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Tanggung Jawab HAM Korporasi di Sektor Kehutanan : Kasus Hutan Harapan dan Bukit Tigapuluh
komunitas HAM internasional untuk menggeser paradigma tentang tanggung jawab HAM. Paradigma lama meThe Responsibility of Business Enterprises to Respect Human Rights in nempatkan Negara sebagai satu-sathe Forestry Sector : tunya actor pemangku tanggung The Case of Harapan Rainforest and Bukit Tiga Puluh jawab HAM. Perkembangan mutakhir menunjukkan adanya penguatan posiPenulis : Asep Mulyana & Rudiansyah si ekonomi-politik korporasi lintas-negPembaca Kritis : Andiko ara. Pengaruh korporasi yang besar ini berbanding lurus dengan operasi dan AsM Law Office | Legal, Economic & Social Consultant dampak operasi terhadap HAM. Apa Itu Prinsip Bisnis Dan Ham 1. Korporasi dan HAM Relasi korporasi dan HAM mulai diperbincangkan setelah maraknya kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM berskala besar di berbagai belahan dunia yang diakibatkan oleh kebijakan, aktivitas dan operasi korporasi. Ketika tanggung jawab HAM dipikulkan di atas pundak Negara, dan actor nonnegara tidak dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban, maka kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM tersebut tidak dapat diselesaikan menurut standar HAM internasional. Alhasil, korporasi kemudian mengalami impunitas atas pelanggaran dan kejahatan HAM yang ditimbulkan oleh kebijakan, aktivitas, dan operasi korporasi. Situasi di atas telah mendorong EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
What Is the Principle of Business and 2. UNGPs Human Rights Pada 2011 Utusan Khusus PBB 1. Business Enterprises and Human untuk Bisnis dan HAM, Prof. John Ruggie, merilis Prinsip-prinsip Panduan Rights PBB untuk Bisnis dan HAM (The UN The relationship between business Guiding Principles on Business and enterprises and human rights began Human Rights—UNGPs) dan diterima to be discussed after large-scale secara bulat oleh Dewan HAM PBB. incidences of human rights abuse UNGPs dibangun dari tiga pilar, yaitu:1 occurred worldwide as a result of corporate policies, activities, and a. Tanggung jawab negara untuk melindungi HAM dari pelanggaran operations. When human rights duties oleh pihak ketiga, termasuk korare placed only on States’ shoulders porasi, melalui kebijakan, pengaand non-state actions cannot be turan, dan keputusan yang layak. held accountable, cases of human rights abuse could not be resolved b. Tanggung jawab korporasi untuk in accordance with the existing menghormati HAM. Pilar ini mensinternational human rights standards. yaratkan adanya aksi korporasi unAs a result, business enterprises have tuk menghindari pelanggaran HAM impunity for human rights abuses and 1 John Gerard Ruggie. 2011. “Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, crimes resulting from their policies, Respect and Remedy’ Framework” (United Nations: New York). Document reference A/HRC/17/31.
activities, and operations. Such situations led the international human rights community to change their paradigm regarding Human Rights Responsibility.The old paradigm put States as the only actors that bear human rights responsibility.Meanwhile, recent developments show marked improvement of economic-political position of transnational corporations, which correlates positively with their operations and human rights impacts. 2. UNGPs In 2011, Special Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Prof. John Ruggie, released the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights – UNGPs, which were accepted unanimously by the UN Human Rights Council. The Principles rest on three pillars, namely :1 a. The State duty to protect against human rights abuse by third parties, including business enterprises, through effective policies, legislation, regulations, and adjudication. 1 John Gerard Ruggie. 2011. “Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework” (United Nations: New York). Document reference A/HRC/17/31.
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dan menyelesaikan dampak negat- b. The corporate responsibility to if akibat operasi korporasi. respect human rights. This pillar states that business enterprises c. Akses yang luas bagi warga korban should avoid infringing on the pelanggaran HAM untuk memperhuman rights of others and address oleh skema pemulihan efektif, baik adverse human rights impacts with secara yudisial maupun nonyudiwhich they are involved. sial. 3. Penghormatan HAM UNGPs menegaskan tanggung jawab korporasi terhadap HAM adalah tanggung jawab untuk menghormati HAM. Untuk itu, semua korporasi harus menjalankan beberapa hal, yaitu membentuk komitmen kebijakan HAM dan melakukan uji tuntas HAM.2 Komitmen ini ditunjukkan melalui pernyataan komitmen untuk menghormati HAM dalam seluruh tahapan dan rantai operasi mereka.Adapun uji tuntas HAM merupakan penilaian dampak HAM, baik dampak potensial maupun dampak actual. 4. Pemulihan HAM Pemulihan HAM merupakan pilar ketiga dari UNGPs. Dalam UNGPs disebutkan bahwa warga korban pelanggaran HAM harus memiliki akses atas pemulihan yang efektif. Akses ini disediakan oleh negara melalui caracara yudisial, administratif, legislatif 2 John Gerard Ruggie. 2011. Op.cit.
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atau lainnya. Pemulihan mengambil beberapa bentuk, antara lain mekanisme pengaduan bukan berbasis Negara, yang direpresentasikan oleh adanya mekanisme pemulihan oleh korporasi atau pihak terkaitKorporasi harus menyediakan mekanisme penc. Wide access for victims of human anganan keluhan yang efektif. rights abuses to effective remedy, UNGPs menyebutkan beberapa through judicial and non-judicial kriteria bagi efektivitas mekanisme means penanganan keluhan yang disediakan korporasi. Adapun kriteria-kriteria 2. Respect for Human Rights itu, antara lain: sah, aksesibel, dapat UNGPs state that the responsibility diprediksi, equitabel, transparan: akes borne by business enterprises regarding pengadu untuk mendapatkan informahuman rights is the responsibility to si secara terbuka, kompatibel dengan respect.To meet this responsibility, prinsip-prinsip HAM yang diakui seall business enterprises must take a cara internasional, dan menjadi sumcouple of measures, namely adopt ber pembelajaran berlanjut. a human rights commitment and conduct human rights due diligence.2 The human rights commitment is Dari Konflik ke Penghormatan HAM a statement of policy expressed by Konflik pengelolaan Sumber Daya business enterprises that they commit Alam (SDA) di Indonesia berkemthemselves to respecting human rights bang menjadi konflik yang bersifat in all their operational stages and supply terbuka dan konfrontatif ketika Orde chains.Meanwhile, human rights due Baru bangkrut pada 1998. Pada era diligence is an assessment of adverse Orde Baru, potensi konflik diredam human rights impacts, both potential dengan cara mendisiplinkan sekand actual, that could result from a tor-sektor rakyat melalui mekanisme business enterprise’s operations. represif. Segera setelah Rejim Orde 2 John Gerard Ruggie. 2011. Op.cit.
3. Human Rights Remediation Remediation is the third pillar of UNGPs. In UNGPs, it is mentioned that the victims of human rights abuse must have access to effective remedy. This access is provided by the state through judicial, administrative, legislative, and other means. The remedy can take several forms, including NonState-Based Grievance Mechanisms, which are represented by remedy mechanism by business enterprises or related parties. In this regard, business enterprises must provide effective grievance mechanisms. UNGPs mention several criteria regarding the effectiveness of grievance mechanisms provided by business enterprises, namely legitimate, accessible, predictable, equitable, transparent, rights-compatible, and a source of continuous learning. From Conflict to Respecting Human Rights
Conflicts of natural resources management in Indonesia turned into open and confrontational conflicts when the New Order went bankrupt in 1998.In the New Order era, conflict Baru bangkrut pada 1998, masyarakat potentials were stifled by disciplining EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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melakukan klaim ulang atas lahan-lahan yang diambil rejim Orde Baru untuk kepentingan pembangunan. Untuk sebagian, konflik SDA memang merupakan warisan Orde Baru, namun untuk sebagian yang lain, konflik SDA merupakan dampak dari ekspansi korporasi yang difasilitasi oleh negara di satu sisi dan lemahnya perlindungan negara terhadap masyarakat lokal dan/atau MHA di sisi lainnya. Menurut Inkuiri yang dilakukan Komnas HAM, jumlah kasus sengketa pertanahan, termasuk tanah-tanah adat di kawasan hutan, terus meningkat. Sekitar 20 persen dari seluruh pengaduan yang diterima Komnas HAM adalah mengenai sengketa pertanahan. Pada 2010 terdapat 819 pengaduan sengketa pertanahan, dan naik menjadi 1.064 pengaduan pada 2011, dan 1.212 pengaduan pada 2012.3 Inkuiri Nasional yang dilakukan Komnas HAM juga mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk konflik SDA di sektor kehutanan, antara lain :4 a. Pengambilalihan hutan adat/bagian hutan adat oleh negara untuk perkebunan, pertambangan, kon3 Komnas HAM. 2015. Inkuiri Nasional Komnas HAM tentang Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan: Temuan dan Rekomendasi untuk Perbaikan Hukum dan Kebijakan. Jakarta: Komnas HAM 4 Ibid.
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community sectors through the use of repressive mechanisms.Immediately after the New Order regime was dethroned in 1998, communities reclaimed their lands that had previously been appropriated by the regime for development purposes. A number of natural resources conflicts that occur today are indeed a legacy of the New Order, but others are the impact of expansion of business enterprises facilitated by the state on one hand and weak state protection of local communities and/or Customary Law Communities or indigenous people on the other hand.
servasi, atau transmigrasi;
of natural resources conflicts in the 4 b. Pengambilalihan hutan adat/ba- forestry sector, which include: gian hutan adat tanpa pemberita- a. Takeover of customary forests/ huan tujuan dan implikasi pengparts of customary forests by gunaannya dan tanpa persetujuan the state for plantation, mining, MHA yang bersangkutan. conservation, or transmigration;
b. Takeover of customary forests/ parts of customary forests without socialization about the purpose and implications of the utilization and Hutan Harapan merupakan kawithout their consent. wasan restorasi ekosistem di kawasan Propinsi Jambi dan Propinsi Sumatera Selatan yang dikelola olehPT Restora- Respect for Human Rights in the Area si Ekosistem Indonesia (PT Reki) dan ofHarapan Rainforest didukung oleh Yayasan Konservasi Harapan Rainforest is an ecosystem According to an Inquiry conducted Hutan Indonesia (KEHI), dan meruparestoration area located in Jambi and by the National Commission on Human kan inisiatif bersama dariKonsorsium South Sumatera Provinces. The area is Rights (Komnas HAM), the number of Birdlife. managed by PT. Restorasi Ekosistem land conflicts that involve customary Jika ditengok jauh ke belakang, la- Indonesia (PT. REKI) and is supported lands located in forest area continues han PT Reki berasal dari lahan konsesi by Indonesia Forest Conservation to increase. Around 20% of the Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) PT. Foundation (KEHI) and is a joint complaints received by Komnas HAM Asialogdengan luasan 100.000 ha. Di initiative of the Birdlife Consortium. are land conflicts/disputes. In 2010, dalam area ini hidup masyarakat Suku If we trace it backwards, the land 819 complaints regarding land conflicts Anak Dalam (SAD) Batin IX. Mereka of PT. REKI was originally a timber were received by Komnas HAM. The hidup dari hasil hutan dan berburu he- concession of PT. Asialog with the size number increased to 1,064 complaints wan. Sejak 2000 PT.Asialog berhenti of 100,000 hectares. In this area, Suku 3 in 2011 and 1,212 complaints in 2012. beroperasi, sehingga area HPH ini Anak Dalam (SAD) Batin IX lives. They The National Inquiry conducted by kosong. Lahan ini dihuni masyarakat live from taking forest products and Komnas HAM also identified modes adat dan masyarakat lainnya yang ber- hunting. In 2000, PT. Asialog stopped its 3 Komnas HAM. 2015. Inkuiri Nasional Komnas HAM tentang Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan: migrasi, kemudian mereka berladang operations, leaving the concession area Temuan dan Rekomendasi untuk Perbaikan Hukum dan Kebijakan. Jakarta: Komnas HAM
Penghormatan HAM Hutan Harapan
di
Kawasan
4 Ibid.
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dan bermukim di wilayah ini.5 Ketika PT Rekimendapatkan IUPHHK, kebijakan dan operasi perusahaan tidak berbeda dengan korporasi pada umumnya. Pendekatan keamanan dan penggunaan penegakan hukum yang diambil PT Reki kemudian menghasilkan narasi mengenai restorasi alam yang mengindahkan aspek kemanusiaan. Berbagai tindakan PT Reki kemudian kental dengan aroma pelanggaran HAM. Jika ditinjau kepatuhan pada standar dan prinsip HAM, kebijakan dan operasi PT Reki terbagi dalam dua fase, yaitu fase 2010—2011 dan fase setelahnya. Pada fase pertama, PT Reki terlibat dalam berbagai tindakan kekerasan, kriminalisasi, perusakan, intimidasi yang mengancam hak-hak dasar warga yang tinggal di sekitarnya. Pada fase berikutnya, tindakan PT Reki lebih mengedepankan dialog dengan masyarakat ketimbang pendekatan keamanan dan penegakan hukum. Berdasarkan pengalaman Cappa, pada paruh kedua 2012, PT Reki membuka diri untuk bernegosiasi setelah Cappa pada awal 2012 melakukan kampanye internasional. Pada akhir 2012, 5 Ibid.
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vacant. The land was then occupied by customary law communities and other communities that migrated to the area and opened farmlands as well as settlements.5
ruang-ruang dialog antara PT Reki dan masyarakat mulai terbuka, dan puncaknya terjadi pada 12-12-12. Bertempat di Kunangan Jaya I, masyarakat, PT Reki dan Cappa mengawali proses negosiasi dan mediasi. Proses itu terhambat oleh adanya perbedaan level kepentingan dan pemahaman di tubuh korporasi. Di internal korporasi, ada pihak yang mempunyai perhatian terhadap aspek sosial, ada juga pihak yang konservatif dalam merespon tuntutan masyarakat.6
enforcement approach. According to Cappa’s experience, in the second half of 2012, PT. REKI was open for negotiation after Cappa conducted an international campaign in 2012. At the end of 2012, dialogue spaces between PT. REKI and the communities began to open, peaking on December 12, 2012 (12-12-12). Located in Kunangan Jaya I, the communities, PT. REKI, and Cappa began their negotiation and mediation process. The process was obstructed by a difference in interest and understanding level inside the corporation. Internally, there were people that were very considerate to the social aspects but there were also people who took a more conservative stance in responding to the community’s demands.6
7 Wawancara dengan Ipang. opcit.
7 Interview with Ipang. opcit.
When PT. REKI obtained the management license, their corporate policies and operations were no different than other business enterprises in general. The security and law enforcement approach adopted by PT. REKI resulted in a narrative of restoration of nature conducted on the expense of humanity. Many measures Intimidasi dilakukan PT Reki pada taken by PT. REKI reeked of human tahun-tahun awal operasinya. Hal ini, rights abuse. misalnya ditunjukkan dengan kerjasaViewed from the perspective ma mereka dengan militer. Menurut of compliance with human rights catatan Inspera, PT Reki pernah mestandards and principles, the policies ngundang sekira 800 tentara untuk and operations of PT. REKI could be latihan menembak, padahal di wilayah PT. REKI employed intimidation divided into two phases, the period of itu hidup warga masyarakat. Spanduk-spanduk yang berbunyi “zona tactics in its first years of operations. 2010-2011 and afterwards. In the first pelatihan militer, dilarang beraktivitas” This, for instance, was shown by phase, PT. REKI was involved in various 7 their cooperation with the military. acts of violence, criminalization, bertebaran di dalam wilayah itu. destruction, and intimidation that Perlakuan berupa kriminalisasi According to Inspera’s record, PT. undermined the enjoyment of the basic kerap dilakukan PT Reki kepada war- REKI once invited around 800 military rights of the surrounding communities. ga yang tinggal di sekitar perusahaan. personnel for a shooting exercise despite the communities living there. In the second phase, PT. REKI Menurut sebuah studi yang dilaku- Banners that say “military training seemed to be more open to dialogue kan Scale Up, sebanyak empat orang zone” and “no activity allowed” were with the communities rather than warga Simpang Macan ditahan di LP put up everywhere in the area.7 dan telah menjalani proses just employing security and law Batanghari 6 Wawancara dengan Umi, pengurus Cappa, pada 25 Juli 2016. 6 Interview with Umi, executive body of Cappa, on 25 July 2016. 5 Ibid.
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persidangan tanpa didampingi pengCriminalization tactics were acara.8 also employed by PT. REKI against living inside the Pendekatan dialogis tidak menjadi communities pendekatan utama dari perusahaan company’s area. According to a study dalam penyelesaian konflik. Intimida- conducted by Scale Up, four Simpang si pun dilakukan melalui mobilisasi Macan village members were detained in aparat kepolisian dan preman.Pe- in Batanghari Prison after being tried 8 a court without any legal counsel. rusakan juga dilakukan perusahaan terhadap tanaman warga. Menurut keterangan pengurus Cappa, sekitar 309 KK di wilayah ini menderita karena perusahaan membunuhi tanaman dengan cara membakar, menebas, dan menyemprot. Pada awal 2011, misalnya, tanaman di Tanjung Mandiri juga disemprot racun.9
Berbagai narasi tentang pelanggaran HAM yang kerap dilakukan perusahaan yang bekerja di wilayah Hutan Harapan—baik PT Reki maupun PT AAS—tak dapat dipungkiri telah melahirkan keprihatinan banyak pihak. Hal ini pun disadari oleh manajerial PT Reki yang kini mulai akomodatif terhadap tuntutan penghormatan HAM. PT Reki mendeklarasikan komitmen untuk menghormati HAM dalam kebijakan dan operasinya. Selain kehendak internal untuk mengubah pendekatan dengan mas8 Wirasapoetra, Koesnadi dan Octavian, Harry. 2012. Op.cit 9 Ibid.
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yarakat, lembaga-lembaga pendamping masyarakat di wilayah Hutan Harapan juga bergerak aktif dalam mendesakkan negosiasi yang lebih berarti. Sejak awal 2012, Cappa misalnya, dengan gencar melakukan kampanye di level internasional.Dari cerita ini tampak bahwa peluang bagi lahirnya inisiatif-inisiatif baru di tingkat lokal untuk mendorong peningkatan level penghormatan HAM oleh perusahaan di satu sisi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui negosiasi di sisi lain merupakan modal awal yang baik. Komunikasi, mediasi, dan negosiasi yang melampaui batasan-batasan tradisional dimungkinkan.
Dialogue was not the preferred strategy of the company when it came to handling conflicts. Intimidation tactic was also used by using police force as well as thugs.The company also destroyed the communities’ crops. According to the executive body of Cappa, around 309 heads of family in the area suffered because the company killed their crops using fire, knives, and Peluang lain yang membuka ruang poison. At the beginning of 2011, for bagi kemandirian warga juga dilakuexample, the people’s crops in Tanjung kan kelompok pendamping lainnya, Mandiri were sprayed with poison.9 yaitu AGRA dan Inspera. Dua kelomVarious narratives of human rights pok ini mendampingi warga Pangkalan abuse that are often committed by Ranjau. Mereka membentuk kelompok companies operating in the area of petani untuk menanam ubi dan pisang. Harapan Rainforest—including PT. REKI AGRA dan Inspera berpendapat bahwa and PT. AAS—have generated concerns peningkatan taraf ekonomi adalah of many parties. The management kunci bagi pemberdayaan masyarakat of PT. REKI was aware of this, which yang tinggal di sekitar wilayah perumade them more accommodative of sahaan bekerja.Dengan ketentuan the demands to respect human rights. semacam ini, warga masyarakat adat PT. REKI eventually declared their “dipaksa” oleh lembaga adatnya untuk produktif. Dengan cara itu pula, maka 8 Wirasapoetra, Koesnadi and Octavian, Harry. 2012. Op.cit. 9 Ibid.
commitment to respect human rights in their policies and operations. Besides the internal will of the company to change its approach in dealing with the communities, nongovernment organizations working in Harapan Rainforest area have also been active in pushing for more meaningful negotiations. Since the beginning of 2012, Cappa, for instance, has been active in conducting campaigns at the international level.We can see from the story that opportunities for the birth of new initiatives at the local level to improve the level of respect for human rights by the company on one hand and community empowerment through negotiation process on the other hand were a good starting point. Communication, mediation, and negotiation that transcended traditional boundaries were made possible. Other opportunities, which opened paths for the communities to be independent, were made possible by the work of other companion organizations, AGRA and Inspera. The two groups accompanied the community of Pangkalan Ranjau. They formed farmer groups to plant sweet potatoes and bananas. AGRA and Inspera are of the view that improvement of economic 5
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secara tidak langsung mereka menghilangkan potensi lahirnya “sponsor” dari sebuah perjuangan. Komitmen penghormatan HAM oleh korporasi yang bekerja di wilayah Hutan Harapan menunjukkan langkah maju ketika PT Reki mendeklarasikan komitmennya untuk menghormati HAM. Namun demikian, komitmen saja tidak cukup. Dibutuhkan kapasitas sumber daya internal yang mumpuni agar komitmen tersebut dapat di implementasikan sesuai dengan tujuannya. Penghormatan HAM di Kawasan Bukit Tiga Puluh Kawasan Bukit Tiga Puluh (BTP) merupakan kawasan dataran rendah dan perbukitan di bagian utara Propinsi Jambi. Kawasan ini terbentang antara Propinsi Riau dan Propinsi Jambi. Luas kawasan ini mencapai 508.000 ha. Sebanyak 144.000 ha di antaranya merupakan Taman Nasional BTP, kawasan perlindungan bagi tiga dari empat satwa di Sumatera, yaitu harimau, orangutan, gajah dan sekitar 250 spesies burung dan mamalia.Bukan hanya satwa yang mengalami ketergantungan terhadap kawasan BTP, 6
condition of the communities is the key to community empowerment in the area of company’s operations.With such a rule, customary community members are “forced” by their customary institution to stay productive. It also indirectly removes the potential for the birth of “sponsor” in their struggle.
tetapi juga masyarakat Suku Talang Mamak, Orang Rimba, dan masyarakat lokal yang tergabung kedalam kesatuan adat Margo Sumay di Propinsi Jambi. Keberlanjutan ruang kelola masyarakat, satwa, dan lingkungan terancam ketika di kawasan ini datang perusahaan yang bekerja di sektor Respect for human rights by Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) dan perbusiness enterprises operating in the tambangan. concession area of Harapan Rainforest Kawasan BTP awalnya dikuasai took a step forward when PT. REKI PT IFA melalui ijin Hak Penguasaan declared its policy commitment to Hutan (HPH) pada 2008. Setelah itu, respect human rights. However, a mere ijin ini diberikan kepada perusahaan commitment is not enough. Adequate HTI Group Barito Pasific (PT. LAJ). internal resources and capacity are Kekerasan, intimidasi, dan kriminalrequired for the commitment to be isasi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan implemented in accordance with its terhadap masyarakat sering terjadi. purposes. Kehadiran perusahaan di kawasan ini Respect for Human Rights inthe Area menunjukkan wajah yang tidak ramah terhadap HAM. of Bukit TigaPuluh The area of Bukit Tiga Puluh (BTP) is a lowland and hilly areas in the northern part of Jambi Province. This area is stretched between Riau and Jambi Provinces. The size of this area is 508,000 hectares, 144,000 hectares of which is National Park of Bukit Tiga Puluh, a sanctuary of three out of four endangered animals in Sumatera, namely tigers, orangutans, elephants,
and around 250 species of birds and mammals.It was not only animals that depend their lives on the sanctity of the area, but also the customary communities of Suku Talang Mamak, Orang Rimba, and local communities that are united in a customary entity of Margo Sumay in Jambi Province. Their existence as well as living space, the animals, and the environment were threatened when a Timber Plantation Company (HTI) and a mining company came to the area.
The BTP area was initially controlled by PT. IFA that held a timber concession license in 2008. After that, the license was transferred to a timber plantation company, Group Barito Pacific (PT. LAJ). Violence, intimidation, and criminalization were often committed by the company Kawasan BTP dikuasai oleh pe- against the communities. Business rusahaan hutan tanaman industri, enterprises in this area shows an perkebunan sawit, pertambangan batu unfriendly face towards human rights. bara, perusahaan restorasi ekosistem The BTP area is controlled by dan proyek-proyek konservasi. Tinda- industrial timber plantation, palm kan yang tidak ramah terhadap HAM oil, coal, and ecosystem restoration tidak hanya dilakukan PT LAJ. Pada companies as well as conservation 2015 PT. AB 30 (Perusahaan restorasi projects. The actions, which were very eksosistem yang juga mendapatkan unfriendly towards human rights, were ijin restorasi di kawasan ABT juga ti- not only committed by PT. LAJ.In 2015, dak mengedepankan pendekatan dia- PT. AB 30 (an ecosystem restoration EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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log yang ramah HAM. Kebijakan dan operasi PT AB 30 mengedepankan pendekatan keamanan dan mengancam kehidupan masyarakat yang tinggal di kawasan ini.
company that also holds a license in BTP area) also failed to adopt an approach that prioritizes dialogue and that is friendly towards human rights. The policies and operations of PT AB Di Desa Lubuk Mandarsah, ak- 30 prioritize security approach and ses masyarakat lokal terhadap lah- threaten the lives of communities living an makin menyempit karena hampir in the area. separuh tanah Desa Lubuk Mandarsah In Lubuk Mandarsah Village, dikuasai oleh beberapa perusahaan. community access to land is Konflik Masyarakat Lubuk Mandarsah increasingly restricted because almost dengan perusahaan bermula ketika half of their village has been taken perusahaan Wirakarya Sakti (PT.WKS) over by several companies operating in masuk pada 2005. Persoalan pengu- forestry, plantation, and mining sectors. suran lahan ini tidak mendapat kejela- The conflict between Lubuk Mandarsah san dari pihak pemerintah dan pihak. community and the companies started Masyarakat pun bereaksi. Pada 2007 when a company named PT. Wirakarya masyarakat membakar dua belas alat Sakti (PT. WKS) came to the village in berat milik perusahaan dan satu mo- 2005.There was no clarification from bil hiline. Tindakan ini mengakibatkan the government regarding the land grab dilakukannya penangkapan terhadap while the company continued grabbing sembilan orang masyarakat yang di- community’s land. The communities tahan di Polres Tebo (Tateng, Rohma- eventually reacted. In 2007, they burned don, Iwan, Dedi, Abdul, Rojak, Yusep, twelve heavy equipment and one hiline Thamrin, Atang dan Cecep). Mereka car belonging to the company. This dijatuhi hukuman kurungan selama 15 action led to the arrest of nine people bulan penjara.Pada Februari 2015, PT. that were subsequently detained in WKS, melalui Satpam, membunuh war- Tebo Resort Police (Tateng, Rohmadon, ga Desa Lubuk Mandarsah bernama Iwan, Dedi, Abdul, Rojak, Yusep, Indra Pelani. Petani/pejuang agraria ini Thamrin, Atang dan Cecep). They were dibunuh oleh Unit Reaksi Cepat (URC) sentenced to prison for 15 months.In PT. WKSdengan secara sadis: dipukul, February 2015, PT. WKS, via its security EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ditusuk senjata tajam, diikat, diculik, dan di buang. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dan operasi perusahaan masih jauh dari standar dan prinsip HAM. Kebijakan dan komitmen perusahaan APP dan Sinar Mas Forestry yang disampaikan pada Februari 2013 untuk menghormati hak-hak masyarakat belum terwujud di lapangan.
personnel (satpam), murdered a villager of Lubuk Mandarsah named Indra Pelani. The farmer/agrarian fighter was stabbed, tied up, and kidnapped before the body was dumped. This shows that the policies and operations of the company was light years away from respecting human rights. The human rights policies and commitment of the APP and Sinar Mas Forestry Group announced in February 2013 are not yet Masa Depan Penghormatan HAM oleh evident on the ground. Perusahaan Kawasan Hutan Harapan dan Bukit Tiga Puluh merupakan kawasan bekas areal HPH yang habis masa berlakunya. Di dalam kawasan itu telah lama hidup masyarakat lokal secara turun-temurun dan ada pula migrasi masyarakat lainnya di sekitar kawasan ini sejak ijin HPH habis. Kelompok masyarakat ini menggantungkan hidupnya dari kekayaan alam yang ada. Mereka mengolah tanah yang mereka diami dengan cara bertani, berladang, berkebun, berburu hewan, hasil hutan kayu, dan nonkayu.Pemerintah kemudian menerbitkan ijin baru dari tanah bekas HPH itu tanpa pemberitahuan atau sosialisasi, dialog, dan mediasi dengan masyarakat yang hidup di wilayah ini. Alhasil, masyarakat
The Future of Respect For Human Rights By Business Enterprises The areas of Harapan Rainforest and Bukit Tiga Puluh are both ex-timber concessions that had expired. Local communities have been living in the areas for generations in addition to other communities that had migrated to the area after the licenses expired. These community groups are highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihood. They cultivate the land they live on by planting it with rice, horticulture, and plantation trees, hunt, as well as take timber and non-timber forest products. The government issued new licenses in the area without any notification, socialization, 7
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yang menggantungkan hidupnya di kawasan itu diabaikan keberadaannya. Konflik antara masyarakat dan perusahaan tak dapat dihindari. Alih-alih menggunakan pendekatan HAM yang lebih mengedepankan proses dialog, mediasi, dan partisipasi masyarakat, perusahaan-perusahaan itu justru menekankan penghampiran lama yang mementingkan proses penegakan hukum dan pendekatan keamanan. Tindakan-tindakan intimidasi, kriminalisasi, kekerasan, perusakan menjadi wajah korporasi yang buruk dalam menghadapi masyarakat. Pelanggaran HAM pun tak bisa dihindari. Sejalan dengan tuntutan global yang mendesakkan kepatuhan korporasi terhadap standar dan nilai HAM, sebagian korporasi yang bekerja di Hutan Harapan dan Bukit Tiga Puluh menegaskan komitmen mereka untuk menghormati HAM. PTReki dan PT WKS, misanya, mengubah pendekatan dengan lebih mengedepankan dialog, mediasi, dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam menyelesaikan konflik. Beberapa hambatan terjadi ketika kalangan internal perusahaan belum siap menghadapi perubahan global tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan kapasitas internal perusahaan, baik sum8
dialogue, or mediation to and with communities that had been living there. As a result, the communities those lives were dependent on the area were excluded. Conflict between the communities and the companies was unavoidable. It became more complicated when the companies, with the licenses in their pocket, acted like they had absolute rights to operate in the areas. Rather than adopting a human rights-based strategy that prioritizes dialogue, mediation, and participation of community, these companies chose to adopt obsolete ways of dealing with communities that prioritized law enforcement and security approach. These acts of intimidation, criminalization, violence, and destruction in dealing with the communities painted an ugly picture on the business enterprises’ face. Human rights abuses were unavoidable. However, in the face of global demands that business enterprises must comply with human rights standards and values, some business enterprises gave their recognition to and declared their commitment to respect human rights.PT. REKI and PT. WKS for examplehave put more emphasis on dialogue, mediation,
ber daya manusia maupun anggaran, menjadi agenda paling penting bagi perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan dalam penghormatan HAM. Dari temuan, analisis, dan simpulan kegiatan investigasi ini, Tim merekomendasikan beberapa pihak untuk melakukan beberapa hal. pertama, kepada perusahaanyang memiliki kebijakan HAM, Tim merekomendasikan untuk mendorong peningkatan kapasitas (capacity building) sumber daya internal perusahaan. Hal ini menyangkut perbaikan dan perubahan sistem, mekanisme, dan prosedur, struktur kelembagaan, pekerja, maupun anggaran, yang mendukung pelaksanaan penghormatan HAM oleh perusahaan sesuai dengan Prinsip-prinsip Panduan PBB untuk Bisnis dan HAM. Kedua, kepada perusahaan yang belum memiliki kebijakan HAM, kami merekomendasi untuk segera menandatangani komitmen kebijakan HAM. Menghormati HAM dalam kegiatan bisnis adalah sebuah keniscayaan di tengah tuntutan global akan pentingnya aspek kemanusiaan dalam operasinya. Beberapa kerugian yang akan dialami, misalnya terkait biaya litigasi ketika menghadapi tuntutan hukum,
and community participation in handling conflicts. However, there are obstacles when internally, the business enterprises are not ready to face the changes at the global level. Therefore, development of internal capacity of the business enterprises, including human resources and budget, is the most important agenda to enable them to improve their performance in respecting human rights. Based on findings, analyses, and conclusions of the investigation, our team formulated the following recommendations for relevant parties. First, to companies that already have a human rights policy, the team recommends internal capacity building, which consists of improvement and amendment of systems, mechanisms, procedures, organizational structure, workers, and budget that supports respect for human rights by companies in accordance with the United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights. Second, to companies that have not had a human rights policy, we recommend immediately signing one. Respecting human rights in doing business is a necessity in the face of global demands that stress EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ASM L AW OFFI C E
gerakan mogok pekerjanya, biaya humas dan pencitraan akibat pelanggaran HAM, adanya penghapusan laba dan revisi pendapatan ketika terjadi pembatalan proyek, keterbatasan akses ke pasar modal akibat meningkatnya kepedulian pemodal terhadap tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, dan sebagainya.
the importance of humanity aspects in business enterprises’ operations. Business enterprises will bear much losses if they score badly on human rights aspect. Some losses are related to the cost of litigation when they face lawsuits, labor strike, public relations and image maintenance needed after a human rights abuse, profit write-off and revenue revision when a project is canceled, limited access to the capital market due to rising awareness of financiers of corporate social responsibility, and so on.
yang sudah menyatakan komitmen kebijakan HAM. Penting bagi masyarakat untuk menyampaikan keluhan secara langsung kepada korporasi, sehingga tercipta dialog dan negosiasi yang menguntungkan semua pihak.
provided by the companies. It is important for communities to directly submit their complaints to the companies to create dialogue and negotiation that are favorable for all parties concerned.
Ketiga, kepada pemerintah, kami merekomendasikan pentingnya pemerintah untuk melakukan kontrol secara berkala terhadap perusahaan yang mendapatkan ijin. Selain itu, kami memandang bahwa pemerintah haThird, to the government, the team rus juga memperhatikan ruang kelola recommends immediately exercising masyarakat yang ada di dalam suatu regular control of companies that have wilayah konsesi. obtained a license. Besides, we think Keempat, kepada kelompok pen- that the government must pay close damping masyarakat, kami men- attention to management space for dukung mereka untuk ikut terlibat communities inside a concession. dalam proses uji tuntas HAM yang dilakukan korporasi, sedemikian rupa, sehingga proses uji tuntas HAM perusahaan betul-betul dapat mengidentifikasi dan menyelesaikan persoalan HAM yang dihadapi perusahaan.
Fourth, to organizations that have been accompanying the communities, the team encourages them to be involved in the due diligence process conducted by the companies to help identify and in turn resolve human rights Kelima, kepada masyarakat, kami problems faced by the companies. merekomendasikan untuk memanFifth, to communities, the team faatkan mekanisme pengaduan mas- recommends taking advantage of yarakat yang disediakan korporasi the grievance mechanism facilities EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Gambaran Studi A. Pendahuluan
Study Overview A. Introduction
Pada dua dekade terakhir, pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) tidak hanya dilakukan oleh Negara. Aktor nonnegara, utamanya perusahaan, menjadi aktor baru yang kerap berada di garis depan dalam pelanggaran HAM. Sector kehutanan menjadi salah satu sector dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alamyang banyak memperlihatkan situasi yang kurang menguntungkan bagi perlindungan hak-hak dasar masyarakat local/adat.
In the last two decades, States have ceased to become the sole perpetrators of human rights abuse. Non-state actors, most notably business enterprises, have become new actors that are often at the forefront of human rights violation. Meanwhile, the forestry sector is one sector of natural resources management in Indonesia wherewe can still witness disadvantageous situations with regards to protection of basic rights of indigenous people and local communities.
Jika ditelusuri ke belakang, berbagai konflik yang berujung pada penggusuran hak-hak dasar masyarakat local/adat ini tak dapat dilepaskan dari kebijakan Negara yang tidak konsisten. MelaluiPP No. 21/1970 tentang Hak Penguasaan Hutan (HPH), degradasi hutan alam meruyak.Dua decade kemudian, pada 1990, pemerintah menerbitkan konsesi kehutanan untuk Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) melalui PP No. 7/1990. Kebijakan ini ternyata tidak mengubah keadaan hutan. Pemerintah kemudian menerbitkan UU No. 12/1992 tentangPerkebunan yang mengkonversi hutan produksi yang rusakmenjadi Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) perkebunan.Para era reformasi, evolusi perubahan tata guna lahan mengalami percepatan seiring disahkannya perubahan regulasi perkebunan melalui UU No.18/2004 tentang Perkebunan. UU ini memfasilitasi perluasanperkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia.
If we trace it backwards, the many conflicts that resulted in the violation of basic rights of indigenous people and local communities could not be separated from inconsistency of State policies. Enactment of Government Regulation No. 21/1970 on Logging Concessions (Hak Pengusahaan Hutan/HPH) resulted in massive degradation of natural forests. Two decades later, in 1990s, the government started issuing forestry concessions for Industrial Timber Plantation (Hutan Tanaman Industri/HTI) through the enactment of Government Regulation No. 7/1990,whichfailed to improve forest condition. The government then issued Law No. 12/1992 on Plantations, which enabled conversion of degraded production forest to Land Use Right (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU)for plantation development. In the reformation period, the evolution of land use change was accelerated as regulations regarding plantations changed through the enactment of Law No. 18/2004 on Plantations,which expedited the expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia.
Evolusi kebijakan tersebut bukan saja mengakibatkan berbagai krisis sosial-ekologis yang massif, tetapi bahkan telah mengeksklusi masyarakat lokal yang tinggal didalam dan sekitar hutan.1 Ancaman kerusakan ekologi dijawab melalui kebijakan restorasi ekosistem melalui Peraturan MenteriKehutanan No. SK 159/Menhut-II/2004 tentang Restorasi Ekosistem di Kawasan HutanProduksi. Pada 14 Februari 2008, Menteri Kehutanan merilis Surat Keputusan (SK) Nomor SK.293/MENHUT-II/2007 tertanggal 28 Agustus 2007 tentang Pemberian IUPHHK Restorasi Ekosistem Dalam Hutan Alam kepada PT. Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia atas Areal Hutan Produksi Seluas + 52.170 (lima puluh dua ribu seratus tujuh puluh) hektar di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, untuk masa 100 (seratus) tahun. Areal konsesi 1 Rina Mardiana. 2014. Kehendak Merestorasi Ekosistem Tersandera diPusaran Sengkarut Agraria: Konflik dan Perjuangan Kedaulatan Agraria diWilayah Restorasi Ekosistem Hutan Harapan Provinsi Jambi. Kertas KerjaSajogyo Institute No. 14/2014. Bogor: Sajogyo Institute.
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The evolution has not only caused massive social and ecological crises, but also led to exclusion of local communities that live inside and around forests.1 The government tried to address the ecological damage by issuing ecosystem restoration policy through Minister of Forestry Regulation No. SK 159/Menhut-II/2004on Ecosystem Restoration in Production Forest Area.On February 14, 2008, the Minister of Forestry issued a Decision Letter No. SK.293/MENHUT-II/2007dated August 28, 2007 on the Issuance of Ecosystem Restoration License in Natural Forests to PT. Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia (PT. REKI) covering approximately 52,170 (fifty two thousand a hundred and 1 Rina Mardiana. 2014. Kehendak Merestorasi Ekosistem Tersandera diPusaran Sengkarut Agraria: Konflik dan Perjuangan Kedaulatan Agraria diWilayah Restorasi Ekosistem Hutan Harapan Provinsi Jambi. Sajogyo Institute Working Paper No. 14/2014. Bogor: Sajogyo Institute.
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restorasi ekosistem PT REKI merupakan kawasan Eks HPH PT INHUTANI Vyang berada di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dan Eks HPH PT Asialog yang berada di Provinsi Jambi.2 Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan ini bertujuan untuk memulihkan ekosistem hutan dataran rendahmelalui kegiatan restorasi ekosistem. Namun maksud untuk restorasi ekosistem ini tidak dilakukan secara simultan dengan prinsip penghormatan terhadap HAM. Menerapkan restorasi ekosistem tanpa menghitung dampak social akhirnya menimbulkan konflik sosial tak berujung. Eksklusi terhadap masyarakat local/adat yang hidup di dalam hutan atau di sekitar hutan tidak dapat dihindari. Dalam kasus Hutan Harapan,menurut GPM demi restorasi, PT REKIkemudian mengeksklusi kelompok masyarakat yang sejak lama hidup di dalam kawasan hutan. Pendekatan yang terlalu legalistic menjadikan suku asli sebagai korban aksikekerasan dan penangkapan.3 Selain kasus Hutan Harapan, menarik juga kasus yang terjadi di Bukit Tigapuluh. Masyarakat Desa Pemayungan yang berada dalam kawasan konsesi menolak rencana Penguasaan wilayah kelola mereka oleh PT. Alam Bukit Tiga Puluh (PT AB 30). Penolakan itu terkait tiadanya penjelasan dan sosialisasi terkait rencana mereka di Desa Pemayungan. Masyarakat Desa Pemayungan khawatir mereka tidak bisa lagi berladang dan bertani di wilayah yang sudah menjadi izin PT ABT 30.4 Persoalan perebutan ruang kelola agraria menjadi persoalan pelik di Indonesia. Di Jambi, pemerintah menerbitkan ijin konsesi tanpa memperhitungkan masyarakat yang telah ratusan tahun hidup turun-temurun dan bergantung pada hasil hutan dan sumber daya alam lainnya. Korporasi yang mengelola kawasan konsesi juga tidak menempatkan agenda inklusi masyarakat dalam kebijakan dan praktik operasinya. Perlu pendekatan baru yang menomorsatukan penghormatan HAM dalam kebijakan dan operasi korporasi. Baru-baru ini, PT REKI telah menegaskan komitmennya untuk menghormati dan menerapkan standar HAM dalam kebijakan dan operasinya. Namun komitmen ini membutuhkan implementasi dan langkah nyata yang terukur, sehingga penghormatan HAM oleh korporasi tak hanya lips service belaka. Dalam kaitan inilah, Kantor Hukum AsM (AsM Law Office), yang memiliki visi keberlanjutan dan HAM dalam pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam (SDA), bermaksud untuk melakukan 2 Rina Mardiana. 2014. Op.cit. 3 Gerakan Pecinta Manusia (GPM). Tanpa tahun. “Kertas Kasus:Demi Karbon, Masyarakat jadi KorbanKasus PT REKI, Kabupaten Batanghari, Jambi, 4 Siaran Pers Penolakan PT.Alam Bukit Tiga Puluh Di Wilayah Administrasi Desa Pemayungan http://www.walhi-jambi.com/2016/02/ siaran-pers-penolakan-ptalam-bukit-tiga.html, diakses pada 20 Juni 2016.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
seventy) hectares of production forest area in Musi Banyuasin District, South Sumatera Province,which is valid for a period of 100 (a hundred) years.The area of PT REKI’s ecosystem restoration was previously a timber concession of PT INHUTANI V, which is located in South Sumatera Province and timber concession of PT Asialog, which is located in Jambi Province.2 The objective of the decision was torestore the lowland forest ecosystem of Sumatera. However, the drive to restore the ecosystem was not accompanied with the good will to respect human rights. Implementation of ecosystem restoration projects without any consideration of potential social impacts eventually resulted in proliferation of social conflicts. Exclusion of indigenous people/local communities that live inside or around forests was then inevitable. In the case of Harapan Rainforest, according to GPM, in the name of ecosystem restoration, PT. REKI went on and excluded community groups that have been living inside forest area for generations. Adoption of an exceedingly legalistic approach turned the indigenous community into victims of violence and criminalization.3 Besides the case of Harapan Rainforest, it is also interesting to examine the case of Bukit Tiga Puluh. The Pemayungan Village Community that lives inside PT. Alam Bukit Tiga Puluh (PT AB 30)’s concession protested against the plan of the company to appropriate their territory. They rejected the plan because there was no explanation and socialization whatsoever regarding their operations in Pemayungan Village. The communities are worried that the presence of the company will prevent them from cultivating their land and conduct farming activities in the areas that have been appropriated as part of PT ABT 30’s concession.4 Conflict of management area or agrarian conflict has become a very trying problem in Indonesia. In Jambi, the government kept issuing concession licenses without taking into account the existence of communities that have been living in the area for hundreds of years and that are highly dependent on forest products and other natural resources for their livelihood. Business enterprises that manage the concessions also failed to put the agenda of inclusion of local communities in their policies and practices. There must be a new approach that puts respect for human rights on top with regards to the policies and operation of business enterprises. Recently, PT. REKI has 2 Rina Mardiana. 2014. Op.cit. 3 Gerakan Pecinta Manusia (GPM). Without year. “Kertas Kasus:Demi Karbon, Masyarakat jadi KorbanKasus PT REKI, Kabupaten Batanghari, Jambi, 4 Press Release of Penolakan PT.Alam Bukit Tiga Puluh Di Wilayah Administrasi Desa Pemayungan http://www.walhi-jambi. com/2016/02/siaran-pers-penolakan-ptalam-bukit-tiga.html, accessed on 20 June 2016.
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investigasi mengenai tanggung jawab korporasi dalam HAM. B. Tujuan Investigasi ini bertujuan untuk, pertama, mendapatkan fakta mengenai kepatuhan korporasi di sektor kehutanandalam penghormatan HAM. Kedua, memperoleh praktik-praktik terbaik (best practice) sebagai pelajaran bagi korporasi dalam upaya menghormati HAM. C. Metode Investigasi ini menekankan pada pemeriksaan atas tanggung jawab HAM korporasi di Hutan Harapan dan Bukit Tigapuluh. Kedua tempat ini dipilih karena adanya relasi korporasi dan HAM yang sangat tinggi, melibatkan banyak actor, dan mewakili persoalan bisnis dan HAM yang ditandai oleh adanya kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM oleh korporasi di satu sisi, namun juga adanya upaya-upaya untuk meminimalisasi dampak HAM di sisi lain. Keterbatasan investigasi ini adalah sector kehutanan yang menjadi basis produksi korporasi di wilayah ini, sehingga kurang dapat merepresentasikan situasi korporasi dan HAM di wilayah-wilayah yang kental dengan aktivitas perkebunan dan pertambangan. Data yang dikumpulkan dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam yang terstruktur menggunakan panduan wawancara. Informan yang dituju oleh investigasi ini mencakup personil di puncak manajemen korporasi, warga terdampak dan potensial terdampak, forum-forum komunikasi warga, pemerintah daerah (propinsi dan kabupaten), tokoh adat, kepala pemerintah di level terendah, dan organisasi nonpemerintah (ornop), termasuk lembaga donor. Sementara pengumpulan data sekunder dilakukan dengan penelusuran dokumen kebijakan, arsip surat-menyurat, notulen rapat, memo, danberbagai jenis peta kawasan.
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reaffirmed its commitment to respect and adhere to human rights standards in their policies and operations. However, the commitment must be followed by measurable concreteimplementation steps so that respect for human rights by business enterprises will no longer only be a lip service.Against this background, AsM Law Office, which vision is to promote sustainability and human rights in natural resources management conducted an investigationon Human Rights Responsibility of Business Enterprises. B. Objectives The objectives of this investigation is first, to obtain facts, data, and information regarding compliance of business enterprises in the forestry sectorwithhuman rights principles and second, to learn about best practices to provide lessons for business enterprises in their effort to respect human rights. C. Method This investigation focused on examination of human rights responsibility of business enterprises in Harapan Rainforest and Bukit Tiga Dua Puluh. These locations are chosen due to high degree of correlation between business enterprises and human rights conditions, which involves many actors and could represent the problem of business and human rights in general, which is characterized by incidence of human rights abuses by business enterprises on one hand, but also efforts to mitigate human rights impacts on the other hand.However, the investigation has a limitation, namely that forestry and plantation sectors are the basis of production in this area, rendering it unable to represent the situation of business enterprises and human rights in areas in which there are mining activities. Data collected are classified into two categories: primary and secondary. The collection of primary data was done through in-depth structured interviews with the help of an interview guideline. The informants that were targeted by this investigation included top management personnel of the business enterprises, affected communities and communities that have the potential to be affected, community communication forums, regional government (provincial and district), indigenous people leaders, head of government at the lowest level, and non-governmental organizations, including donor organizations. Meanwhile, secondary data collection was done through study of policy documents, correspondence archives, minutes, memos, and various kinds of maps of the conflict area.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Asep Mulyana Merampungkan pendidikan S1 pada Departemen Politik dan Pemerintahan, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). Semasa mahasiswa, ia bergiat di Majalah Mahasiswa Balairung UGM. Setelah lulus kuliah, penulis bekerja di beberapa media dan lembaga riset media. Sejak 2006bekerja sebagai peneliti di Komnas HAM. Pada tahun 2008 mengikuti International Human Rights Training Programme (IHRTP) di Kanada. Pada tahun yang sama, mendapatkan beasiswa NORAD’s Programme for Master Studies (NOMA) Scholarship untuk melanjutkan studi pada Program S2 HAM dan Demokrasi di UGM dan University of Oslo, Norwegia. e-mail: asepmulyana@ komnasham.go.id. Rudiansyah
AsM Law Office adalah sebuah kantor hukum yang memiliki visi mendorong lahirnya kebijakan dan hukum yang berkelanjutan, mensejahterakan
dan
berkeadilan.
Untuk
mencapai
visi
tersebut, kami mengembangkan pendekatan multidisipliner dalam pelayanan hukum yang kami berikan agar tercapai tujuan kepastian hukum, keadilan hukum dan kemanfaatan hukum bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia dan pemangku kepentingan yang terkait dengan itu. Masyarakat, Pemerintah dan Swasta dalam pandangan kami adalah aktor-aktor penting dalam mencapai cita-cita proklamasi yaitu Masyarakat Indonesia yang Adil dan
Sejak tahun 2004 aktif pada organisasi advokasi lingkungan
makmur.
hidup dan bekerja untuk isu sosial. Pendidikan pada jurusan
AsM Law Office is a law office with a vision to promote policies
Sosiologi. Aktif melakukan penelitian dibidang lingkungan, HAM dan konflik sumber daya alam. Andiko, SH., MH Senior Lawyer di AsM Law Office (www.asmlawoffice.com) yang bekerja dalam hukum tanah, sumber daya alam dan lingkungan, serta resolusi konflik 15 tahun terakhir. Terlibat penuh mengembangkan pendekatan Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR) dalam konflik berbasis tanah dn sumber daya alam dan implementasi prinsip HAM dan Bisnis di Indonesia. Sebagai mediator, pernah memegang dua surat keputusan Menteri Kehutanan untuk meresolusi konflik.
and laws that bring sustainability, prosperity, and justice. To achieve the vision, we develop a multidisciplinary approach in the legal service we provide to attain the objectives of legal certainty, legal justice, and legal benefit for the entire people of Indonesia and related stakeholders. Communities, Government, and Private Sector are in our view very important actors to achieve the goals of Independence: The People of Indonesia that are Just and Prosperous specifically and economic, legal, social, and environmental justice in the world in general.
