KARYA TULIS AKHIR
EFEK MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum Zeylanikum) SEBAGAI ANTI DEPRESAN PADA MENCIT DITINJAU DARI IMMOBILITY TIME DENGAN METODE TAIL SUSPENTION TEST
Oleh: RIZDIANIS DEVI MASYITHOH 201110330311007
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2015
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EFEK MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum Zeylanikum) SEBAGAI ANTI DEPRESAN PADA MENCIT DITINJAU DARI IMMOBILITY TIME DENGAN METODE TAIL SUSPENTION TEST
KARYA TULIS AKHIR Diajukan kepada Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh: RIZDIANIS DEVI MASYITHOH 201110330311007
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2015
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN KARYA TULIS AKHIR Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian untuk memenuhi persyaratan Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Tanggal : 12 Juni 2015
Pembimbing I
dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes.
Pembimbing II
dr. Thontowi Djauhari Nur Subchi, M.Kes.
Mengetahui, Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes.
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Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Rizdianis Devi Masyithoh ini Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji Pada hari Jum’at, 12 Juni 2015
Tim Penguji
dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes.
,Ketua
dr. Thontowi Djauhari Nur Subchi, M.Kes.
,Anggota
dr. Abi Noor Wahyono, M.Kes, SpAn.
,Anggota
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan berkat rahmat dan ridho-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan skripsi dengan judul “Efek Minyak Atsiri Daun Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Zeylanikum) Sebagai Anti Depresan Pada Mencit Ditinjau Dari Immobility Time Dengan Metode Tail Suspension Test” Penulisan penelitian ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Kedokteran Jurusan Pendidikan Dokter pada Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Penelitian ini tidaklah dapat terselesaikan tanpa bantuan, bimbingan, saran, dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada : 1. Allah SWT, Rabb Yang Maha Pengasih dan Maha Pemurah, yang senantiasa membukakan jalan dan kemudahan, serta melimpahkan rahmat dan ridho-Nya. 2. Rosullullah SAW yang senantiasa memberikan suri tauladannya. 3. Ayah Effendi Dwi Furwanto, ibu Wati Dwi Kartika, kakak Rizky Ayundha Sari, adik Rizal Akbar Syahroni dan semua saudara yang selalu memberi dukungan, doa, kasih sayang, semangat, kepercayaan, pengorbanan dan kesabaran yang tak terhingga bagi saya. 4. Seluruh jajaran Dekanat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
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5. dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes. selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. 6. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes. selaku pembimbing I, terima kasih atas bimbingan dan kesabarannya serta semangatnya dari awal memasuki FK UMM hingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan baik. 7. dr. Thontowi Djauhari Nur Subchi, M.Kes. selaku pembimbing II, terima kasih atas bimbingan dan kesabarannya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan baik. 8. dr. Abi Noor Wahyono, M.Kes, SpAn. selaku penguji, terima kasih atas bimbingan dan masukan-masukannya yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini selama di FKUMM. 9. Ibu Nailis, yang bersedia mengajari penulis tentang cara penghitungan dan pembagian dosis. 10. Seluruh Staf Tata Usaha dan Staf Lab. Terpadu Fakultas Kedokteran . Terima kasih atas bantuan yang diberikan kepada penulis. 11. Sahabat penulis Putri, Oky, Vindy, Ani, Anggi, Devy, Mas Dimas, Otoy, Sucik serta teman sejawat FK 2011 yang telah banyak memberi doa dan dukungannya. 12. Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini dan juga mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis sebut satu-perstu.
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Penulis menyadari skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu saran dan kritik konstruktif sangat penulis harapkan. Semoga skripsi ini dapat memberikan sumbangan yang berharga, bagi kepentingan keilmuan maupun aplikasi di dunia kedokteran. Akhir kata penulis berharap adanya saran dan kritik yang membangun dan semoga penelitian ini dapat menambah wawasan serta bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
Malang, 12 Juni 2015
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................... i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ iii LEMBAR PENGUJI ........................................................................................... iv KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... v ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ x DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... xiv DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xv DAFTAR SINGKATAN ..................................................................................... xvi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................... xvii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah................................................................................. 3 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................................ 3 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................ 3 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ............................................................................. 3 1.4.3 Manfaat Masyarakat .................................................................... 4
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA......................................................................... 5 2.1 Kayu Manis........................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Klasifikasi Kayu Manis ............................................................... 5 2.1.2 Morfologi Kayu Manis ................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Jenis – jenis Kayu Manis ............................................................ 7 2.1.4 Budidaya Kayu Manis ................................................................. 8 2.1.5 Kandungan Kimia Kayu Manis................................................... 9 2.1.6 Minyak Atsiri Kayu Manis ......................................................... 11 2.1.7 Minyak Daun Kayu Manis .......................................................... 12 2.1.8 Eugenol ....................................................................................... 13 2.1.9 Mekanisme Kerja Eugenol Sebagai Antidepresan ...................... 14 2.2 Depresi .................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Definisi Depresi .......................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Epidemiologi Depresi.................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Etiologi Depresi .......................................................................... 17 2.2.4 Klasifikasi Depresi ...................................................................... 18 2.2.5 Faktor Resiko Depresi ................................................................. 19 2.2.6 Gambaran Klinis Depresi ............................................................ 21 2.2.7 Antidepresan ............................................................................... 22 2.2.8 Mekanisme Depresi Akibat Stressor ........................................... 23 2.3 Bahan dan Metode ................................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Hewan percobaan ........................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Uji Penggantungan Ekor (Tail Suspension Test) ........................ 28 2.3.2 Uji Berenang Paksa (Forced SwimmingTtest) ............................ 30
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2.3.3 Uji Roda Putar Celup (Rotarod Test) .......................................... 30
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS ........................... 32 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual............................................................................ 32 3.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................................... 34 BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................... 35 4.1 Jenis Penelitian ..................................................................................... 35 4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................................ 35 4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................................. 35 4.3.1 Populasi ....................................................................................... 35 4.3.2 Sampel ......................................................................................... 35 4.3.3 Estimasi Besar Sampel ................................................................ 36 4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ....................................................... 36 4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian .................................................. 37 4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ...................................................................... 37 4.3.7 Definisi Operasional.................................................................... 37 4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................................... 38 4.4.1 Alat .............................................................................................. 38 4.4.2 Bahan........................................................................................... 38 4.5 Alur Penelitian ...................................................................................... 39 4.6 Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................................... 40 4.6.1 Pembagian Kelompok Mencit ..................................................... 40 4.6.2 Adaptasi Hewan Percobaan......................................................... 40 4.6.3 Penggantungan ekor dengan Tail Suspension Test ..................... 40
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4.6.4 Ekstrak Minyak Atsiri Daun Kayu Manis ................................... 40 4.6.5 Penentuan Dosis .......................................................................... 41 4.6.6 Pengukuran Immobility time ....................................................... 42 4.7 Analisis Data .......................................................................................... 42 BAB V HASIL DAN ANALISIS PENELITIAN .............................................. 43 5.1 . Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................... 43 5.1.1 Hasil Pengukuran Immobility Time pada Mencit ........................ 43 5.2 Analisis Data......................................................................................... 45 BAB VI PEMBAHASAN.................................................................................... 51 BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................... 55 7.1 . Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 55 7.2 . Saran ..................................................................................................... 55 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 56
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Kandungan Minyak Atsiri Kayu Manis .......................................................... 9 2.2 Komposisi Mineral dan Vitamin dalam 100 g Kayu Manis ........................... 10 2.3 Data Biologis Mencit (Mus musculus) ........................................................... 27 5.1 Urutan rata-rata Immobility time Sebagai Efek Dari Pemberian minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)........................... 44
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) ........................................................ 6 2.2 Struktur kimia minyak atsiri kayu manis ........................................................ 10 2.3 Mencit (Mus musculus) ................................................................................... 26 2.4 Tail Suspension Test........................................................................................ 29 2.5 Forced Swimming Test .................................................................................... 30 2.6 Rotarod Test .................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Alur penelitian ................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Perangkat Destilasi Uap .................................................................................. 41 5.1 Grafik efek pemberian minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (Cinnamomum zeylanikum) terhadap Immobility time.................................... 43 5.2 Grafik Linieritas antara pemberian dosis minyak atsiri daun kayu manis (Cinnamomum zeylanikum) terhadap Immobility time. ............... 50
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ACTH
:Adenocorticotropine hormone
CRH
: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
DA
: Dopamin
FST
: Forced Swimming Test
GABA
: Gamma Amino Butiric Acid
HPA
: Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal
LC
: Locus Ceruleus
MAO
: Monoamine Oxidase
MAOI
: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
NE
: Norepinefrin
PVN
: Paraventricular
SSP
: Susunan Saraf Pusat
SSRI
: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
TCA
: Tricyclic
TH
: Tryrosine Hydroxylase
TST
: Tail Suspension Test
5-HT
: 5-hydroxytryptamine
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Perhitungan Immobility Time.......................................................... 62 Lampiran 2 Analisis Data Immobility Time ....................................................... 63 Lampiran 3 Foto Penelitian ................................................................................ 70 Lampiran 4 “ETHICAL CLEARENCE” ............................................................ 72 Lampiran 5 Determinasi Tanaman Kayu Manis ................................................ 73
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