Lampiran 1 Tabel 1. BAHAN

Lampiran

TABEL & ALAT KONSERVASI by P. Y. Subagiyo

BAHAN (MATERIALS)

Tabel 1.

A. Organik: dari Mamalia, Burung, Ikan, Serangga dan Reptil

A. Organic: from Mamals, Birds, Fish, Insects and Reptils

perkamen/ kertas kulit kulit mentah kulit berpenyamak sebagian kulit berpenyamak kulit berbulu rambut rambut kaku/ kasar bulu ayam bulu burung halus (liur ulat) sutera wool lakan (wool, rambut) tulang angga/ tanduk bercabang tanduk gading/ taring ikan paus

parchment raw hide semi-tanned leather tanned leather pelts/ fur hair bristle quill feathers/ down silk wool felt (wool, fur, hair) bone* antler* horn whale ivory

gading beruang laut gading gajah tulang ikan paus tempurung/ kulit kura-kura kulit kasar/ bersisik (dari ikan pari, hiu, anjing laut) kulit ular (resin) laka/ shellac gelatin ancur 1/ fish glue ancur 2/ animal glue tempera/ kuning telur kasein (pospoprotein) lilin/ malam

B. Organik: dari Pohon, Perdu, Tumbuhan, Rumputan pelapis kayu bermotif belat/ eplat kayu kayu keras kayu lunak resin untuk varnis kayu merambat bambu goni rami rotan (serat) sisal

rami halus linen minyak biji rami kapas/ katun kertas bubur kertas getah perca tempurung (kelapa) resin fosil karet (perekat) kanji

C. Anorganik: Logam dan Campurannya emas perak tembaga besi (iron) aluminium timbal timah seng

perunggu kuningan timah+timbal timah+tembaga+antimony tembaga+timah/ emas tiruan lempengan emas lempengan perak lempengan tiruan (?) nikel (nickel)

walrus ivory* elephant ivory* baleen* tortoise shell shagreen (ray, seal, shark skin) snake skin shellac gelatin fish glue (isinglass) animal glue egg tempera casein waxes

B. Organic: from Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Grasses decorative wood veneers oak/ ash splints hard woods soft woods resin for varnish willow bambo jute (burlap) hemp rattan sisal

flax linen linsed oil cotton paper papier-mache guttapercha vegetable ivory (palm nut) amber rubber starch adhesive

C. Inorganic: Metals and Their Alloys gold silver cooper iron aluminum lead tin zinc

bronze brass pewter Britannia metal ormolu gold leaf silver leaf immitation leaf nickel

D. Anorganik: Buatan dan Yang Terjadi Secara Alami

D. Inorganic: Man-made and Naturally Occuring

kaca porselain terakota keramik plaster semen biru batu pualam putih batu granit batu marmer batu mutiara

glass porcelain unfired clay ceramics plaster portland cement alabaster granite marble mother-of-pearl

kerang laut permata tulen batu pasir cinnabar bahan komposisi (dekorasi bingkai) pigments mica talek/ gip

E. Bahan Buatan Lain cat varnis lak papan hardboard formica celluloid

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marine shell gem stone sand stone cinnabar (red mercuric sulphide) composition (frame decoration) pigments mica soap stone

E. Other Man-made Materials (plastik) bakelit polyester vinyl epoksi nilon

paints varnishes lacquer Masonite Formica celluloid

Bakelite polyester vinyl epoxies nylon

* These materials also have an inorganic component; besides the organic protein collagen, the inorganic calcium phosphate (hydroxy apatite) is present. Ref.: Bachmann, K., Edit. (1992:131-133)


Lampiran

Tabel 2. Bahan Sensitif Terhadap Kelembaban Tinggi (Materials Sensitive to High Relative Humidity) Bahan (Materials)

Akibatnya (Result)

Kondisi yang direkomendasi (Recommended Condition)

logam (metal)

korosi/ karat (corrosion)

40% RH, or lower

kertas (paper)

jamuran, noda (mold, stains)

45 - 55% RH

tekstil (textile)

jamuran, noda (mold, stains)

45 - 55% RH

kayu (wood)

jamuran, bengkok (fungal attack, warping) cat mengelupas (flaking paint)

50 - 55% RH, constant/ stable

40% RH, or lower

tatakan, pelapis kayu (inlay, veneer) bahan penyempurna (finishes)

korosi, cat mengelupas (corrosion, flaking paint) lepas/ copot bagian-bagiannya (detachment) jamuran/ noda (mold, stains)

perkamen, gading (parchment, ivory) bubur kertas (papier-mache)

melengkung/ gelombang, jamur (warping, mold) jamuran/ noda (mold, stains)

50 - 55% RH, constant

bahan keranjang/ anyaman (basket materials) kolase kertas (decoupage surface)

jamuran (mold)


lepas/ copot, jamuran (detachment, mold)


kayu bercat (painted wood) logam bercat (painted metal)


50 - 55% RH, constant 50 - 55% RH, constant


Tabel 3. Bahan Sensitif Terhadap Kelembaban Rendah (Materials Sensitive to Low Relative Humidity) Bahan (Materials)

Akibatnya (Result)


kayu (wood)

mengkerut (checks/ dries out)

50 - 55% RH, constant/ stable

kulit mentah, kulit olahan (rawhide, leather skins) perkamen (parchment)

45 - 55% RH

bulu ayam (quill)

pelapukan, lapuh, kering (embrittlement) mengkerut, rapuh (shrinkage, embrittlement) rapuh (embrittlement)

serat keranjang (basket fibers)

rapuh (embrittlement)


ancur, lem nabati (animal glue)

kering, merapuh (dries out, weakens) retak, melengkung (cracks, warps) retak, melengkung (splits, warps) lepas, melengkung (detachments, warps)


kulit kura-kura (tortoise shell) semua gading (all ivory) permukaan tatakan (inlaid surface)

50 - 55% RH, constant 45 - 55% RH, constant

45 - 55% RH, constant 50 - 55% RH, constant 50 - 55% RH, constant

Tabel 4. Bahan Yang Sering Dirusak Oleh Serangga dan Binatang Pengerat (Materials Commonly Damaged by Insects and Rodents) kulit (leather, skins) kulit berbulu (felts, furs) bulu ayam (feathers) sutera (silk) wol (wool)

beludru (velvet) tekstil (textile) serat alam (natural fibers) kayu (wood) kertas (paper)

perekat kanji (starch) gelatin (gelatin) tempera telor (egg tempera)

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Lampiran

TABEL & ALAT KONSERVASI by P. Y. Subagiyo Tabel 5. Bahan Sensitif Terhadap Fluktuasi Kelembaban~Suhu (Materials Sensitive to Humidity & Temperature Fluctuation) Bahan (Materials) keramik, batu (ceramics, stone)

Akibatnya (Result) rekristalisasi garam yang kemudian mengakibatkan permukaan glasir mengelupas, retakretak, bahkan mungkin benda menjadi pecah. recrystallization of soluble salts resulted surface flaking and spalling can occur, causing sections of a ceramic/ stone to break off.

Kondisi yang direkomendasi (Recommended Condition) 45 - 55% RH, 10 - 30 C

Catatan: Beberapa lempung masakini yang banyak digunakan untuk membuat keramik dan berbagai pernikpernik untuk hiasan tekstil mengandung garam-garaman yang mudah menyerap air. Jika benda ini dimasukkan dalam ruang dingin secara mendadak, maka akan muncul deposit garam yang menempel pada permukaannya. Jika garam-garam yang mengkristal terdapat pada bagian dalam benda, maka akibatnya benda tersebut akan retak-retak, bahkan mungkin pecah. Notes: Some modern clays have a high salt content, and there have been instances where recently purchased objects have fallen to pieces with the absorption in the summer and subsequent drying in the winter. Ceramics with signs of salt deposit on the surface should should be maintained in a stable environment, and fluctuation relative humidity can lead to breakdown of the objects.

Tabel 6. Rekomendasi untuk Penyinaran dan Suhu Udara (Recommendations for Light and Temperature) Bahan (Materials) kertas (paper) media cat (paint media) ancur/ lem nabati (animal glue) kulit berbulu, bulu, rambut (furs, feather, hair) kulit, kulit olahan (skins, leather) pigmen, bahan celup (pigment, dyes) sutera, beludru (silk, velvet) permukaan lak (lacquered surface) permukaan cat (painted surface) bahan dicelup warna (dyed materials) celluloid karet (rubber) serat alam (natural fibers) tanduk 1, tulang, tanduk 2 (horn, bone, antler) kayu (wood) kayu olahan (wood finishes)

Akibatnya (Result)


rapuh, gelap (embrittlement, darkening) persenyawaan, gelap (crosslinking, darkening) mengeras, kering (hardening, drying) rapuh, pucat/ pudar (embrittlement, fading) rapuh, pucat (embrittlement, fading) pudar/ pucat (fading)

50 luxs, 18 C [1 foot. candle= 10 luxs] 50 luxs, 18 C

pucat, kerusakan struktural (fading, structural damage) buram, pucat (develops haze, fading) pucat/ pudar (fading)

50 luxs, 18 C

pucat/ pudar (fading)

50 luxs, 18 C

menguning, rapuh (yellowing, embrittlement) hancur (deterioration crumbles)

50 luxs, 18 C

rapuh, pucat (embrittlement, fading) rapuh/ lapuk (embrittlement)

50 luxs, 18 C

pucat (fading)

50 luxs, 18 C

retak, buram (cracks, hazing)

50 luxs, 18 C

50 luxs, 18 C 50 luxs, 18 C 50 luxs, 18 C 50 luxs, 18 C

50 luxs, 18 C 50 luxs, 18 C

50 luxs, 18 C

150 luxs, 18 C

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Lampiran

Tabel 7. Bahan Sensitif Terhadap Bahan Fumigasi (Materials Sensitive to Fumigant) Nama Bahan Kimia (Chemical Names)

Bahan (Materials)

Methyl bromide

karet, bulu, rambut, wool, kulit olahan, dan bahan lain yang mengandung sulfur (rubber, fur, hair, wool, tanned leather, and other materials content of sulphur) kayu (wood)

Methyl bromide, ethylene oxide

perekat kanji (tapioca glue)

Ethylene oxide

Carbon disulfida

kulit olahan, kertas lembab, cat, varnis leather finishes, wet paper, paint, varnish kuningan, tembaga, emas, perak (brass, copper, gold, silver) logam, foto (metal/photo)

Carbon tetrachloride

logam, foto (metal/photo)

Paradichlorbenzene


Paraformaldehide


DDVP (dimethyl diethyl vinyl posfat) + ethanol Thymol Naphthaline


Methyl bromide

Phosphine

Akibatnya (Result) rusak, bau merkuri yang sangat menyengat damage, strong smelt of mercury noda kecoklatan, tetapi tidak merusak (brown stained, but not destroy) susah dilarutkan lagi (difficult to dissolve) rusak/ larut (damage/ dissolve)

rusak/ tarnish/ korosi (damage, tarnish/corrotion) rusak (logam berkarat, foto menjadi buram/ gelap) damage (rusty metal, photo become blurly/dark) rusak (karat, gelap) damage (rust, dark) rusak (karat, gelap) damage (rust, dark) rusak (karat, gelap) damage (rust, dark) rusak (karat, gelap) damage (rust, dark)

Tabel 8. Bahan-bahan Reaktif (Reactive Materials) Kombinasi Bahan (Materials Combination) kayu/ kayu (wood/wood) kayu/ kertas (wood/paper) kayu/ tekstil (wood/textile) kayu/ logam (wood/metal) kayu/ serat alam (wood/natural fiber) kayu/ cat (wood/paint) logam/ logam (metal/metal) logam/ kain (metal/cloth) logam/ kertas (metal/paper) logam/ cat (metal/paint) logam/ kulit (metal/leather) logam/ plaster (metal/plaster) logam/ ancur (metals/animal glue)

Masalah Konservasi (Conservation Problems) perubahan ukuran, regang, patah (dimensonal changes, stress, breaks) kertas menjadi rapuh, gelap, noda (paper becames brittle, dark, stained) tekstil ternoda, rapuh (textile became stained, brittle) logam menjadi berkarat (metal corrodes in contact with wood) serat menjadi lemah, putus (fibers become weak, break) saat kayu mengembang, cat mengelupas (wood expand and contracts, paint flakes terjadi reaksi elektrokimia (efek galvanis, korosi) (possible electrochemical corrosion) logam berkarat, kain ternoda (metal corrodes, cloth becames stained) logam berkarat, kertas ternoda (metal corrodes, paper becames stained) logam berkarat, cat mengelupas (metal corrodes, paint flakes) tanin (bahan penyamak) pada kulit menyebabkan karat pada logam (tannins in leather can corrode leather) plaster yang bersifat basa/ alkaline menyebabkan karat pada logam (alkaline materials corrode metals) ancur (lem nabati) sedikit bersifat asam, higroskopis yang kemudian menyebabkan karat logam. (glue slightly acidic, hydroscopic, can corrode certain metals)

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Lampiran


Tabel 9. Prosedur Pembasmian Serangga~Jamur Dengan Freezer (Freezing Method for Killing Insect & Fungus) Nama Serangga

No.

Suhu dan Waktu

01.

Sebagian besar larva

-20C, 2J.

02.

-20C, 1J

03.

Pupa & Kumbang 1. dewasa Telur Kumbang 1.

04.

Ngengat kain

05.

Telur Kumbang 7.

-20C, 2J

C= derajat celcius, M = menit, J = jam, H = hari.

-5C, 3H; 10C, 3H; -5C, 3H.

06.

(Semua fase) Kumbang 7.

-10C, 9 J. 2C, 16H dan -3C, 7H.

07.

(Semua fase) Kumbang 5.

-30C, 3J.

Catatan:

Tabel 10. Prosedur Pembasmian Serangga~Jamur Dengan Bahan Kimia (Fumigation Method for Killing Insect & Fungus) No.

Nama Bahan Kimia

Konsentrasi/ Meter Kubik

Waktu

Pembasmi

01.

Naphthaline

8 -10 gram

14 hari

serangga

02.

Phosphine

1 - 2 tablet

3 - 5 hari

serangga + jamur

03.

Thymol + ethanol

50 - 100 gram, 50-60 C

2 hari

jamur

04.

Paradichlorobenzene

40 gram

2 hari

jamur + serangga

05.

Paraformaldehide

4 - 13 gram

2 hari

jamur

06.

Carbon tetrachloride + Carbon disulfide (1:1)

1 liter

1 minggu

jamur + serangga

07.

Methyl bromide

15 - 30 gram

2 hari

serangga

08.

Methyl bromide + Ethylene Oxide (14:86)

35 - 50 gram

2 hari

serangga

09.

Methyl bromide + Ethylene Oxide (14:86)

100 gram

2 hari

serangga

10.

DDVP (dimethyl diethyl vinyl posfat) + ethanol

100 gram

2 hari

jamur + serangga

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TABEL & ALAT KONSERVASI by P. Y. Subagiyo Gambar 1.

Lux Meter

(Measuring Instrument for Light Intensity)

Lampiran

Kuat penerangan (lux): Penerangan pada permukaan benda secara merata seluas 1 m2, berjarak 1 m dari titik sumber cahaya berkekuatan 1 kandela. Kuat cahaya (foot candle): Banyaknya (jumlah) sinar yang jatuh pada permukaan benda seluas 1 kaki persegi (=0,0029 m2) dari sumber cahaya yang berjarak 1 kaki (=0,3048 m = 12 inci). 1. Kuat Penerangan (Illumination, E) E=

F (Fluks) Lumen = = Lux. A (Luas) m2

2. Dosis Kuat Penerangan = Lux x jam = Joule. J

3. Fluks Cahaya (F) = T =

Energi (Joule/m2) Waktu (Jam)

E.R2

4. Kuat Cahaya (I) = Cos Q = Lumen.m = Candela Sensor/ cell penangkap sinar. Mode/ pengatur besarnya sinar yang terbaca. Displai/ monitor harga hasil pengamatan.

Gambar 2.

Elsec 764 UV meter (4 in 1]

(Measuring Instrument for Ultra Violet Radiation, Light Intensity, Temperature and Humidity) Panel monitor menunjukkan besaran angka dan satuan

Sensor suhu (oC) dan kelembaban udara (%).

Sensor radiasi UV (mW/Lmn) dan Intensitas cahaya (Lux). Tombol untuk suhu, kelembaban udara, kuat cahaya dan radiasi ultra violet.

KONVERSI ENERGI: 1 Joule = 107 erg. 1 kwh = 3,6 106 J. 1 Kalori = 4.186 J. KONVERSI DAYA: 1 watt = 1 Joule/ detik. 1 HP = 0,746 watt Energi = kekuatan untuk melakukan usaha. Daya = kekuatan tenaga. Lampu TL Ultra Violet, National, 100 volt/ 50 Hz., Type FL 205, Panjang gelombang = 263 nm. Energi = 2 mw/cm2.

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Lampiran


Wet & Dry Psychrometer

(Measuring Instrument for Temperature and Relative Humidity) Wet & Dry Bulb Psychrometer

Banyak digunakan untuk kalibrasi alatalat pengukur RH & T jenis lain.

selisih harga

“Wet & Dry Psychrometer”

sangat cocok digunakan untuk k a l i b ra s i , s p o t r e a d i n g d a n pendataan data klimatologi harian. Kita dapat mengetahui besarnya suhu udara secara langsung pada bagian thermometer yang kering (kiri). Sedangkan RH-nya dapat dicari dengan merujuk selisih harga dengan thermometer yang basah (kanan). Selanjutnya besarnya RH dapat dicari pada Tabel RH yang biasa disertakan pada saat pembelian alat tersebut. Maintenans Alat: Ka i n ya n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k melembabi (dengan air distilasi) thermometer merkuri diusahakan s e l a l u b e r s i h , d a n a i r ya n g digunakan selalu air distilasi.

Sling Psychrometer

Alat ini menyerupai Wet & Dry Psychrometer, tetapi badan yang ditempeli thermometer (baik yang dry ataupun wet) dapat diputar, guna melewatkan udara pada thermometer. Belakangan perangkat ini telah dimodifikasi dengan tenaga baterai untuk m e m u t a r k i p a s a n g i n ya n g melewatkan udara yang akan diukur suhu ataupun kelembabannya.

INAKURASI + 2%

Kain selalu bersih dan harus dengan air distilasi/ deionisasi

Gambar 4.

Thermohygrometer Hasil pengukuran dari alat ini dapat dilihat/ dibaca langsung. Besarmya RH merujuk pada “perubahan ukuran benda/ bahan higroskopis”, seperti: rambut, polymer atau garam kristal.

Picture 5.

Hygrothermograph Hasil pengukuran dari alat ini dapat dilihat/ dibaca langsung.

Catatan: Satu orang yang sedang istirahat selama satu jam setara dengan 60 ml air, dan menghasilkan panas setara dengan 100 watt lampu pijar. Referensi: Bachmann (1992:15-22)

INAKURASI: + 2 ~ 4% (sering dikalibrasi) + 30 ~ 60% (jarang/ tidak dikalibrasi)

Kertas grafis Tanganan pemegang pena pencatat

Pena pencatat RH dan T

Tabung berputar menurut waktu (1, 7 atau 31 hari)

Mengalami “shock” perubahan RH dan T yang sangat mencolok.

Besarnya RH dan T yang tertulis pada kertas grafis tidak sinkron dengan waktu yang tertera. Waktu sesungguhnya terlambat (dikurangi) sekitar 30 menit.

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Lampiran Gambar 7.

Dehumidifier

(Alat Penyerap Uap Air) GoldStar DH504EL Control Panel

Keterangan “Control Panel” (1) Tombol Operasi (Power) (2) Tombol pengoperasian (RH 60 ~ 65%) (3) Pengoperasian non-stop (4) Tombol “Humidity” (5) Tombol “Defrost” (6) Lampu indikator Humidity (7) Lampu indikator Defrost Tempat masuknya uap air

CATATAN: Kelembaban tidak dapat diturunkan dibawah 40%. Efektif untuk 40 ~ 50%. Efektif untuk luas ruangan = 10 ~ 16 meter kubik. Suhu ruangan berkisar antara 1 ~ 35 derajat celcius.

Bak Penampungan (Uap) Air

Gambar 8. Control Panel

Humidifier

(Alat Pelembab Udara) Essick Air 826

Tempat Keluarnya uap air

Bak Penampungan Air Distilasi

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Lampiran


9

Indonesian Periods and Historical Records PERIODS

PRE HISTORY (NEOLITHIC) Pithecantropus erectus (manusia trinil). BRONZE AGE Aji Çaka The First Hinduism Kingdom HISTORY (Kutai Kingdom) (Kalimantan, Hindu) TARUMANEGARA (Jawa Barat, Hindu) MATARAM I (Jawa Tengah, Hindu) SRIWIJAYA (Sumatera Selatan, Hindu) MADJAPAHIT (Jawa Timur, Hindu) (13) * Borobudur and Prambanan * Kain Prada

King Hayam Wuruk who succeeded in reuniting the Indonesian Archipelago was among the re-owned rulers of that period of Hindu Kingdoms. The same period saw the building of the Borobudur Buddist sanctuary under the Çailendra dynasty in Central Java and Prambanan Hindu temple by King Daksa.

P o r t u e g e s e w a s t h e f i r s t (14) European to set foot in Indonesia. The Dutch settled in Bantam (Banten), West Java.

(16)

The Dutch established the Netherlands East Indies Company (VOC).

(17)

Kolonialisasi, Jatuhnya Kekuasaan, JAYAKARTA (18)

Governor General Jan Peterzon Coen succeeded in gaining the authority over Jayakarta, which was renamed ‘Batavia’. That time was beginning of the colonialism by the Dutch.

MATARAM II (Jawa Tengah, Islam)

Secang-wood and mengkudu were (21) in common use by using mineral alum (Javanese called it as tawas) and plant alum (probably Jirek). However, the plant alum was considered the older mordant than the mineral alum. [The raw materials were treated with oil (castor) and lye (ash from burning rice stalks, or trunks of various trees of banana) that dyes from Morinda mixed with Jirek, Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.] Sugar, indigo, and coffee from Java and Sumatera were exported to Europe. T h e n e w m u s e u m b u i l d i n g (25) (presently National Museum) was opened in Jalan Merdeka Barat 12, Jakarta. Artificial Indigo and Alizarin were firstly used by Javanese. (27)

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, (Negara Merdeka, Modern)

The Institute was presented to the (33) Indonesian Government which then is administered under Ministry of Education and Culture. The institution was also changed its name into Central Museum that become the National Museum to the present time. Conservation Lab for the National Museum of Indonesia.

YEAR BCE 3000 - 2000 800 - 200

CE 78 400 450 500 518 600 670 700 732 900 960 1000 1279 1292 1370 1400 1453 1500 1509 1516 1528 1596 1602 1613 1619 1632 1645 1660 1695 1778 1815 1825-30 1868 1883 1900 1908 1928 1933 1945 1950 1962 1973

HISTORICAL RECORDS The fragment recontruction on terracota with straight and waved lines is an evidence for the earliest textiles. lungsi (warp) is considered present in the time. The textile with geometrized (1) Ikat stylization of human, bird, reptilian, and floral forms. Those like textile producing regions are Kalimantan (jackets and breechclouts from Dayak Iban, D.Bahau and D.Kenyah), Sumatera (ulos from Batak, Palepai and Tampan from Lampung), Sulawesi (Toraja), Nusatenggara (Timor and Sumbawa) and Bali. Songket or supplementary warp was also present in that time (?). on the bronze-wares from that era is similar to the textile design and pattern (2) Motifs of No.1. Bronze-wares from that era, for example kettle drums and axes which were influenced by the Dongson’s culture (Tongkin, Vietnam).

(3) The stone inscription found is as foundation of Indonesian Historic period. (4) Chinese chronicles mention that certain King of North Sumatera wore silk cloth. source of the Ling and T’ang dynasties: the people of Java and North Coast (5) Chinese of Sumatera wore cotton in use in Sumatera as early as the 6th century. There are 3 species of Gossypium, i.e. G. herbaceum (the most common), G. obtusifolium (in Southern Sumatera, cultivated by the Dutch), and G. brasiliense (Malay Peninsula, cultivated by the British).

sappan-wood (secang) already was one of the outstanding export stuffs to (6) IntheAceh, Arab. The secang dye work was considered as the oldest native red dye work.

(7) (8)

Mangosteen flower motifs in Prambanan temple reliefs (also similar to in Palembang) or in Design Javanese Batik, jelamprang, attesting to origin in the Hindu-Indonesian Period. There was a barter trade which were Indonesian cotton cloth and Chinese silk. Silk patola cloth (may from India) also present in the era (Javanese and Sumatrans called as ‘cindai’). The Sung dynasty mentions that cotton goods from Java were used as princely presents.

(9) pakan (weft) together with import silks were brought by Indians and Islamic (10) Ikat traders to Java and Sumatera (possibly, also applications of beads, sequins, glass/

mirrors, and gaining of the knowledge of technique for mixing color/dye). The regions of the two islands that were contacted by the mentioned traders were as indication of silk and songket clothes, and probably silver and gold threads. Other regions: Palembang (South Sumatera), Donggala (Central Sulawesi), Bugis (South Sulawesi) and Bali. In old Javanese written source suggest that ‘kain prada’ enjoyed very great popularity in aristocratic circles in East Javanese Kingdom of Madjapahit. (In Bali, gold leaf was an important article of commerce imported from China and Thailand via the port of Singaraja in the latter half of the 19th century). the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the European merchants (11) Because sought to purchase spices, which at that time were very rare and quite expensive, directly the producing country, i.e. Indonesia. Palembang, was cultivated the mulberry trees for Bombix mori foods (silk (12) In coccon), it was also in Sulawesi. Typical silk cloth colors are red, green, blue and other bright colors. Silver and gold threads was utilized throught the supplementary weft technique, which raises the metallic threads to the surface of the cloth with design of geometric and stylized floral meanders. were mineral alum and madder imported from Mecca and Aden (15) There (Medinah), included coral and copper. Agung introduced the Islamic-Javanese calendar and was patron (19) Sultan of the Arts and Crafts. Merapi (a volcano name in Central Java) eruption sent a plenty (20) Gunung of minerals, i.e. mineral alum. Batavian (presently Jakarta) Society for the Arts and Sciences was (22) The founded in Jakarta on April 24, 1778.

(23) Indian cotton (from Madapolam and Calicut) have been supplanted by European fabrics.

the colonialism era the Fierce battles broke out everywhere led by (24) In brave patriots, like as Prince Diponegoro (1825-1830) in Central Java. krakatau (a volcano name in the Java Sea, close to Banten (26) Gunung District) eruption also sent a plenty of minerals. in this period of national awakening was heralded by ‘Boedi (28) Because Oetomo’, the organization founded on May 20. Its ultimate aim was the establishment of an Independent Indonesian State.

Indonesian youth, in the 2nd congress on October 1928, called for (29) The unity among the Indonesian youth and pledged allegiance to ‘One Nation,

Indonesia, One Motherland, Indonesia, One Language, Bahasa Indonesia’. Board Commerce and Industry of the Dutch East Indies published the (30) The Native Batik Industry. Some German synthetic dyestuffs first produced in the years 1920 to 1928 come into use in Jakarta and Pekalongan. e.g. for red color (aniline of Beta-hydroxy naphthoic acid, which applicable in cold water), for basic yellow (Auramine-O, Ciba Ltd., Basle), form brown (a benzidine dyestuffs, called soga-soga which developed with diazo compounds). proclaimed the Independence and established Unity State of the Republic (31) Indonesia of Indonesia covering the territory of the former Netherlands East Indies. February 29, 1950, the Batavian Society was changed into the name (32) On ‘the Institute of Indonesian Culture’.

Lampiran 1 Tabel 1. BAHAN

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