DAFTAR ISI
Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................... HALAMAN PENGESAHAN....................................................................... KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. RINGKASAN ............................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................... DAFTAR TABEL......................................................................................... DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................ BAB I. PENDAHULUAN.......................................................................... 1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... 1.2 Pokok Permasalahan.................................................................. 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ................................................................... 1.4 Metodologi ................................................................................ 1.5 Sistematis Penulisan .................................................................. BAB II. TINJAUAN UMUM LAPANGAN .............................................. 2.1. Sejarah Lapangan...................................................................... 2.2. Letak Geografis ........................................................................ 2.3. Tinjauan Umum Geologi .......................................................... 2.3.1. Stratigrafi....................................................................... 2.3.2. Struktur Geologi ............................................................ 2.4. Karakteristik Reservoir Lapangan ............................................. 4.5. Sejarah Produksi Sumur ............................................................ BAB III. TEORI DASAR ............................................................................. 3.1. Mekanika Batuan .................................................................... 3.2. Mekanika Fluida Stimulasi Hydraulic Fracturing..................... 3.2.1. Rheology ....................................................................... 3.2.2. Leak-off Fluid (Kebocoran Fluida)..................................
3.2.3. Fluida Perekah dan Aditif ............................................... 3.3. Material Pengganjal (Proppant)................................................ 3.3.1. Jenis Proppant................................................................ 3.3.2. Spesifikasi Ukuran Proppant .......................................... 3.3.3. Konduktivitas Proppant.................................................. 3.4. Model Geometri Perekahan ...................................................... 3.4.1. PAN American Model ..................................................... 3.4.2. PKN ............................................................................... 3.4.3. KGD................................................................................ 3.5. Perencanaan Stimulasi Hydraulic Fracturing............................ 3.5.1. Formation Breakdown .................................................... 3.5.2. Step Rate Test ................................................................. 3.5.3. Shut-in Decline Test........................................................ 3.5.4. Back Flow Test ............................................................... 3.5.5. Minifrac.......................................................................... 3.5.6. Leak-off Test................................................................... 3.6. Operasi hydroulic fracturing..................................................... 3.7. Evaluasi Hasil Stimulasi Hydraulic Fracturing......................... 3.7.1. Metode Cinco-Ley, Samaniego, dan Dominiques........... 3.7.2. Metode Prats.................................................................. 3.7.3. Analisa Kelakuan Aliran dengan Kurva Inflow Performance Relationship ( IPR)................................... BAB IV. EVALUASI PEREKAHAN HIDRAULIK................................... 4.1. Alasan Dilakukan Perekahan Hidraulik..................................... 4.2. Preparasi Data Awal ................................................................. 4.3. Pemilihan Fluida Perekah dan Proppant ................................... 4.4. Pelaksanaan Operasi Hydraulic Fracturing.............................. 4.4.1. Main Fall Off Test ........................................................... 4.4.2. Step Rate-Step Down Test ................................................ 4.4.3. Minifrac/Calibration Test ................................................ 4.5. Evaluasi Keberhasilan Stimulasi Hydraulic Fracturing.............
4.5.1. Evaluasi Desain ............................................................... 4.5.2. Perhitungan Geometri Rekahan........................................ 4.5.3. Evaluasi Produksi Hasil Hydraulic Fracturing................. 4.5.3.1. Evaluasi Keberhasilan Hydraulic Fracturing Secara Teoritis .................................................... 4.5.3.2. Evaluasi Keberhasilan Hydraulic Fracturing Secara Operasional/Aktual Di lapangan ............. 4.5.3.3. Analisa Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) Metode Pudjo Sukarno ......................................... BAB V. PEMBAHASAN............................................................................. BAB VI. KESIMPULAN ............................................................................. DAFTAR SIMBOL ...................................................................................... LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1.
Peta Lokasi Lapangan Tanjung Raya ................................................
2.2.
Peta Lokasi Lapangan Tanjung Unit Bisnis Pertamina EP (Tanjung)..
2.3.
Kolom Stratigrafi Formasi Tanjung ...................................................
2.4.
Stuktur Patahan pada Lapangan “X” ..................................................
2.5.
Peta Top Struktur Lapangan Tanjung.................................................
3.1.
Skematik Proses Hydraulic Fracturing ............................................
3.2.
Elemen Tegangan dan Bidang Rekahan .............................................
3.3.
Penggambaran Efek Poisson Ratio ....................................................
3.4.
Hubungan Stress vs Strain .................................................................
3.5
Jenis-Jenis Arah Rekahan ..................................................................
3.6.
Skematis dari Pengembangan Linier Perekahan Menurut Metode PKN .................................................................................................
3.7.
Skematis dari Pengembangan Linier Perekahan Menurut Metode KGD.................................................................................................
3.8.
Skematis Step Rate Test Berdasarkan Analisa Nolte...........................
3.9.
Grafik Pola Tekanan Pada Perekahan Hidrolik...................................
3.10. Grafik Hubungan Antara rw’ dan Fcd ................................................ 4.1.
Mini Off Fall Test Sumur T-M ..........................................................
4.2.
Mini Off Fall Test Sumur T-N ...........................................................
4.3.
Step Rate - Step Down Test Sumur T-M.............................................
4.4.
Step rate - Step Down Test Sumur T-N ..............................................
4.5.
Calibration Test Sumur T-M..............................................................
4.6.
Calibration Test Sumur T-N ..............................................................
4.7.
Grafik rw/Xf vs Fcd...........................................................................
4.8.
Kurva IPR Minyak Sumur T-M .........................................................
4.9.
Kurva IPR Minyak Sumur T-N..........................................................
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II-1.
Halaman Karakteristik Reservoir Lapangan Tanjung .......................................
III-1. Persamaan-persamaan untuk Mencari Panjang Rekahan L, Lebar Rekahan Maksimum w, dan Tekanan Injeksi p dan dianggap Laju Injeksi Konstan..................................................................................... III-2. Harga Fungsi untuk Persamaan Marx-Langenheim untuk Term Fluid Loss ................................................................................................. III-3. Konstanta Cn untuk masing – masing An IV-1. Data Reservoir Tanjung .................................................................... IV-2. Data Komplesi Sumur T-M dan Sumur T-N....................................... IV-3. Data Formasi Trasmissibility Properties T-M .................................... IV-4. Data Formasi Mechanical Properties T-M......................................... IV-5. Data Formasi Trasmissibility Properties T-N..................................... IV-6. Data Formasi Mechanical Properties T-N.......................................... IV-7. Data Tes Produksi Sebelum Perekahan ............................................. IV-8. Geometri Perekahan Berdasarkan Software Perekah .......................... IV-9. Data Sumur T-M untuk Perhitungan Geometri Metode PKN............. IV-10. Hasil Perhitungan Metode PKN Sumur T-M Secara Trial Error ........ IV-11. Data Sumur T-N untuk Perhitungan Geometri Metode KGD ............. IV-12. Hasil Perhitungan Metode KGD sumur T-N Secara Trial Error......... IV-13. Data Sumur T-M dan T-N Untuk Perhitungan Productivity Index ...... IV-14. Perbandingan Data Produksi Sebelum dan Setelah Hydroulic Fracturing ........................................................................................ IV-15. Data Produksi Sumur T-M Sebelum dan Setelah Perekahan Hidraulik ......................................................................... IV-16. Konstanta Cn Untuk Setiap Harga Pada Perhitungan Kurva IPR Pudjo Sukarno ............................................................................................
IV-17. Hasil Perhitungan Laju Alir Sumur T-M Sebelum Stimulasi Untuk Beberapa Harga Pwf ........................................................................... IV-18. Hasil Perhitungan Laju Alir Sumur T-M Setelah Stimulasi Untuk Beberapa Harga Pwf ........................................................................... IV-19. Data Produksi Sumur T-N Sebelum dan Setelah Perekahan Hidraulik ......................................................................... IV-20. Hasil Perhitungan Laju Alir Sumur T-N Sebelum Stimulasi Untuk Beberapa Harga Pwf ........................................................................... IV-21. Hasil Perhitungan Laju Alir Sumur T-N Setelah Stimulasi Untuk Beberapa Harga Pwf Perekahan Hidraulik ..........................................
