Brno University of Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering The Institute of Manufacturing Technology
LESSON 13 Testing and Measuring
Authors:
Ing. Miroslav PÍŠKA, PhD., Associate Professor
[email protected]
Ing. Petra CIHLÁŘOVÁ
[email protected]
Bc. Michael Lars George HILL
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Obsah 1 Terms, Vocabulary
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2 Examples
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3 Exercises
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4 References
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Terms, Vocabulary 1)
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Test carry out /perform/ a test subject sth. to a test, to undergo acceptance test ageing test field test final test laboratory test life test non-destructive test performance test random test routine test Test method test bed test certificate test record, test report test result test specimen /or sample/ test stand Testing testing department testing engineer testing equipment testing laboratory testing regulations /or specifications/ testing shop /or station/ Trial trial load trial run Measurement measure take /or make/ measurements examine measuring apparatus /instrument
zkouška, zkoušet zkoušet testing podrobit zkoušce přejímací zkouška zkouška na stárnutí provozní zkouška, terénní zkouška konečná zkouška, závěrečná zkouška laboratorní zkouška zkouška životnosti zkouška bez porušení materiálu provozní zkouška namátková zkouška běžná zkouška zkušební metoda zkušební stanoviště zkušební protokol, osvědčení o zkoušce záznam o zkoušce, zkušební protokol výsledky zkoušky zkušební vzorek zkušební stanoviště zkoušení zkušebna, zkušební oddělení zkušební technik zkušební zařízení zkušební laboratoř zkušební předpisy zkušebna zkouška, pokus zkušební zatížení zkušební jízda, provozní zkouška měření míra, měřítko, měřit měřit zkoušet, zkoumat, prohlížet měřící přístroj
Examples
LESSON 13 - TESTING AND MEASURING 1. Being started in time, all the preparations for the test will be completed today. The hard check tests have been devised from practical experience. All these types of short-run tests have their purpose and should be used. It is important to carry out a limited number of actual-use tests to determine how accelerated life test results correlate with actual life of motor cars in use. Before shipment, every relay is subjected to electrical tests as well as to a thorough mechanical inspection. 2. This new device has not yet been subjected to the lengthy tests normally done with innovative new products. The aircraft is subject to additional tests according to the testing regulations of the country in question. The testing engineer must have forgotten all about the scheduled acceptance test otherwise he would not have left the testing shop. The performed ageing tests should have complied with the respective standards. The realization of these difficulties did not stop the testing engineers from conducting further field tests. Since it is not always possible to duplicate actual conditions in laboratory tests, it is advisable to carry out field tests as well. 3. The problem occurred when the final test was to be carried out. The following laboratory test is equal, if not superior, to that performed before. These laboratory tests should duplicate the mode of transportation and distances that will be encountered in getting the finished product to the customer. A life test seeks to measure the time or period during which the product will retain its desired quality characteristics. The 3
non-destructive tests are scheduled to start next week. 4. The speedy completion of these random tests is highly desirable. These simple routine tests are to be used as a supplement to the usual mechanical tests. The fatigue tests were of particular interest for our young engineers. Packaging tests are tests carried out on a packaged product to measure the adequacy of the packaging when protecting the product against handling damage due to impact. Such testing should include drop, compression, vibration, and revolving drum tests. 5. The efficiency of this test method can be best demonstrated by the following example. New engines for heavy-duty four-wheel trucks are run on test beds under maximum load for 3,000 hours. Then they have to cover 125,000 miles in test vehicles and a further 250,000 miles under working conditions. The inspector carries out final tests and completes the test certificate including details of all the mechanical tests carried out at the testing room. Some interesting results of the preliminary tests may be briefly recorded. A test under intensive conditions differs from a test under actual-use conditions in eliminating idle time to hasten the test results. Prior to testing all test specimens have been painted blue. Every test stand should be fully instrumented to enable complete performance tests to be conducted. 6. Testing had to be discontinued because of a lack of adequate testing devices. If any of the basic conditions prove to be correct, the testing department may require considerable reorganisation. The main bay is used for the manufacture and the testing of large machines. The purpose of the described severe testing is to design trucks unequalled in rugged construction, reliability and long service-life. 7. The second experiment in the testing laboratory was insisted upon by all the testing engineers. The special testing equipment having been installed ahead of schedule made it possible to test complicated mechanisms within the specified period. Equipment for the dynamic balancing and over-speed testing of rotors installed in the testing shop should be maintained very carefully. In the high-power testing station the circuit breakers have been tested to failure. 8. On trial flights the aeroplane achieved a speed of about 1,500 miles per hour. To save time in coming to conclusions of trial runs of cars, the engineers use digital computers. Having applied a lower trial load than specified by the customer, the testing engineers could not produce relevant and useful test results. 9. The results of our noise measurements are added for comparison. It would be better to obtain the required characteristics by independent measurement. The results of check measurements have not been assessed on a credible scientific basis. There is no direct and accurate method of measuring the toughness of metals. The thickness of various layers can be measured with the help of radioactive elements. The semiconductor devices should be examined very carefully. All measuring instruments have varying degrees of precision. Considerable scientific and practical work on further improvement of measuring apparatuses is currently under way. Vocabulary notes: Check test - kontrolní zkouška; devise - vymyslit, odvodit; short-run - krátkodobý; shipment - odeslání; inspection - kontrola; schedules - plánovat; fatigue test - zkouška na únavu; packaging test - zkouška obalu, zabalení; impact - náraz, úder; drop test - zkouška pádem; compression test - zkouška tlakem; vibration test - zkouška na únavu chvěním; revolving drum - otočný buben; efficiency - účinnost; working conditions - provozní podmínky; inspector - kontrolor; preliminary test - předběžná zkouška; idle time - ztrátový čas, nevyužitý čas; rugged - masivní, robustní; service-life - životopis; balancing test - zkouška vyvážení; overspeed test - zkouška při nadnormální rychlosti; maintain - udržovat; high-power testing station - zkratovna; circuit breaker - vypínač; failure - selhání; flight - let; noise measurement - měření hluku; assess - určit, stanovit; credible - věrohodný; toughness - houževnatost; improvement - zlepšení, zdokonalení.
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Exercises
I. Join two sentences into one, using the present and perfect participle: 1. The gas turbine was tested at our plant, it functions properly now. 2. The engineer finished the non-destructive testing; he put down the results. 3. The building is being built at our institute, it will be our new testing station.
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4. The new methods of measurement had been studied in detail, the manager decided to introduce them at the testing laboratory at once. 5. They prepared all the recording instruments; the testing engineers could continue in their measurements of the new equipment. 6. The temperature is measured during the long-term test; it should not differ from that of the surrounding medium. II. Translate the following words paying attention to the meaning of the prefixes anti,counter- and de-; compose short sentences using each of them: Anticlockwise rotation, antidazzle light, antiknock fuel, antimagnetic, antifreeze solution, antifriction grease, anticorrosive paint, counterweight, counter-contact, counter-force, counter-pressure, counter-statement, counter-project, counter-offer, counterclaim, deformation, decolourisation, deoxidation, decarburization, degassing, decomposition, deceleration, deodorization, derailment, destruction, decentralization, demagnetization, de-watering, de-icing, demounting, degrease. III. Arrange the following expressions into pairs of synonyms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
A additional test being tested amount of test samples acceptance test testing cell endurance test reproducible test recording apparatus test record test run testing engineer testing tube long-run test test rules tropical chamber test
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o)
B registering device testing valve fatigue test test specifications test report tropicalization test under test supplementary test repeatable test inspection test trial run long-term test testing cubicle quantity of test specimens testing operator
IV. Translate the following expressions: Conventional testing methods, stipulated test conditions, short-circuit testing, tested in operation, the main test room, the least known testing method, the average value of the test voltage, prolonged service testing, a trial installation, the testing of the tanks for leaks, variable test results, the interval to be measured, aircraft model testing, tensile test specimens, rigorously tested sample, pressure test, test date, testing plant, impact test, impulse test, standard test, bending test, test floor, test run, deformation test, material-testing apparatus, exact testing conditions, prompt test results, valid results of measurements, facilitated testing, X-ray examinations, measuring capacity, measurable value, measuring length. V. Compose original sentences containing the following expressions: To complete tests, the engine under test, during the trials, to obtain test samples, the curves resulting from the measurement, over the extended trial period, special trial period, special testing methods, fatigue testing, steadily increasing testing speed, to measure the full range of, commonly encountered measurements methods, repeatedly made tests of the same product, to segregate accurately for measurement purpose, arrangement of the tested device, certificate of the type of test, mechanical endurance test, comparable test results, applied method of measurement, the recommended methods of measuring the temperature, tests made at the manufacturer’s works, after completion of the measurements, the tests requested by the customers. VI. Complete the following sentences: 1. Further tests have demonstrated the indispensability of . . . 2. When evaluating those long-term measurements . . . 3. The latest test results confirmed the expected increase in . . . 5
4. The most convincing evidence of the complexity of the tests . . . 5. Accurate comparison tests have shown that . . . 6. The improved test conditions were found to be . . . 7. The measurement method accepted as a standard way of . . . 8. Before commencing the measurements it was necessary to . . . 9. The proposed method of measurement appeared to be more complicated than . . . 10. In none of the final tests . . . 11. In such cases the tests to be applied shall be subject to agreement between . . . 12. Detailed evaluation of the test results would involve . . . 13. The comparison test has proved that . . . 14. These measurements under certain circumstances . . . 15. This test method referred to as . . . VII. Read and translate the following words: To test - testing - tester, to try - trial - trying, to measure - measuring - measurable - measurability measurement - immeasurable - immeasurability, to examine - examination - examiner - examinee, to prepare preparation - preparatory - preparative - preparedness, to complete - completion - incomplete, to continue - to discontinue - continuation - continual - continuous - continuity, accurate - accuracy - accurately - inaccuracy - inaccurate. VIII. Arrange the following expressions into pairs of antonyms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
A final test full-load testing long-time test tested device beginning of the test lower limit overpressure testing exact testing methods general-purpose measuring device actual-use life test measurable amount non-destructive test laboratory testing compression test comparable test results
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o)
B immeasurable quantity end of the test preliminary test incomparable results of the test tensile test no-load testing field testing upper limit short-run test destruction test testing apparatus under-pressure testing approximate testing methods special-purpose measuring device accelerated life test
IX. Translate the following word combinations into English: Systematické zkušební metody, zkoušené zařízení, zkoušení jakosti, zkouška odolnosti proti opotřebení, tropikalizační zkouška, zkušební komora, zkušebna materiálů, zkušební období, zkušební let, Brinellova zkouška tvrdosti, úředně schválený zkušební postup, obvykle používaná zkušební metoda, rozbor zkušebního vzorku, zkoušení prototypů, citlivost měřících přístrojů, zkouška bezpečnosti, průměrná zkušební rychlost, zkouška tlakem, stejně uspokojivá zkušební metoda, zhodnocení různých výsledků měření, shromažďování a analyzování výsledků zkoušek, poněkud vyšší zkušební náklady, dříve používaný zkušební postup, změřené hodnoty, přesná měření, zkušební mechanik, zkušební obvod, jednotlivé zkoušky, uspokojivě dokončená zkouška, rozbor chvění, měřitelnost hluku, měřící rozsah, měřící souprava. X. Explain in English the meaning of the following expressions: Type-tested device, the apparatus under measurement, field-tested components, unparalleled testing methods, guarantee examination, test certificate, acidity testing, mechanical testing, weld-ability test, test
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pit, test load, load test, test lamp, accelerated ageing test, life test, life during use, false evaluation of results, indication errors, a preliminary series of tests, measuring instrument, tabulated test results, certified results of the measurements, field-test engineer, test department manager, destructive tests, test of temperature rise, permitted method of measurement, factory test, development test, pre-production test, testing facilities, full-scale test, overload test, tropical chamber test, measuring by sight. XI. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the primary function of the testing department? 2. In your opinion, is the work of the testing engineers interesting? 3. What do you know about the testing of motor-car prototypes? 4. What is the purpose of accelerated ageing tests? 5. Can you explain the expression ”guarantee examination”? 6. Are the results of laboratory tests and field tests always comparable? 7. Why is it important to standardize procedures? 8. What are the main tasks of test mechanics? 9. Can you explain the purpose of test certificates? 10. What are test pits used for? XII. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Veškeré přípravy pro závěrečné zkoušky měly by být dokončeny během týdne. 2. Zdá se, že bude nutno provést další podrobná měření. 3. Zkušební technici byli rádi, že získali tak uspokojivé výsledky při prototypové zkoušce nového vozu. 4. Laboratoř pro zkoušení nekovových materiálů byla vybavena novými přesnými měřícími přístroji. 5. Když psal závěrečnou zprávu, zmínil se o několika skutečnostech týkajících se poslední zkoušky. 6. Výsledky zkoušek musí být zaznamenány ať již jsou úspěšné či nikoliv. 7. Až na menší potíže rázová zkouška hladce proběhla. 8. Množství legovacích prvků je možno zjistit s přiměřenou přesností. 9. Tato zkušební metoda při odhalování skrytých vad v odlitcích se projevila jako nejuspokojivější. 10. V průběhu těchto složitých pokusů připravovali zkušení technice závěrečnou zkoušku.
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