained Peatlands in Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Hou, A. X., G. X. Chen, Z. P. Wang, O. Van Cleemput, W. H. Patrick, Jr. 2000a. Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Rice Field in Relation to Soil Redox and Microbiological Processes. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:21802186. Hou, A. X., Z. P. Wang, G. X. Chen, W. H. Patrick, Jr. 2000b. Effects Of Organic and N Fertilizers on Methane Production Potential in a Chinese Rice Soil.ants Microbial Aspect. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 58:333-338. Sys (1985) Houghton, J.T., G.T. Jenkins dan J.J. Ephraums. (Eds.). 1990. Climate Change: Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H u k e , R E d a n H u k e E H . 1 9 9 7 . R i c e A r e a b y T yp e O f C u l t u r e : South, Southeast, and East Asia. A Revised and Updated Data Base. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines Hur, S. O., S. K. Ha, Y. Lee, K. H. Jun dan P. K. Jung. 2003. Research on The Impact of Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land in Korea. in: Proc. Agricultural Impacts on Soil Erosion and Soil Biodiversity (P.283-292). Oecd Expert Meeting, Rome, March 2003, Italy Hur, S. O., D. S. Oh, K. H. Jung dan S. K. Ha. 2003. An Application of Agricultural Water Use Indicators in Korea. in: ProcAgricultural Water Quality and Water Use(P.216-230). Oecd Expert Meeting, Gyeongju, October 2003, Korea.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hur, S.O., K. H. Jung, Y.K. Sonn, S.Y. Hong dan S.K.Ha. Water and Soil Management for Water Conservation in a Watershed. Soil Management Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. Husin, Y. A. 1994. Methane Flux from Indonesian Wet Land Rice : The Effect of Water Management and Rice Variety. A Dissertation. Post Graduate Program, Bogor Agricultural University. INPRES, 2011. Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2011, tentang Instruksi Pencapaian Surplus Beras Sebanyak 10 Juta Ton pada Tahun 2014. International Rice Research Intitute. 1995. Water, Looming Crisis, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1993. Manual on Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission From Agricultural. Vienna. Inubushi K, Hoque M.M, Miura S, Kobayashi K, Kim H.Y, Okada M dan Yabashi S. 2001. Effect of Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (Face) on Microbial Biomass in Paddy Field Soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 47,737-745. Inubushi, K., H. Sugii, I. Watanabe dan R. Wassmann. 2002. Evaluation of Methane Oxidation in Rice Plant-Soil System. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosystem 64 : 71-77. Inubushi, K., Furukawa, Y., Hadi, A., Purnomo, E. dan Tsuruta, H. 2003. Seasonal Changes of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O Fluxes in Relation to Land-Use Change in Tropical Peatlands Located in Coastal Area of South Kalimantan, Chemosphere, 52, 603-608. IPCC. 1992. Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Scientific Assessment. in J.T. Houghton, B.A. Calendar, dan S.K. Varney (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 200 Pp. IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group III to The Fourth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. Van Der Linden, dan C.E. Hanson (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policy Makers, Contribution of Working Group I to The Fourth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Paris, February 2007. Http://www.IPCC.Ch/, 2007 Irianto, G. 2008. Ekspor Beras dan IP Padi 400. http://c-tinemu.blogspot.com/ search/ label/padi International Rice Research Intitute. 1995. Water, Looming Crisis, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1993. Manual on Measurement of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural. Vienna. Ismunadji, M., S. Partohardjono, M, M. Syam, dan A. Widjono. 1988. Padi buku 1. Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Bogor. Ishizuka, S., H. Tsuruta, D. Murdiyarso. 2002. An Intensive Field Study on CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O Emissions from Soils at Four Land-Use Types in Sumatra, Indonesia. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16 (3): 22-1 – 22-11. Kalpage, F.S.C.P. 1976. Tropical Soils. The Macmillan Press Ltd. London. XII+283 P. Kasno, A., Sulaeman dan Mulyadi, 1999. Pengaruh Pemupukan dan Pengairan Terhadap Eh, pH, Ketersediaan P dan Fe Serta Hasil Padi pada Tanah Sawah Bukaan Baru. J. Tanah dan Iklim:17: 72-81 dan Zaini, Z., Burbey, N. Jalid, dan A. Kaher. 1987. Teknologi Pengendalian Keracunan Besi Pada Sawah Bukaan Baru. Dalam Risalah Ahli Teknologi. Balittan Sukarami 14-15 September 1987. Hal 16-21. Kasno, A., Diah Setyorini, dan Nurjaya. 2003a. Status C-Organik Lahan Sawah di Indonesia. Prosiding. HITI, Padang. Kasno, A., dan Nurjaya. 2003. Pemupukan Lahan Sawah Bermineral Liat 2:1 untuk Padi Berpotensi Hasil Tinggi. http://balittanah.litbang. deptan.go.id Katsumi M, Nihon O Chusin To Shita Shita Kasosui No Yushutsunyu, Unyu (Import and Export of Virtual Water In Japan). The Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources, 2002. 9. J.T. Musick dan K.B. Porter, Chapter 20 Kavanagh, P. 2001. Rapid Apraisal of Fisheries (Rapfis) Project. Rapfish Softwere.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kavanagh, P. dan Pitcher, T. J. 2004. Implementing Microsoft Excel Software for Rapfish: A Technique for The Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Status. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 12(2). Kementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup . 1999. Perkiraan Emisi CH 4 dari Lahan Sawah 2003-2008 dalam Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dalam Angka. Kementerian Negara Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia. Kementan, 2009. Rancangan Rencana Strategis Kementrian Pertanian Tahun 2010-2014. Kirk., G. J. D., Ahmad, A. R. dan Nye, P. H. 1998. Coupled Diffusion and Oxidation of Ferrous Iron in Soils. II. A Model of The Diffusion and Reaction of O 2 , Fe2+, H+ And HCO 3 - in Soils and A Sensitivity Analysis of The Model. Journal of Soil Science. 41:411-431. Kirk G. J. D, Santos E E dan Findenegg G R 1999. Phosphate Solubilization by Organic Anion Excretion from Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growing in Aerobic Soil. Plant Soil 211, 11–18. Kirk, G. J. D. 2000. Rate-Limiting Steps In Nitrogen Acquisition by Rice in Flooded Soil. dalam: Sheehy, J.E.,P.L. Mitchell, B. Hardy (Eds.). Redesigning Rice Photosynthesis to Increase Yield. IRRI-Elsevier. Amsterdam, Lausanne, Tokyo. 249-254. Kirk, G. J. D. dan H. J. Kronzucker. 2005. The Potential for Nitrification and Nitrate Uptake in The Rhizosphere of Wetland Plants: A Modelling Study. Ann. Bot.96(4) : 639-646. Kitamura, Y., T. Yano, T. Honna, dan S. Yamamoto. 2003. Irrigation-Induced Salinity Problems and Remedial Measures in Aral Sea Basin-Research on Water Management to Prevent Secondary Salinization in Rice Based Cropping Systems in Arid Land. Pp 631-637. In Takara and Kojima (Eds). Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources in Asia Pasific Region. Vol. 2. Pa-Lu-Lu Plaza, Kyoto, Japan 13-March 2003. Kludze, H. K., R.D. Delaune dan W.H. Jr. Patrick. 1993. Aerenchyma Formation and CH 4 and Oxygen Echange in Rice. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 57:386-391.
Kossik, R., dan Miller, I. 2004. A Probabilistic Total System Approach to The Simulation of Complex Environmental Systems. Goldsim Technology Group LLC, Proceedings of The Winter Simulation Conference, Issaquah, Usa.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Krishnasamy, S., F.P. Amerasinghe, R. Sakthivadivel, G.Ravi, S.C. Tewari, dan W. Van Der Hoek. 2003. Strategies for Conserving Water and Effecting Mosquito Vector Control in Rice Ecosystems. International Water Management Intitute (IWMI). Working Paper 56.21 Pp. Kurnia, U., D. Erfandi., S. Sutono, dan H. Kusnadi. 2003. Penelitian Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi Tanah Sawah Tercemar Limbah Industri Tekstil di Kabupaten Bandung. Bagian Proyek Penelitian Sumberdaya Tanah dan Proyek Pengkajian Teknologi Partisipatif (PAATP). Balai Penelitian Tanah Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. 37. Hal. Kurnia, U dan N. Sutrisno, 2008. Agricultural Environmental Management Strategy. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Volume 2 No 1, 2008. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor. Kyuma, K. 2004. Paddy Soil Science. Kyoto University Press and Japan and Trans Pasific Press. Australia. 280 P. Las Irsal, K. Subagyono dan A.P. Setyanto. 2006. Isu dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan dalam Revitalisasi Pertanian. Environmental Issues and Management in Agricultural Revitalization. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal. Volume 25, No 3. Makarim, A.K., A. Hidayat, S. Roechan, I. Nasution, M.F. Muhadjir, S. Ningrum, M. Djazuli, dan Murtado. 1992. Status P dan pendugaan keperluan pupuk P pada padi sawah. Prosiding Lokakarya penelitian Komoditas dan studi Khusus Vol III: 199-209. Makarim, A.K., Ponimin PW., S. Roechan, Sutoro, O. Sudarman, dan A. Hidayat. 1993. Peningkatan effisiensi dan Efektifitas Pemupukan N pada Padi Sawah Berdasarkan Analisis Sistem. Prosiding Simposium Penelitian Tanaman Pangan III. Jakarta/Bogor. P.675-681. Manetsch, T.J. dan G.L. Park. 1977. System Analysis and Simulation with Application to Economic and Social System. Part I. Third Edition. Dept. of Electrical Enginnering and System Science. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Mangkuprawira, S. 2008. Sumberdaya manusia dan Revitalisasi Kelembagaan Pertanian. http://rona-wajah.wordpress.com/2008/04/02/sdm-danrevitalisasi-kelembagaan-pertanian/. Download 8 September 2008. Marashi, E., dan Davis, J. P. 2005. A Systems Approach for Resolving Complex Issues in A Design Process. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University Of Bristol, Bristol.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Matthews, E., I. Fung, dan J. Lerner, 1991: Methane Emission from Rice Cultivation: Geographic and Seasonal Distribution of Cultivated Areas and Emissions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 3-24. Matthews, R.B., R. Wassmann dan J. Arah, 2000. Using a Crop Soil Simulation Model and Gis Techniques to Assess Methane Emsissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 58: 141159. Maxwell, T.T., Ertas, A. dan Tanik, M.M., 2002. Harnessing Complexity in Design. Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science (6) 3:63-74. Meelu, O. P., R. A. Morris, dan R. E. Furoc. 1986. Green Manuring in Lowland Rice. Paper Presented at The Planning Meeting-Workshop of The International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice (Insffer). September 22-25, 1986. Hangzhou, China. 15 P. Mitchell, J., M. Gaskell, R. Smith, C. Fouche dan S.T. Koike. 2000. Soil Management and Soil Quality for Organic Crops. Univ. of California, Div. of Agric. and Natural Resources. Publ 7248 http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu Diakses 29 April 2011 Muhammadi. 1994. Analisis Lingkungan Hidup dengan Dinamika Sistem. Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta . 278 Hal. Muhammadi, E. Aminullah dan B. Soesilo., 2001. Analisis Sistem Dinamis Lingkungan Hidup, Sosial, Ekonomi, Manajemen. Penerbit Umj Press. Jakarta. 415. Murdiyarso, D. 2003. Sepuluh Tahun Perjalanan Konvensi Perubahan Iklim. Kompas. Jakarta. Neue, H. U., P. Becker-Heidmann, dan H. W. Scharpenseel, 1990. Organic Matter Dynamics, Soil Properties, and Cultural Practices in Ricelands and Their Relationship to Methane Production. in A. F. Bouwman (Ed.), Soils and The Green House Effect, Wiley, Chichester, U.K., Pp. 457-466. Neue, H.-U., dan H. W. Scharpenseel. 1984. Gaseous Products of The Decomposition of Organic Matter in Submerged Soils. Pages 311-328 in Organic Matter and Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines. Nursyamsi, D dan Mangku E Suryadi, 2000. Effect of oIntermittent Drainage and Fertilization on pH, Eh, Fe, and Mn at New Paddy Soil in Ultisols of Bandar Abung (Lampung) and Tapin (South Kalimantan). Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan, Vol 3, No 2 (2000).
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Patrick, W.H. dan C.N. Reddy. 1978. Chemical Changes in Rice Soil. P. 361-379. in Soils and Rice. Irri, Los Banos, Philippines. Pawitan, H., I.Las. H. Suharso, R. Boer dan Handoko. 1997. Implementasi Pendekatan Strategis dan Taktis Gerakan Hemat Air dalam Sumber Daya Air dan Iklim dalam Mewujudkan Pertanian Efisien. (Ed. Baharsjah, dkk). Perhimpi, Bogor. P.15-41. Pitcher, T. dan D. Preikshot. 2001. Rapfish: A Rapid Appraisal Technique to Evaluate The Sustainability Status of Fisheries. Fish. Res. 49: 255-270. Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1977. Physicochemical Properties of Submerged Soils in Relation to Fertility. Irps 5 :10-12. Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1985. Chemical Konetixs of Wetland Rice Soil Relative to Soil Fertility. In Wetland Soils, Characterization, Classification and Utilization. The International Rice Risearch Institute, Manila, Philippines. Ramadhi. 2002. Idntifikasi Pencemaran Lahan Sawah Akibat Limbah Industri Tekstil (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Rancaekek, Kabupaten Bandung). Laporan. Program Analisis Lingkungan. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. IPB. Raimbault, M., G. Rinaldo , L. Garsia dan M. Boureau. 1977 . A Device to Study Metabolic Gases in the Rice Rhizosphere. Biology and Biochemestry 9:193-196 Reddy, 1999. Parameter yang dapat Dipakai untuk Mengukur dengan Baik Derajat Anaerobis Tanah dan Tingkat Transformasi Biogeokimia yang Terjadi adalah Potensial Redoks (Nilai Eh Dikoreksi Pada pH 7). Reddy KR, Kadlec RH, Flaig E dan Gale Pm. 1999. Phosphorus Retention in Streams and Wetlands: A Review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technology 1999;29:83-146. Roy, S., dan Mohapatra, P. K.J. 2000. Causality and Validation of System Dynamics Models Incorporating Soft Variables: Establishing an Interface With Structural Equation Modelling. National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, India. Sanchez, A. 1993. Sifat dan Pengelolaan Tanah Tropika. Jilid 2. Intitute Teknologi Bandung. Schütz H., A. Holzapfel-Pschorn, R. Conrad, H. Rennenberg dan W. Seiler (1989). A Three-Year Continuous Record on The Influence of Daytime
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Season and Fertilizer Treatment on Methane Emission Rates from An Italian Rice Paddy Field. Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 1640516416. Schwab, G.O., dan R.K. Flevert, 1981. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Willaey. New York. US. Segers, R. dan S.W.M. Kenger. 1997. Methane Production As a Function of Anaerobiccarbon Mineralization: A Process Model. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30:1107-1117. Seiler, W., A. Holzapfel-Pschorn, R. Conrad dan D. Scharfe (1984). Methane Emission from Rice Paddies. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 1: 241268. Setiobudi, D. 2001. Strategi Peningkatan Efisiensi Pendistribusian Air Irigasi dalam Sistem Produksi Padi Sawah Berkelanjutan. P. 116-128 dalam Prosiding Lokakarya Padi, Implementasi Kebijakan Strategis untuk Peningkatan Produksi Padi Berwawasan Agribisnis dan Lingkungan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Bogor. Setiobudi, D dan Ade Ruskandar, 2010. Optimalisasi Penggunaan Air pada Tanaman Padi Sawah Mendukung Implementasi IP Padi 400. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tanaman Pangan, Buku 1. Puslitbang Tanaman Pangan Bogor. Setyanto, P., Suharsih, A, K Makarim, dan J Sasa, 1999. Inventarisasi Emisi dan Mitigasi Gas CH 4 pada Lahan sawah di Jakenan. Simposium Tanaman Pangan IV. Bogor 22-24 November 1999. Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Bogor. Setyanto, P. 2004a. Methane Emission and its Mitigation in Rice Field Under Different Management Practices in Central Java. Disertasi Fakultas Pascasarjana University Putra Malaysia. Setyanto, P. 2004b. Mitigasi Gas Metan dari Lahan Sawah. Hlm. 287-294. dalam F. Agus (Eds.). Tanah Sawah dan Teknologi Pengelolaannya. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor. Setyanto P dan Rina K, 2008. Sistem Pengelolaan Tanaman Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Metan. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Volume 27 No 3. Setyorini. D. A. S dan Nurjaya, 2004. Rekomendasi Pemupukan Padi di Lahan Sawah Bukaan Baru dalam Tanah Sawah dan Teknologi Pengelolannya. dalam, F. Agus, Adimihardja., S. Harsdjowigeno, A. M. Fagi, W. Hartatik.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. P 77-106. Setyorini, D., Soeparto, dan Sulaeman, 2003. Kadar Logam Berat dalam Pupuk. Hlm. 219-229. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan dan Produk Pertanian: Pertanian Produktif Ramah Lingkungan Mendukung Ketahanan dan Keamanan Pangan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Setyorini, D., Soeparto, dan Sulaeman, 2003. Kadar Logam Berat dalam Pupuk. Hlm. 219-229. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan dan Produk Pertanian: Pertanian Produktif Ramah Lingkungan Mendukung Ketahanan dan Keamanan Pangan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Sitompul, S. M. 2002. Konsep Dasar Model Simulasi, Bahan Ajar 3. Diakses Tanggal 2 April 2006 pada. http://www.worldagroforestry. org/sea/publications files/lecturenote/ln0034-04/ln0034-04-4.pdf Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, dan Schneider EL, 1988. A Simple Technique for Quantitation of Low levels of DNA Damage in Individual Cells. Exp Cell. Res, 175: 184-191. Setyorini. D. A. S dan Nurjaya. 2004. Rekomendasi Pemupukan Padi di lahan Sawah Bukaan Baru dalam Tanah Sawah dan Teknologi Pengelolannya. Ed , F. Agus, Adimihardja., S. Harsdjowigeno, A. M. Fagi, W. Hartatik. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. p 77-106. Simanungkalit R.D.M, Edi H, dan Rasti S. 2006. Baku Mutu Pupuk Hayati dan Sistem Pengawasannya. Pupuk Organik dan Pupuk Hayati. Organic Fertilizer and Biofertilizer. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Sliwa, K. Roman. 2006. Solid Waste Management in Puebla. A Systems Dynamics Approach. Social and Public Policy Journal, International System Dinamics Conference, Universidad De Las Americas, Puebla, Mexico, 117–125 Soemarwoto, Oto. 1991. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan. Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sterman. J.D. 2000. Business Dynamics : System Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. Boston : Irwin McGraw-Hill. Subagyono, K., Abdurrahman, A. dan Nata Suharta. 2001. Effect of Puddling Various Soil Types by Harrows on Physical Properties of New Developed Irrigated Rice Areas in Indonesia. Proceeding of Meeting of Indonesian Student Association, Tokyo. Japan. Subagyono, K., U. Haryati, Dan S.H. Tala’ohu. 2005. Teknologi Konservasi Air pada Pertanian di Lahan Kering. Diusulkan Sebagai Salah Satu Bab dalam Buku Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Sufian, M. A., dan Bala, B. K. 2006. Modeling of Urban Solid Waste Management System: The Case of Dhaka City.Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh 2202 : Bangladesh. Sumarno dan U.G. Kartasasmita. 2009. Pemborosan Waktu dalam Penyiapan Lahan Menghambat Pelaksanaan IP Padi 300. Sinar Tani Edisi 1-7 April 2009, No. 3297, P. 18. Susandi, A, Indriani H, Mamad T dan Irma N, 2008. Dampak Perubahan Iklim Terhadap Ketinggian Muka Laut di Wilayah Banjarmasin. Jurnal Ekonomi Lingkungan Vol.12/No.2/2008. Program Studi Meteorologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Susanti, E., E. Surmaini, A.Dariah, dan F. Agus. 2009. Karbon Tersimpan di Atas Permukaan Tanah pada Berbagai Sistem Penggunaan Lahan di Kalimantan Barat. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Sutami, D., dan Djakamihardja S, 1990. Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi dalam Dinamika Perubahan Sifat Tanah Tergenang pada Sawah Bukaan Baru. Seminar Pengelolaan Sawah Bukaan Baru dalam Menunjang Pelestarian Swasembada Pangan dan Program Transmigrasi: Prosiding, Padang, 17-18 September 1990. Suyamto dan Zulkifli Zaini, 2010. Kapasitas Produksi Bahan Pangan pada Lahan Sawah Irigasi dan Tadah Hujan. Analisis Sumberdaya Lahan Menuju Ketahanan Pangan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Jakarta. September 2010. Syafruddin, M. Rauf, Rahmi. Y.A, dan M. Akil. 2006. Kebutuhan Pupuk N, P, dan K Tanaman Jagung pada Tanah Incepticol Haplustepts. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Vol 25 No 1. Hal 1-7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Takai, Y., 1970. The Mechanism of Methane Fermentation in Flooded Soils. Soil Sci. Plantnutr. 16, 238. Tan, K.H, 1991. Dasar-dasar Kimia Tanah. Didirk, H.G (penerjemah). Edisi I. Gadjah Mada University Press. Tasrif, M. 2005. Analisis Kebijakan Menggunakan Model System Dynamics. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung. Taylor, K.E. dan M.C. Maccracken. 1990. Projected Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide and Trace Gases on Climate. P.1-17. In B.A. Kimball, N.J. Rosenberg, L.H. Allen, Jr., G.H. Heichel, C. W. Stuber, D.E. Kissel dan S. Ernst. Impact Of Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases, and Climate Change on Global Agriculture. American Society of Agronomi, Inc. Madison, Usa. 133 P. Taylor, K.E. dan M.C. Maccracken. 1990. Projected Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide and Trace Gases on Climate, P.1-17. In B.A. Kimball, N.J. Rosenberg, L.H. Allen, Jr., G.H. Heichel, C.W. Stuber, D.E. Kissel dan S. Ernst. Impact of Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases, and Climate Change on Global Agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Usa. 133 P Tejoyuwono, N. 2006. Sawah dan Tataguna Lahan. Ceramah Ilmiah Sehari Bertema Pencetakan Lahan Sawah Sebagai Salah Satu Alternatif Kebijaksanaan dalam Pengembangan Tata Guna Lahan. Diselenggarakan oleh Himpunan Mahasiswa Ilmu Tanah, Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian UPN, Yogyakarta. 9 P. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change. Research Report Prepared for The Stern Review, Tyndall Center Working Paper 90, Norwich. Avialable from www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working.paper/twp90.pdf. Toha H.M. dan A. Gani, 2001. Evaluasi Komponen Teknologi Spesifik Lokasi untuk Pengembangan Model Pengelolaan Tanaman dan Sumbedaya Terpadu (PTT) Lahan Sawah Irigasi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Bogor. Toha, H.M. 2005. Padi Gogo dan Pola Pengembangannya. Setyono (Ed). Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. 48 P. UNDP, 2004. Sisi Lain Perubahan Iklim. Mengapa Indonesia Harus Beradaptasi untuk Melindungi Rakyat Miskinnya. UNDP Indonesia. 2009. Indonesian National Green House Gas Inventory Under The UNFCCC: Enabling Activities for The Preparation of Indonesia’s Second National Communication to The UNFCCC. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Indonesia, Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Vogel, R.M dan Kroll, C. N., 1989. Low Flow Frequency Analysis Using Probability Plort Correlation Coefficiens J Water Resour., Planning Manage. Asce, 115 (3): 338-357. ,J >M, R.M. Kroll, C.N., 1989. LowFlow Frequency Analysis Using Probability-Plot Correlation Wade L.J dan Ladha J.K. 1995. The State of Organic Matter and Nutrient in Lowland Rice Sistems. in Lefroy RDB, Blair CJ. Crasswell ET, Editors. Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture. ACIAR Proceedings Number 56. Canberra (Australia). ACIAR. P 115-119 Wagatsuma, T., T. Nakashima, K. Tawara Ya, S. Watanabe, A. Kamio dan A. Ueki. 1990. Role of Plant Aerenchyma in Wet Tolerance and Methane Emission from Plant. Pp 455-461. In. Plant Nutrition-Plant Physiology and Application. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Wager, P. A., dan Hilty, L. M. 2002. A Simulation System for Waste Management from System Dynamics Modelling to Decision Support. Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa) Journal, St. Gallen, 174 - 179. Wahyuni, S. dan Wihardjaka, 2007. Pengelolaan Lahan Sawah Tadah Hujan dalam Menekan Emisi Gas Nitrooksida (N 2 O). Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 1 (3): Hal 1-2. Wang, Z., R.D. De Laune, Ph. Masschelenyu dan W.H. Jr. Partick. 1993b. Soil Redox and pH Effect in Methane Production in Flooded Rice Soil. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am J.57:382-385 Wang, Z., C.W. Lindau.R.D. De Laune and W.H. Jr. Patrick. 1993a. Methane Emission and Entrapment in Flooded Rice Soils Affected By Soiel Properties. Biol. Fert. Soils. 16: 163-168. Warren, R., N. Amell, R. Nichols, P. Levy, dan J. Price (2006). Understanding Watanabe, I. dan P.A Roger. 1985. Ecology of Fooded Ricefields.Pp.229-243. in Wetland Soils: Characterization, Classification, and Utilization International Rice Research Intitute, Manila. Watung, R.L.,S.H. Tala’ohu, dan F. Agus. 2003. Fungsi Lahan Sawah Dalam Preservasi Air. Hal. 149-157. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Multifungsi dan Konversi Lahan Pertanian. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor. Wihardjaka,A. 2001. Emisi Gas Metan di Tanah Sawah Irigasi dengan Pemberian Beberapa Bahan Organik. Agrivita 23 (1): 43-51.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Wihardjaka,A. 2002. Mengurangi Emisi Gas Metana Sawah. Http://www. suaramerdeka.com/harian/0210/21/ragam1.html. 9 November 2009. Wihardjaka, A. dan P. Setyanto. 2007. Emisi dan Mitigasi Gas Rumah Kaca dari Lahan Sawah dan Tadah Hujan. dalam A.M. Fagi, E. Pasandaran, dan U. Kurnia (Eds.). Pengelolaan Lingkungan Pertanian Menuju Mekanisme Pembangunan Bersih. Balingtan. Wikipedia. 2009a. Sistem, Diakses Tanggal Http://id.wikipedia.org /wiki/ sistem.
8
Okt
2009
pada
Wikipedia. 2009b. Model. Diakses Tanggal 26 September 2009 – Pukul 08:58:45 Wib Pada Http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/model. Willet, I.R. 1985The Reduction Dissolutionm of Phosphate Ferrihydrite and Sterengite. Aust.J. Soil Res. 23: 237-244. Willet, I.R. 1989. Causes and Prediction of Change in Extractable Phosphorus During Flooding. Australia. J.Soil Res. 27:43-54. Willett, I.R. 1991. Phosphorus dynamics in acidic soils that undergo flooding and drying. in: Rice Production on Acid Soils of the Tropics, ed, Deturk P. and Ponnamperuma, F.N. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 43-49. Witt, C. 2005. The Development of Site Spesific Nutrient Management for Maize in Asia. Makalah pada Seminar dan Lokakarya Hara Spesifik Lokasi (PHSL) untuk Tanaman Jagung. Yagi, K. dan K. Minami. 1990. Effects of Organic Matter Application on Methane Emission from Some Japanese Paddy Fields. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 36: 599-610. Yoshida, S. 1981. Foundamentals of Rice Crop Scieebce. The International Rice Research Intitute, Manila. Philippines. Yusuf, Adi S. Djakamihardja, G. Satari dan S. Djakasuttami. 1990. Pengaruh pH dan Eh Terhadap Kelarutan Fe, Al dan Mn Pada Lahan Sawah Bukaan Baru Jenis Tanah Oxisols, Sitiung. P. 237-264 dalam Prosiding Pengelolaan Sawah Bukaan Baru Menunjang Swasembada Pangan dan Program Transmigrasi : Prospek dan Masalah. Padang, 17-18 September 1990. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Ekasakti. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pangan Sukaramai. Padang.
Universitas Sumatera Utara