wienarno | Islamic Heritage in the Science of AnatomyWarisan Copyright Winarno PTP
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Islamic Heritage in the Science of AnatomyWarisan Islam dalam Ilmu Anatomi Al-Ghazali's famous scientist once said, learn anatomy in depth, people will know the function of organs and structures throughout the body. Al-Ghazali's speech is like to be the first step Muslim scientists studying the anatomy of the body, or many people call it also as anatomy.
Interest in this field will grow rapidly to reincarnate as a specialist in Muslim medicine. Through The Revival of the Religious Science, alGhazali not only unravel the intricacies of medical aspects. He also explained that there had been many centuries of Muslim physicians mastered the knowledge of anatomy and physiology.Ilmuwan ternama al-Ghazali pernah berujar, pelajari anatomi secara mendalam, manusia akaN mengetahui fungsi seluruh organ tubuh dan struktur tubuh. Ujaran al-Ghazali ini seakan menjadi langkah awal ilmuwan Muslim mendalami anatomi tubuh, atau banyak kalangan menyebutnya pula sebagai ilmu urai tubuh.
Minat akan bidang ini tumbuh pesat hingga menjelma sebagai sebuah spesialisasi dalam kedokteran Muslim. Lewat The Revival of the Religious Science, alGhazali tak hanya mengurai seluk-beluk aspek pengobatan. Ia memaparkan pula bahwa telah berabad-abad lamanya para dokter Muslim menguasai pengetahuan tentang anatomi dan fisiologi.
Includes links to both the science of surgery. Al-Ghazali explained, without knowing the anatomical structure, difficult to perform surgical operations. During this time, he was known as someone who mastered a variety of disciplines. In the field of surgery and anatomy, his expertise is respected.
He formulated his own philosophy about it. For him, surgery should be able to restore the anatomy or the function of damaged organs. This idea seems to be the next menginsipirasi medical practitioners after his time. Anatomy captivate the hearts of the Muslim doctor. Evidently a lot of participating to explore the anatomy.
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They write the scientific literature that is so precious, and mark it with nicks golden era in track history of medicine in the Islamic world. After that, came to the surface alZahrawi name. His ability to be aligned with al-Ghazali. Because, alZahrawi also recognized by many as an expert.
Doctor of Andalusia in the tenth century that the full name Abu Qasim al-Zahrawi has a lot of brilliant ideas. For example, he is the originator of the science of disease diagnosis through the healing ear. He pioneered the surgery in order to restore hearing ear surgery patients.
Knowledge of anatomy he relied in the operation. Al-Zahrawi noticed subtle anatomy of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle. Any knowledge that he mastered it and then he outlined in his book, At Tashrif li Man Arjaza at Ta'lif (Handbook of Medicine).
Anatomy of the body is one of the topics contained in his book. Also in the field who made his name famous in the world of medicine, the surgery, and surgical tools. In fact, many models of surgical instruments that he created are still used in modern medicine.
Book Al-Kafi fi al-fi at-Tibb Kuhl written Abi Mahasin also influential in the study of anatomy, especially in the anatomy of the eye. Books of the 13th century that presents a description of eye surgery, including some parts of the organ of the eye that require attention.
Scientists are also important to devote attention to anatomy is Ibn Nafis (1210-1288). In the introductory chapter of his famous book, Syarhu Tasyrih Ibn Sina (Commentary on Anatomy of Ibn Sina), he explains that this book is a guide for physicians can master the basic knowledge of anatomy.
He also commented on the Canon of Medicine of Ibn Sina, especially regarding the work of the heart. He said the heart has two chambers. Blood from the right ventricle must flow to the left, but no one connects the two parts of this.
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According to him, there's no hidden pores in the heart, such as Galen said.
Overall, he considered the function of this organ is very important in regulating blood circulation throughout the body. History recorded it as the first person to describe the blood circulation, especially the capillaries. On the other hand, reveals the anatomy of Ibn Nafis and the pulmonary circulation.
According to Edward Coppola in the William Osler Medal Essay, Ibn Nafis view that there are a number of sections in the lung, including bronchial, arteria venosa, and venous arteriosa. The three parts are connected by a network of meat hollow. Ibn Nafis managed to clarify the differences in each of the organs.
Such knowledge is needed before surgery. Centuries later, the intellectual heritage of Ibn Nafis in the investigation of the anatomy of an impact on many Western scientists, that Valverde and Realdo Colombo. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi also recorded an important contribution.
He corrected the structure of the jaw bone anatomy made a doctor from the Greek, Galen. Related writings that paved the way for the study of the bones in Egypt. Admittedly, the most remarkable achievement occurred after the presence of the work of Mansour ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas.
People of Persian origin of this is the first Muslim doctor who makes drawings of human anatomy with accuracy. Wonderful legacy that the next period is called "Anatomy of Mansour." His work that he dedicated to the ruler of the Mongols, Tamerlane, who controlled Fars during the period 797-811.
Complete discussion of the five organs, namely bone, nerve, muscle, blood vessels, and arteries, there is in the works he wrote. Each section is illustrated through a pictorial diagram. Including how to connect with the two main organs: the heart and brain.
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There is also a chapter on fetal formation is described through the illustration image pregnant women. Treatise entitled Tashrih i i Insan body was written in Persian and has been translated into several languages since the 15th century. The overall anatomical illustration of al-Mansour covers approximately 70 sections.
Meanwhile, Ibn Zuhr or Avenzoar, after mastering the field of anatomy, post-mortem postmortem pioneering work in the Islamic world. Sequentially, in the book Taysier wa fi al-Mudawat atTabdis (Practical Manual of Treatment and Diets), he describes the anatomy of the head to toe. (Republika.co.id, 10/21/2010)
Termasuk kaitan kedua ilmu tersebut dengan ilmu bedah. Al-Ghazali menjelaskan, tanpa mengetahui struktur anatomi, sulit melakukan operasi pembedahan. Selama ini, ia dikenal sebagai sosok yang menguasai berbagai disiplin ilmu. Di bidang bedah dan anatomi, keahliannya sangat disegani.
Ia merumuskan filosofinya sendiri mengenai hal itu. Bagi dia, operasi bedah harus mampu mengembalikan fungsi anatomi atau organ tubuh yang rusak. Pemikirannya ini selanjutnya menginsipirasi para praktisi medis setelah masanya. Anatomi memikat hati para dokter Muslim. Terbukti banyak yang ikut bergabung untuk mendalami anatomi.
Mereka menuliskan literatur ilmiah yang begitu berharga, serta menandai era itu dengan torehan emas pada lintasan sejarah kedokteran di dunia Islam. Setelah itu, muncul ke permukaan nama alZahrawi. Kemampuannya boleh disejajarkan dengan al-Ghazali. Sebab, alZahrawi juga diakui banyak orang sebagai seorang pakar.
Dokter dari Andalusia pada abad kesepuluh yang bernama lengkap Abu Qasim al-Zahrawi ini mempunyai banyak pemikiran brilian. Misalnya, ia merupakan penggagas ilmu diagnosa sampai penyembuhan penyakit telinga. Ia merintis operasi pembedahan telinga guna mengembalikan pendengaran pasiennya.
Pengetahuan anatomi ia andalkan dalam operasi tersebut. Al-Zahrawi memerhatikan anatomi syaraf halus, pembuluh darah, dan otot. Segala
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pengetahuan yang ia kuasai itu kemudian ia rangkum dalam bukunya, At Tashrif li Man Arjaza at Ta’lif (Buku Pedoman Kedokteran).
Anatomi tubuh merupakan salah satu bahasan yang termuat dalam bukunya itu. Juga pada bidang yang membuat namanya terkenal di dunia kedokteran, yaitu pembedahan, serta alat-alat bedah. Bahkan, banyak model alat bedah yang ia buat masih digunakan dalam kedokteran modern.
Buku Al-Kafi fi al-Kuhl fi at-Thibb yang ditulis Abi Mahasin juga berpengaruh pada kajian anatomi, khususnya pada anatomi mata. Buku dari abad ke-13 itu menyajikan deskripsi tentang operasi mata, termasuk beberapa bagian dari organ mata yang perlu mendapat perhatian.
Ilmuwan penting yang turut mencurahkan perhatiannya pada anatomi adalah Ibnu Nafis (1210-1288). Pada bab pendahuluan dari bukunya yang terkenal, Syarhu Tasyrih Ibnu Sina (Komentar atas Anatomi Ibnu Sina), ia menjelaskan bahwa buku ini adalah panduan agar para dokter bisa menguasai pengetahuan dasar anatomi.
Ia pun berkomentar terhadap Canon of Medicine karya Ibnu Sina, terutama mengenai kerja jantung. Ia mengatakan, jantung memiliki dua kamar. Darah dari kamar jantung kanan harus mengalir ke bagian kiri, namun tidak ada yang menghubungkan kedua bagian ini. Menurut dia, tak ada pori-pori tersembunyi dalam jantung, seperti kata Galen.
Secara keseluruhan, ia menilai fungsi organ ini sangat penting dalam mengatur sirkulasi darah ke seluruh bagian tubuh. Sejarah mencatatnya sebagai orang pertama yang mendeskripsikan peredaran darah, khususnya pembuluh darah kapiler. Pada bagian lain, Ibnu Nafis menyingkap anatomi dan sirkulasi paru-paru.
Menurut Edward Coppola dalam William Osler Medal Essay, Ibnu Nafis berpandangan bahwa terdapat sejumlah bagian di dalam paru-paru, antara lain bronkus, arteria venosa, dan vena arteriosa. Ketiga bagian tersebut terhubung dengan jaringan daging berongga. Ibnu Nafis berhasil memperjelas perbedaan masing-masing dari organ tubuh.
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Pengetahuan semacam ini diperlukan sebelum melakukan operasi pembedahan. Berabad-abad kemudian, warisan intelektual Ibnu Nafis dalam investigasi anatomi banyak memberikan pengaruh pada ilmuwan Barat, yakni Valverde dan Realdo Colombo. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi pun tercatat memberi sumbangan penting.
Ia mengoreksi susunan anatomi tulang rahang yang dibuat seorang dokter dari Yunani, Galen. Tulisannya terkait hal itu membuka jalan bagi studi tentang tulang di Mesir. Harus diakui, prestasi paling mengagumkan terjadi setelah hadirnya karya Mansyur bin Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Yusuf bin Ilyas.
Tokoh asal Persia ini adalah dokter Muslim pertama yang membuat gambar anatomi tubuh manusia dengan akurat. Warisan luar biasanya itu pada masa berikutnya dinamakan “Anatomi Mansyur”. Karyanya itu ia persembahkan untuk penguasa dari Mongol, Timur Lenk, yang menguasai Fars selama kurun waktu 797-811.
Bahasan lengkap tentang lima organ tubuh, yakni tulang, syaraf, otot, pembuluh darah, dan arteri, ada dalam karya yang ia tulis. Tiap-tiap bagian diilustrasikan melalui diagram bergambar. Termasuk bagaimana terhubung dengan dua organ utama: jantung dan otak.
Ada pula bab tentang formasi fetus yang dideskripsikan lewat ilustrasi gambar perempuan hamil. Risalahnya yang berjudul Tashrih i badan i Insan itu ditulis dalam bahasa Persia dan telah diterjemahkan ke beberapa bahasa sejak abad ke-15. Keseluruhan ilustrasi anatomi dari al-Mansyur mencakup sekitar 70 bagian.
Sementara itu, Ibnu Zuhr atau Avenzoar, setelah menguasai bidang anatomi, merintis pekerjaan bedah mayat postmortem di dunia Islam. Secara berurutan, dalam buku Taysier fi al-Mudawat wa atTabdis (Practical Manual of Treatment and Diets), ia menguraikan anatomi kepala hingga kaki. (republika.co.id, 21/10/2010)
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