Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014
JURNAL BUANA PENDIDIKAN
Jurnal ini terbit dua kali setahun bulan April dan Oktober berisi tulisan ilmiah tentang pendidikan, baik yang ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia maupun Bahasa Inggris. Tulisan yang dimuat dapat berupa analisis, kajian pustaka, atau hasil penelitian. Ketua Drs. A. Qomaru Zaman, M.Pd. Wakil Ketua Drs. Sunyoto Hadi Prayitno, S.T., M.Pd. Penyunting Ahli Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Sudana Degeng, M.Pd. (Universitas Negeri Malang) Prof. Dr. Iskandar Wirjokusumo, M.Sc. (Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya) Dr. Wahyu Widada (Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu) Prof. Dr. Kisyani Leksono, M.Hum. (Universitas Negeri Surabaya) Prof. Dr. Henricus Supriyanto, M.Hum. (Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya) Prof. Dr. Hartanto Sunardi, S.T., S.Si., M.Pd. (Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya) Prof. Dr. Ahman, M.Pd. (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung) Penyunting Pelaksana Dra. Dwi Retnani S., M.Si. Dr. Endang Mastuti Rahayu, M.Pd. Dr. Sunu Catur Budiono, M.Hum. Drs. Agung Pramujiono, M.Pd. Dyah Rochmawati, S.Pd., M.Pd. Dr. Ismoerdiyahwati, M.Sn. Staf Pelaksana Drs. Abdulloh Jaelani, M.Pd. Umi Budi Rahayu, S.E. Alamat Redaksi FKIP, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya Jalan Ngagel Dadi III-B/37 Surabaya-60245 Email:
[email protected] [email protected] Telp/Fax: (031) 5053127
Jurnal Buana Pendidikan diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014
PETUNJUK BAGI PENULIS JURNAL Sistematika Artikel yang berupa hasil penelitian disusun dengan sistematika : Judul, Nama Penulis, Abstrak 1. Pendahuluan (berisi latar belakang permasalahan dan tujuan penulisan atau ruang lingkup tulisan), 2. Metode Penelitian 3. Hasil dan Pembahasan, 4. Kesimpulan dan saran, Daftar Pustaka. Sedangkan artikel yang berupa analisis dan kajian teori, disusun dengan sistematika: Judul, Nama Penulis, Abstrak, 1. Pendahuluan (berisi latar belakang permasalahan dan tujuan penulisan), 2. Hasil dan Pembahasan 3. Kesimpulan dan Saran, Daftar Pustaka. Penyunting berhak menyempurnakan kalimat, tanpa merubah maksud dari kalimat. Penulis artikel diberi kesempatan untuk melakukan revisi atas dasar rekomendasi dari penyunting. Panjang artikel diupayakan maksimal 15 halaman A4. Artikel ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Format Artikel ditulis dalam bentuk ketikan dua spasi, font 12 Times New Roman dalam kolom tunggal di atas kertas A4 (210 mm x 297 mm) dengan margin kiri 2,5 cm, margin kanan 1,5 cm, margin atas 3 cm dan margin bawah 2,5 cm. Setiap halaman diberi nomor halaman. Khusus Untuk judul (font 12), tempat penelitian/tempat bekerja penulis (Font 12) dan Abstrak (Font 11) ditulis dalam kolom tunggal, termasuk kata kuncinya. Judul Artikel Spesifik dan efektif, dan ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia (maksimum 15 kata) dan bahasa Inggris (maksimum 12 kata). Nama Penulis. Ditulis lengkap (tanpa gelar akademik/sebutan apapun) disertai nama lokasi penelitian atau tempat penulis bekerja di bawah judul artikel serta alamat email. Abstrak Ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris yang masing masing diusahakan sekitar 200 kata, yang secara singkat memberikan gambaran aspek penting dan hasil pokok penelitian serta kesimpulannya. Abstrak dilengkapi dengan kata kunci yang sesuai (4 kata kunci). Tabel dan Gambar Harus diberi nomor secara berurutan sesuai dengan urutan pemunculannya. Setiap gambar dan tabel perlu judul singkat yang diletakkan di atas untuk tabel dan diletakkan di bawah untuk gambar. Pembuatan tabel dan gambar dalam format hitam dan putih tanpa gambar latar belakang (background). Daftar pustaka yang ditulis hanya memuat sumber – sumber yang dirujuk dalam artikel. Daftar pustaka disusun dengan tata cara: Buku: Penulis (tahun). Judul Buku (cetak tebal). Penerbit. Jurnal: Penulis (tahun). Judul Tulisan (cetak tebal). Nama Jurnal (cetak miring). Volume (cetak tebal). Nomor. Halaman. Paper dalam prosiding: penulis (tahun). Judul Tulisan (cetak tebal). Nama Seminar (cetak miring). Tanggal Seminar. Halaman. Tesis.Tugas Akhir: Penulis (Tahun). Judul Tesis/Tugas Akhir (cetak tebal). Tesis/Tugas Akhir. Universitas. Dokumen Pemerintah: Organisasi (Tahun). Nama Dokumen (cetak tebal). Tempat. Penulisan pustaka dalam sub bab artikel ditulis dengan nama penulis dan tahun penerbitan di dalam kurung (penulis, Tahun).
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014
DAFTAR ISI 1
Made Ayu Anggreni, Metode Bermain Untuk Mengembangkan Kecerdasan Anak Usia Dini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2
Husni Abdillah, Bimbingan Karier Berdasarkan Pendekatan Naratif Untuk Meningkatkan Adaptabilitas Karier Peserta Didik . . . . . . . . . .
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3
Lydia Lia Prayitno, Permainan “Congklak” Untuk Mengajarkan Operasi Penjumlahan Di Sekolah Dasar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Imas Srinana Wardani, Guru Sebagai Pemimpin Pendidikan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Lambang Erwanto Suyadjid, Fungsi Janger Sebagai Sarana Pembentukan Karakter Bagi Masyarakat Banyuwangi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...
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6.
I Nengah Sudiana, Kenakalan Remaja Di Permukiman Kumuh Kampung
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Morokrembangan Surabaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
Hertiki, A Corpus Study Of The Tokens Of Noun Phrases, Prepositional
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Phrases, And Clauses Found In The English Written Texts Written By English Native Speakers And Indonesian Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ria Andriani Mukti, Tabir Surya Vs Iklim Tropis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014
Diana Evawati, Daya Terima Konsumen Karage Terhadap Diversifikasi Pengolahan Ikan Lele Dumbo Clarias Gariepius) Dalam Rangka Peningkatan Konsumsi Protein . . . ...............................
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014
A CORPUS STUDY OF THE TOKENS OF NOUN PHRASES, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, AND CLAUSES FOUND IN THE ENGLISH WRITTEN TEXTS WRITTEN BY ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS AND INDONESIAN WRITERS Hertiki Dosen Prodi Pend. Bahasa Inggris FKIP Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya Abstrak Media cetak seperti surat kabar, majalah, jurnal, buku merupakan salah satu contoh dari media tulis yang seringkali digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dan berbagi pengalaman maupun pendapat. Saat ini baik artikel maupun jurnal dalam Bahasa Inggris pada umumnya ditulis oleh penutur asli yang memang menggunakan Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, tetapi sekarang orang Indonesia pun berusaha untuk menulis jurnal dalam Bahasa Inggris sekalipun Bahasa Inggris digunakan sebagai bahasa asing dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Makalah ini membahas penelitian korpus yang ditinjau dari jumlah frasa kata benda, frasa kata depan, dan klausa yang ditemukan di jurnal yang ditulis dalam Bahasa Inggris oleh penutur asli dan orang Indonesia. Data penelitian berupa frasa kata benda, frasa kata depan, dan klausa yang terdapat dalam sumber data. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah tiga artikel ilmiah dari tiga jurnal meliputi jurnal ekonomi, jurnal pendidikan dan jurnal psikologi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orang Indonesia pun memiliki kemampuan yang sama dengan penutur asli dalam menulis jurnal dalam Bahasa Inggris ditinjau dari frasa kata benda, frasa kata depan dan klausa. Key words: corpus, tokens, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, clauses.
collection of naturally occurring examples of language, consisting of anything from a few sentences to a set of written text or tape recordings, which have been collected for linguistic study.” There are some key terms used in corpus, the writer is interested to make a study about token. As what Biber in Hunston (2002:17) says, “a token is the fugure that wordcount function of a word-processing program gives.” In this case, the writer emphasizes her study in analyzing noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses using content analysis especially parsing technique which divide the sentences into their constituents. She is interested in examining the noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses of English tests since those parts can make sentences become longer and also occur most frequently in sentences. Statements of the Problem Related to the background of the study, this study is designed to compare the corpora of English sentences written by English native speakers and Indonesian speakers. With this
Background of the Study People have been communicating a lot using media. Printed media such as: newspapers, magazines, journals, books were the first media to communicate and to share ideas to public. Most of the English written texts are written by English native speakers, but now Indonesian speakers have tried to write English texts too. In this study, the writer uses journals to be analyzed. The writer wants to know whether Indonesian writers can writer as well as English native speakers based on noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses. She uses some journals written by English native speakers and Indonesian writers with different fields. There are some fields nowadays, but Economic, Education and Psychology have been selected because they are scientific English written texts that most written by both of the speakers. The writer’s analysis is based on the theory of corpus. A corpus essentially tells us what language is like, and gives information about how a language works. As stated by Hunston (2002:2), “a corpus is described as a 45
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 study, the writer would like to answer the questions as follow: 1. Do noun phrases written by English native speakers have more tokens than those written by Indonesian speakers? 2. Do prepositional phrases written by English native speakers have more tokens than those written by Indonesian speakers? 3. Do clauses written by English native speakers have more tokens than those written by Indonesian speakers? Objectives of the Study Closely related to the statements of the problems, this study intended: 1. To find out whether the corpora of English sentences which are written by English native speakers have more noun phrases than Indonesian writers or not. 2. To find out whether the corpora of English sentences which are written by English native speakers have more
prepositional phrases than Indonesian writers or not. 3. To find out whether the corpora of English sentences which are written by English native speakers have more clauses than Indonesian writers or not. Significance of the Study The writer hopes that the result of this study can show the ability of Indonesian writer in writing long sentences. Research Design In doing her research, the writer uses the qualitative content analysis research. It is qualitative since the analysis of the data based on the understanding toward the context by reviewing the theory sources. Based on the objectives of the study, the writer uses the content analysis research design to carry out this study. Here, the writer analyzes the content of the data from journals. The research design for this study can be seen from the diagram below.
Corpus
Written English Native Speakers
Indonesian Writers
Journal A
Journal A
Journal B
Journal B
Journal C
Journal C
Noun Phrases
Noun Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Clauses
Clauses
Token
Token
46
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 The Subject of the Study The subjects of this study are journals. There are six journals in different topics. Three journals are written by English native speakers and the other three are written by Indonesian writers. The three fields that are used are: a. Economic Foe English native speaker, the writer uses the Journal of Accounting Research written by Steven Monahan entitled Discussion of the Value Relevance of Internet Firms: Does Reporting Grossed-up or Barter Revenue Make a Difference?. This journal is published in 2002. On the other hand, the writer uses the VENTURA, Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi for Indonesian speakers. The journal is written by Lutfi entitled Board Structure, Managerial Ownership, and Shareholder Welath: A Review of Empirical Evidence. It is published in 2001. b. Education For English native speaker, the writer uses the TESOL JOURNAL, written by James Minor entitled Incorporating Service Learning into ESOL Programs. This journal is published in 2002. While the writer uses the English-EDU, Journal of Language Teaching and Research for Indonesian speakers. This journal is written by Gusti Astika entitled A Discourse Approach to Teaching Structure in Proposal Writing. It is published in 2003. c. Psychology For English native speaker, the writer uses the Anima, Indonesiam Psychological Journal for Indonesian speakers. This journal is written by Agnes Maria entitled The Cognitive Model and Interventions for Specific Reading Disorder. It is published in 2002.
The Procedure of Collecting Data In doing her research, the writer collects the data from some journals. The writer takes the following steps: 1. The writer selects journals written by English native speakers and Indonesian writers that are used in this study. 2. In selecting the journals, the journals should be published in the year of 20012003. The Procedure of Data Analysis The writer analyzed the data by these following steps: 1. The writer looks for the noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses from three fields using content analysis especially parsing technique which divide the sentences into their constituents. 2. When the writer finishes the analysis, there are some points to be considered: a. For the resources (name and year) will not be considered because the competence of the speakers is not directly connected with long sentences. b. For percentage, like 10 % considered as 2 tokens. c. For the abbreviation, like EFL considered as 1 token. d. Noun phrases in prepositional phrases will not be counted. For example: “to the results”. e. Finally, noun phrase in noun phrase also will not be counted, e.g. Evidence regarding the value relevance of the revenues. NP NP 3. After that, she puts them on the lists based on the two categories whether it belongs to English native speakers or Indonesian writers. 4. The writer counts how many tokens of noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses from those three topics and average them. The example of noun phrases written by English native speakers: a. The analysis of the sentences in the proposal = 8 tokens b. Grammar instruction = 2 tokens
The Research Instrument The research instrument of this study is the writer. Here, the writer collects and analyzes the data from journals. The writer seeks whether the corpora of English sentences written by English native speakers and Indonesian writers have more tokens or not. 47
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 c. This papers
3. Barter Revenue = 2 tokens
= 2 tokens
d. These studies
4. A Difference = 2 tokens
= 2 tokens
e. My flight
5. Introduction
= 2 tokens f. The reason for this = 4 tokens g. The semantics of the verb = 5 tokens h. Teachers = 1 token TOTAL
= 1 token 6. Davis = 1 token 7. The primary results = 3 tokens TOTAL
= 26 tokens
= 23 tokens
Average = The total number of tokens The total of noun phrases
The average of length of noun phrases = The total number of token The total number of noun phrases
= 23 8 = 2.87 tokens
= 26 8 = 3.3 tokens
So, it can be concluded that the average of length of noun phrases written by English native speakers for economic field is 2.87 tokens. After analyzing the data from the text in the journals, the writer makes an average for noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses with the formula of calculation as follows:
So, it can be concluded that the average of length of noun phrases written by English native speakers from three fields is 3.3 tokens. For the other parts, it is also done as the example above. 5. The writer clarifies which English sentences have more tokens, whether English native speakers or Indonesian writers.
Average = The total number of tokens The total of noun phrases
Findings It is dealing with the analysis of noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses from the six journals of three fields – economics, education and psychology. The journals are written by Indonesian writers and English Native Speakers. In order to have a clear description, the writer would like to give an example of the analysis of noun phrases from economics fields written by English Native Speakers. 1. Discussion of the Value Relevance of Revenue for Internet Firms = 10 tokens 2. Reporting Grossed-up = 3 tokens
Average=The total number of tokens___ The total of prepositional phrases
Average = The total number of tokens The total of clauses
To give a clear description of all types’ analysis in each unit, a complete table is given as a summary of all the categories. 48
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 Table 1. Journals
English Native Speakers
Average of each field
Journals
ECONOMICS
EDUCATION
PSHYCHOLOGY
Noun phrases 5.44
Noun phrases 5.12
Noun phrases 6.19
∑ = 5.44 + 5.12 + 6.19 3 = 5.58
Prepositional phrases 7.45
Prepositional phrases 6.88
Prepositional phrases 8.33
∑ = 7.45 + 6.88 + 8.33 3 = 7.55
Clauses 16.31
Clauses 16.65
Clauses 14
∑ = 16.31 + 16.65 + 14 3 = 15.65
∑ = 5.44 + 7.45 + 16.31 3 = 9.73 ECONOMICS Noun phrases 6.27
∑ =5.12 + 6.88 + 16.65 3 = 9.55 Table 2. EDUCATION Noun phrases 6.04
Average of each unit
∑ = 6.19 + 8.33 + 14 3
9.59
= 9.51 PSHYCHOLOGY
Average of each unit
Noun phrases 5.69
∑ = 6.27 + 6.04 + 5.69 3 =6
Indonesian Writers
Prepositional phrases 6.96
Prepositional phrases 7.25
Prepositional phrases 7.47
∑ = 6.96 + 7.25 + 7.47 3 = 7.23
Average of each field
Clauses 16.67
Clauses 16.08
Clauses 13.88
∑ = 6.27 + 6.96 + 16.67 3 = 9.97
∑ =6.04 + 7.25 + 16.08 3 = 9.79
∑ = 5.69 + 7.47 + 13.88 3 = 9.01
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∑ = 16.67 + 16.08 + 13.88 3 = 15.54 9.59
Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 From the table above, the writer finds that the average of noun phrases written by English native speakers is 5.58 tokens; while the average of noun phrases written by Indonesian writers is 6 tokens. Second, the average of prepositional phrases written by English native speakers is 7.55 tokens and the average for Indonesian writers is 7.23 tokens. Third, the average of clauses written by English native speakers is 15.65 tokens and the average by Indonesian writers is 15.54 tokens. So, the result concludes that Indonesian writers write more noun phrases than English native speakers. In this research, the writer also finds that the average of economic field written by English native speakers is 9.73 tokens. On the other hand, the average of economic fields written by Indonesian speakers is 9.97 tokens. Then for the second journal, the average of education journals written by English native speakers is 9.55 tokens, but the average of education journals written by Indonesian speakers is 9.79 tokens. Next for the last journal, the average of psychology journal written by English native speakers is 9.51 tokens, and the average for Indonesian writers is 9.01 tokens. As a result, the writer concludes that Indonesian speakers write more noun phrases whereas English native speakers write more prepositional phrases, and clauses. Even though many people sometimes underestimate of the competence of Indonesian writers; in this study the result shows that they might have the same ability with English native speakers in writing long sentences. Conclusion Here in the conclusion, the writer gives the results of the analysis based on the statements of the problems. 1. Do noun phrases written by English native speakers have more tokens that those written by Indonesian speakers? The result shows that Indonesian speakers write more noun phrases than English native speakers. (English native speakers = 5.58 tokens; Indonesian writers = 6 tokens)
2. Do prepositional phrases written by English native speakers have more tokens than those written by Indonesian speakers? The result shows English native speakers write more prepositional phrases than Indonesian writers. (English native speakers = 7.55 tokens; Indonesia speakers = 7.23 tokens) 3. Do clauses written by English native speakers have more tokens than those written by Indonesian speakers? The result shows that English native speakers write more clauses than Indonesian writers. (English native speakers = 15.65 tokens; Indonesian writers = 15.54 tokens) After analyzing all the journals, the writer concludes that Indonesian speakers write more noun phrases whereas English native speakers write more prepositional phrases and clauses. Many people sometimes underestimate the ability of Indonesian writers because English is only their foreign language and Indonesian people do not use English all the time in their daily activities. However, the result in this study shows that Indonesian writers might have the same ability as English native speakers in writing long sentences. That is why, the writer expects that Indonesian writers want to make more English written texts as many as they can. Bibliography Allen, Harold. (1958). Reading in Applied English Linguistics. New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, Inc. Astika, Gusti. (2003). A Discourse Approach to Teaching Structure in Proposal Writing. English-EDU, Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 13-32. Azar, Betty. (1989). Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Azar, Betty. (1992). Fundamentals of English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Beebe, Leslie. (1988). Issues in Second Language Acquisition. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
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Tahun X, No. 18, April 2014 Bulut, Sencer. (2002). Counseling in Turkey. Anima, Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(3), 227-233. Francis, Nelson. (1958). The Structure of American English. Ronald Press Company. Hunston, Susan. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge Press. Lutfi. (2002). Board Structure, Managerial Ownership, and Shareholder Wealth: A Review of Empirical Evidence. VENTURA, Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 4(2), 32-40. Macmillan. (1965). The Key to English. New York: Collier Macmillan International Ltd. Maria, Agnes. (2002). The Cognitive Model and Interventions for Specific Reading Disorder. Anima, Indonesian Psychological Journal, 17(4), 311-317. Minor, James. (2002). Incorporating Service Learning Into ESOL Programs. TESOL JOURNAL, 11(4), 10-14. Monahan, Steven. (2002). Discussion of the Value Relevance of Internet Firms: Does Reporting Grossed-up or Barter Revenue Make a Difference? Journal of Accounting Research 40(2), 479-484. Quirk, Randolph. (1973). A University Grammar of English. London: Longman Group
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