Introduction to the Summer School format Challenges and Opportunities of the Ageing Society: Exploring the role of Technology 2nd European Summer School on Technology Assessment Dr Ciara Fitzgerald, UCC
An original concept • Targeted at Users of TA … • In non-PTA countries • What is TA ? • Who are they ?
• ≠ target groups – – – –
Policy-makers Science & Technology Community Civil Society Media
Not a typical Research Summer School
Raising awareness & capacity building • Who is sitting next to you? • Ageing Society
• Establish a common ground
Politics
Society
S&T
Overall learning process • Lectures in plenary • Connected to workshops
• Two groups • Presentations
Mutual learning: Plenary • Lectures from senior professionals in the field of TA – Tuesday: • Jon Fixdal (NBT): Introduction to TA and the theme of the summer school • Marie Louise Jorgensen (DBT): Problem Definition and TA Research Design
– Wednesday • Marie Louise Jorgensen (DBT): The Methods Toolbox for Technology Assessment • Marlies Hanifer and André Krom (Rathenau Institute): Communication Work and the strive for Impact
– Thursday • Benedikt Rosskamp(Ulg): Concluding Remarks from a Non-TA Country: Insight and future directions
– Q&A + lecturers circulate in groups
Mutual learning: connected Workshops • TA is about interdisciplinarity • Set up and simulate a TA project plan throughout different phases – Problem definition and TA research design, methods, communication & impact.
• Split up the group (equal & according to expressed interests) • Two different TA projects (diversity of practices) – Johan Evers (facilitator: Global Citizens on Renewable Energies) – Jurgen Ganzevles (facilitator: Renewables for Cities)
• Working instructions – Simulate the role of a TA board or steering committee (composition) – Merge expertise and resources of participants (interdisciplinarity) – Envelopes from the bingo game (roles)
Workshops – Each Group • 3 Sessions according to some main phases of TA (problem definition, methods, communication & impact) – 1h25 – 5 minutes reporting to plenary
• Possibility of spitting up the group in sub-entities • 3 Assigned roles • 1 Finalisation (template) • 1 Presentation (sell your project)
Lessons learned • Presentations (see what the other group did : diversity) • Concluding lecture (wrap up the learning's and future outlooks) • Evaluation • Keep in touch
• Other PACITA activities – European TA conference (Berlin, Feb 25-27, 2014) – Cross-EU projects – VolTA
Let’s get started!
The story of TA?
TA – the original view • «…a form of policy research which provides a balanced appraisal to the policy maker. Ideally, it is a system to ask the right questions and obtain correct and timely answers. It identifies policy issues, assesses the impacts of different courses of action, and presents findings. It is a method of analysis that systematically appraises the nature, significance, status and merit of a technological program.»
Another example • «[TA] is a category of policy studies intended to provide decision makers with information about the possible impacts and consequences of a new technology or a significant change in an old technology. … TA provides decision makers with an ordered set of analyzed policy option, and understanding of their implications for the economy, the environment and the social, political and legal process and institutions of society.»
Core elements of the original view • A policy tool to improve decision making • Focused on consequences of technologies • An academic activity – sarch for “complete” and “reliable” knowledge
Critique of the original view • Undemocratic • Poor legitimacy of decisions • Expert knowledge is limited/ compartmentalized • Reactive • … and technology as autonomous
T ?S
Autonomous technology • Technology has somehow gotten out of control. • «… in one way or another, far from being controled by the desires and rational ends of human beings, technology in a real sense governs its own course, speed and destination.»
How should a bike look?
Technology as socially constructed • Technologies evolves through a process of alternation of variation and selection • Key concepts: – Interpretive flexibility – Relevant social groups – Technological frame – Closure
Power and human agency «… such an analysis stresses the malleability of technologies, the possibilities of choise, the basic insight that things could have been otherwise … demonstrating the interpretive flexibility makes it clear that the stabilization of an artefact is a social process and hens subject to choices, interests, value judgments – in short to politics».
Let the citizens in
Participatory TA • More democratic governance of technology • Increased legitimacy of decisions • Better informed decisions
Methodological developments • The establishment of TA institutions in European countries gave new ideas about how to do TA • In particular: a rise to new methods for public participation – The new methods influenced by similar methods used by experts. – An ongoing development
Participation: a multitude of approaches • Jury-like models (consensus conferences, planning cells and citizen juries) • Future-oriented methods (scenario workshops, future workshops, etc.). • Methods focused at negotiating agreement among interested parties • Citizen summits (large public meetings, often with voting).
• … and there exists no panacea to public participation.
Who participates? • The non-organized citizen? • The interest group representative? • Those with special experiences?
Institutional developments • US Office of Technology Assessment (19721995) • From the US to Europe – France (OPECST) 1983 – Denmark (Teknologinevnden) 1986 – Netherlands (NOTA) 1986 – … and numerous others
• EPTA • Cross-European projects
The TA landscape in Europe
The challenge for TA institutions Politics
The public
Expertise
Stakeholders
Parliamentary committees
Inside Parliament
FR
GR
IT
FI
SE
EP CAT
UK
Inform Parliament
Inform Parliament and and stimulate societal debate
CH DE
NO
USA NL
Parliamentary offices/units DK AT
Outside Parliament
Independent institutes
Independent organisations
AT
CH NO
DE EP
Parliamentary office
USA
SE UK
CAT
FI
Parliamentary committee
FR
GR IT
Primarily experts
Experts and stakeholders
Experts, stakeholders and society at large
NL DK
Dilemmas • • • • •
Independence vs funding Freedom, but no automatic recipients Visibility vs neutrality? Usefulness at parliament vs “hairy” projects Broad vs narrow mandate: Are we experts?
• Always: Transparency and impartiality
Back to the pendulum
TA today • “Technology assessment” covers a multitude of activities • TA institutions use a variety of methods • The work of TA-practitioners differs hugely • Still: a common ambition to put technology on the political agenda, provide policymakers advice and stimulate public debate
TA of elderly care
A mixed group…
A double demographic challenge Rapid growth in number of citizens above 80
Increasing demand for people to work in the care sector
Detectors and alarm systems
Tracking devices
Body censors and mobile solutions
Robots
Sevices and applications
How to do TA on elderly care? • Several projects: – …to be included
Problem Definition and TA Research Design
PACITA Summer School 2014 Marie Louise Jørgensen,
[email protected] The Danish Board of Technology Foundation
The Danish Board of Technology Foundation • The DBT is the parliamentary technology assessment institution of Denmark. It is an independent, nonprofit, common good, corporative foundation SME, committed to technology assessment, foresight, knowledge-based decision-making, parliamentary advisory activities on science, technology and innovation, collaborative democracy and methodological research. The DBT works with a local, regional, national, as well as international perspective. It is specialised into interactive methodologies, involving trans-disciplinary research, stakeholder involvement, citizen participation, political deliberation and advice, and public communication. Especially in the domain of stakeholder and citizen consultation, connected to policy analysis, the DBT aims at being at the forefront of praxis.
Problem definition and TA project design • What problem need to be addressed? • How will you address it?
Problem definition and project design
Frame conditions • Mission of organization • The institutional form • The experience available • Resources available
• Target groups • ….
Frame conditions • Who initiates? • Criteria for selecting a theme for a TA project – Technology content – either in problem or solution – Problem-orientated – Relevance – politically or socially
Problem definition and project design
Problem definition and project design
Problem definition and project design
Problem definition
Problem definition • Situation appreciation – What is the issue at stake? – What is the problem? – What are the frame conditions?
Problem definition What is the issue at stake? – Societal situation – Political situation – Scientific situation
Problem definition What is the problem? – Lack of knowledge – Lack of awareness – Conflicts – Policies that need to be reassessed – A need for action – …
Problem definition – Goals
Project Design
Project Design • Finding the right method(s)
The Method Toolbox of TA
PACITA Summer School 2014 Marie Louise Jørgensen,
[email protected] The Danish Board of Technology Foundation
Method Toolbox
The TA toolbox
Classes of methods • Classic or scientific methods • Participatory or dialogue methods • Communication methods
Classes of methods Classic or scientific methods Scientific methods are developed in disciplines of natural or social sciences applied to TA problems, in order to collect data, to allow prediction, to make quantitative risk assessments, to allow for the identification of economic consequences, to investigate social values or acceptance problems, to enable for eco-balancing. This class of methods includes: •
Delphi method, expert interviews
•
Expert Discussion
•
Modelling, simulation, systems analysis, risk analysis, material flow analysis (for understanding the socio-technical system to be investigated)
•
Trend extrapolation, simulation, scenario technique (for creating knowledge to think about the future)
•
Discourse analysis, value research, ethics, value tree analysis (for evaluating and uncovering the argumentative landscape)
Example of method
Classes of methods Participatory or dialogue methods Interactive, participatory or dialogue methods are developed to organise social interaction in order to make conflict management easier, to allow for conflict resolution, to bring together scientific expertise and citizens, to involve stakeholders in decision-making processes, to mobilise citizens for shaping society’s future, etc. This class of methods includes: • Consensus conference • Expert hearing • Focus group • Citizens jury • Future search conference • Scenario workshop • Perspective workshop
Example of method
Classes of methods Participatory or dialogue methods Communication should be seen as a two way process. On the one hand side communication methods are used to communicate the corporate image of a TA institute, the TA approach, the TA process and product to the outside world in order to increase the impact of TA. On the other hand communication is an important feature for the TA-Institute to keep in touch with the outside world and by that keep track with reality.
This class of methods includes: •
Newsletter and focus magazine
•
pinion article
•
Science theatre
•
Video presentation
•
(Interactive) websites (e.g. local questionnaire, debate forum, video, ...)
•
Networking
•
Dialogue conferences
Example of method
Example of TA project
Example of TA project
Example of TA project
Development and implementation of technology Develop innovation system
Seeking goals
Sociotechnical strategies
Making regulation
Social embedding
Reshaping processes
Scenario workshops
Future Search
Technological development
Technology Foresights
Consensus conference
Expert analysis
Parliament hearings
Processes - rooms for analysis and dialogue
Resources Resources to help find the right method • Doing foresight (http://www.doingforesight.org/ ) • Participatory Methods Toolkit- A practitioners manual. (www.kbs-frb.be ) • Engage2020 (www.engage2020.eu ) (by the end of the 2014)
Thank you!
Communication and the strive for impact
Marlies Hanifer & André Krom (Rathenau Instituut) PACITA Summer School Cork, 18-20 June 2014
Outline Defining impact Inherent link between communication & impact Example projects • Ambient Intelligence (AmI) in health care • Robots everywhere • Comparison from communication perspective
Workshop • unexpected event in the AmI project
Presentation and discussion
Defining impact What do we strive for when we strive for impact?
TA in Europe: between method and impact (2003) IMPACT DIMENSION
I. RAISING KNOWLEDGE
II. FORMING ATTITUDES /OPINIONS
III. INITIALISING ACTIONS
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT • Technical options assessed and made visible
AGENDA SETTING
REFRAMING OF DEBATE • New action plan or initiative to further scrutinise the problem decided
ISSUE DIMENSION TECHNOLOGICAL /SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
• Comprehensive overview of consequences given
SOCIETAL ASPECTS SOCIAL MAPPING • Structure of conflicts made transparent
• Setting the agenda in the political debate • Stimulating public debate • Introducing visions or scenarios
MEDIATION • Self-reflecting among actors • Blockade running • Bridge building
POLICY ASPECTS
POLICY ANALYSIS • Policy objectives explored • Existing policies assessed
• New orientation in policies established
NEW DECISION MAKING PROCESSES • New ways of governance introduced • Initiative to intensify public debate taken
RE-STRUCTURING THE POLICY DECISION TAKEN DEBATE • Comprehensiveness of policies • Policy alternatives increased filtered • Policies evaluated through debate • Democratic legitimisation perceived
• Innovations implemented
• New legislation is passed
Inherent link between communication & impact • Communicating for the sake of communication is not the way forward • Communication strategy as integrated part of project will contribute to the way your message is received • But: “the public” does not exist. And that’s a good thing.
Example 1 Ambient Intelligence in health care
Ambient Intelligence in health care • 2006–2009 • Main output: study on the ELSI aspects of designing smart surroundings for health purposes – Ambient intelligence: toekomst van de zorg of zorg van de toekomst? – Ambient Intelligence: viable future or dangerous illusion?
• Methods: stakeholder interviews, combo case studies-scenario’s • Assessment tool – functional improvements – normative issues – viability of specific levels of automation of health care
• Discussing 5 levels of intelligence in 5 health-related domains
Ambient Intelligence in health care Domain
Level of intelligence
Explanation
Residential care zones
Embedding technology
Equipment invisibly integrated into your surroundings
Hospital of the future
Context awareness
The surroundings recognize you and your particular circumstances
Paediatric physiotherapy
Personalisation
Services are tailored to your needs and preferences
Follow-up care in cancer patients
Adaptation
The surroundings adapt automatically to your needs
Sports
Anticipation
The surroundings automatically anticipate your Needs
• [We could highlight one of the examples here that is closely related to ageing, e.g. briefly present the case, the scenario and the most important outcomes]
Ambient Intelligence in health care • Networking: requirement for & obstacle to personalized care • Topics for further political and societal debate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Personal access - selective exclusion from health care The personalization of health care services - in exchange for privacy Save costs – let the citizen pay the price Self-care – restriction of self determination Medical supervision – the citizen or patient as health care consumer Individualization – solidarity on the brink The automation of health care services – informed consent Calm technology – increasing unrest More prevention – more illness
• Desired impact: – combo of raising knowledge and forming opinions attitudes (both regarding S&T + societal aspects)
Example 2
Robots everywhere
• [Since Jon will also present a project on robots, it might be better to keep the presentation of this 2nd example to a bare minimum; just enough to make some relevant points about the importance of a tailored communication strategy]
Comparison
from a communication perspective
Ambient Intelligence (2007)
Robots everywhere (2012)
Intimate Technology (2014)
•
Press release as ‘communication tool’
•
•
Integrated communication strategy is part of project plan
•
Monitoring the results, show no further active communication strategy, plan or excecution
•
Political relevance defines impact of entire project
•
Dilemma: agenda setting vs. Corporate image
•
Increase of online media: blogs, social media. New graphic ways
• •
•
Conclusion: Good results, but probably some missed opportunities. So less impact towards public, policy or politics.
Communication strategy with overall goal, key message and target groups was formulated
Timing launch: combination of press release and public debate Policy brief: always deliver recommendations for parliament, policy makers and politicians
Growing online presence and social media. Opportunity for case studies, sub-topics
Conclusion: striving for impact, resulting in well-known actor in public debate. But what about parliament?
Conclusion: integrated strategy is key to success. But, momentum can not always be predicted.
Results monitoring Ambient Intelligence
Robots everywhere
‘Computers moeten deel zorg overnemen’. - ANP 19-9 (‘Ambient intelligence’) (gepubliceerd op websites van AD, Automatisering Gids, NRC, NRC.Next, Telegraaf, Trouw )
TV EenVandaag, 15-5: Frans BNR Nieuwsradio, 16-5: Floortje en Frans ‘De Andere Wereld’, IKON, 16-5: Lambèr Royakkers ‘Hoe?Zo!’, Teleac, 24-5: Frans en Floortje RTV Noord-Holland, 9-10: Frans
Telematica Instituut: toekomst van de zorg of zorg van de toekomst. - www.nieuwsbank.nl (19-9) Instituut wil discussie over rol computers zorg. - ANP 20-9 Rathenau Instituut: toekomst van de zorg of zorg van de toekomst. - www.nieuwsbank.nl (20-9) Oma’s chips. - Volkskrant 22-9 Meer oog voor ethische kanten chiptechnologie noodzakelijk. Media Update nr. 1670 (24-9) Omringd door intelligentie. - Delta nr. 30 (11-10) Doe-het-zelf-zorg: op de grens van preventie en bangmakerij. De Ingenieur nr. 16 (19-10) http://www.lumc.nl/nieuws/archief/oratieteksten/oratievandenbr oek.html Slimme zorgelektronica. - NRC 17-11 Is er een IT-specialist in de zaal?. - Medisch Contact nr. 50 (1412)
Newspapers De robots komen. - EOS Magazine Ipadversie week 21-5 Overal robots: in boek en in theater aan het Spui. – VOR bericht Vol. 7 (2012) nr. 6 Laat robots los op de wereld, weg uit het lab. – NRC.Next 2-5 ‘Robot mag nooit beslissen over leven en dood op het slagveld’: interview met Frans Brom, wetenschapper Rathenau Instituut. – Volkskrant 15-5 De robot: slaaf, zuster, auto, agent en soldaat van morgen & boekbespreking. – NRC 16-5 Denkende robot is nog geen moreel wezen. – FD 26-5 Internet Automatiseringgids, Bogobogo, Boomlemma, Ce.utwente, Deondernemer, Delta.tudelft, Eoswetenschap, Essentialsmedia, Gezondheidskrant, Kennislink, Kijkopkennis, Livet, Mediadeboer, Nujij, Robots.nu, Scientias, Waarnemingvandewerkelijkheid, Web.tue, Wijkwebsites Twitter
Press release PERSBERICHT: ROBOT REVOLUTIE VRAAGT OM ACTIE Nieuw boek: Overal robots. Automatisering van de liefde tot de dood. Politici en beleidsmakers moeten nu gaan inspelen op de wereldwijde roboticarevolutie. Als we weten welke taken we in Nederland wel door robots willen laten uitvoeren, en welke niet, kan Nederland optimaal gebruikmaken van de kansen van de wereldwijde roboticarevolutie. Dat stelt het Rathenau Instituut in Overal robots. Automatisering van de liefde tot de dood, een inventarisatie van roboticaontwikkelingen: thuis, in de zorg, in het verkeer, bij de politie en bij de krijgsmacht. Nu al worden robots gebruikt voor politietaken en ontmanteling van explosieven. In de toekomst zullen ze ervoor zorgen dat we langer zelfstandig kunnen blijven wonen en zullen zede wegen veiliger maken. Maar om dit werkelijkheid te laten worden, moet er nog wel veel gebeuren. De auteurs van Overal robots signaleren dat er nog veel kloven bestaan tussen techniekontwikkelaars, beleidsmakers, politici en gebruikers en investeerders. Het Rathenau Instituut pleit ervoor om relevante wetgeving en aansprakelijkheidsregelingen op orde te brengen en na te denken over de ethische vragen en privacykwesties rondom robotica. Heldere beleidsvisies vormen een cruciale voorwaarde als Nederland straks over de kansen van de roboticarevolutie wil beschikken. Vooruitlopend daarop adviseert het Rathenau Instituut:. Verbied autonome, bewapende robots. De Nederlandse regering moet streven naar een internationaal verbod op autonome bewapende robots; beslissingen over leven en dood mogen niet geautomatiseerd worden. Een noodzakelijke voorwaarde van het internationale humanitaire oorlogsrecht is dat er altijd iemand verantwoordelijk gehouden kan worden voor een ongewenst gevolg. Er is een nieuwe wapenwedloop gaande op het gebied van bewapende robots. Internationale verdragen kunnen de proliferatie wellicht indammen. Stel autorobots verplicht. Robotica kan de Nederlandse verkeersveiligheid aanzienlijk verbeteren. Beleidsmakers moeten
Presentatie bijwonen Het boek Overal Robots wordt vandaag (dinsdag 15 mei) gepresenteerd in het Theater a Den Haag, van 15.45 – 17.00 uur. Zorgrobot Eva overhandigt het eerste exemplaar aan publiek. Aanmelden kan via
[email protected]. Het programma vindt u hier: http://www.rathenau.nl/agenda/bijeenkomsten/talkshow-en-boekpresentatie-overal-robot
Over het Rathenau Instituut Het Rathenau Instituut stimuleert de publieke en politieke meningsvorming over wetensc technologie. Daartoe doet het instituut onderzoek naar de organisatie en ontwikkeling va wetenschapssysteem, publiceert het over maatschappelijke effecten van nieuwe technol organiseert het debatten over vraagstukken en dilemma’s op het gebied van wetenschap technologie.
Noot voor de redactie Voor informatie kunt u contact opnemen met Antoinette Thijssen a.thijssen(at)rathenau.n 375 02.
Gegevens over het boek en het onderzoeksproject Overal robots. Automatisering van de liefde tot de dood. Lambèr Royakkers, Floortje Dae van Est. Boom Lemma Uitgevers, Den Haag. ISBN 978‐90‐5931‐833‐5. € 25,00.
Over het onderzoeksproject: http://www.rathenau.nl/themas/project/sociale-robots.html
Public debate
Policy brief
Online presence
Workshop
‘unexpected’ event in the Ambient Intelligence project
• Background – During the project we decided to take the vision of Philips as the starting point for our reflection on the ELSI aspects of AmI – Result: quite critical report
• ‘Unexpected’ event – director of Philips research was member of the supervisory panel – surprised about the shift in the project, but positive about the report – however, during book presentation in the Parliamentary Press Centre he distanced himself from the report: (‘interesting, but will soon be outdated’)
Assignment • Design a communication strategy to deal with the unexpected event in the AmI project – What tools would you consider and why?
– Which tool would you prefer (if any) and why? – What impact do you aim to achieve with this? – Would you involve Philips in this plan, and why (not)? – Present the results in the plenary
Discussion • General discussion • Striving for impact covers internal and external communication • Dilemma: agenda setting vs. corporate image
