INFORMATION DISSEMINATION FOR REALITY-BASED TSUNAMI DISASTER EDUCATION

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION FOR REALITY-BASED TSUNAMI DISASTER EDUCATION H. Iemura1, M. H. Pradono2, A. bin Husen3, T. Jauhari3, and M. Sugimoto4 1

2

Professor, Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Researcher, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta, Indonesia 3 Professor, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 4 Delegate, Disaster Management, Japanese Red Cross Society, Aceh Besar, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT : Huge earthquake and tsunami on December 26th, 2004 has caused a great number of casualties around Indian Ocean rim countries especially in Banda Aceh city, in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. In a quick response to the disaster, a Japanese group of researchers led by the first author departed to Banda Aceh and surrounding areas in attempt to study the lessons by the huge earthquake and tsunami. Questionnaires were distributed to the affected people. The questionnaire’s result shows that the local people’s awareness of tsunami was very low. Other important result is that even if people had started running away just after the big earthquake, the percentage of expected survivors would have been less than 100%. The practical implication is that education, socialization, escape structures, warning system, wave resisting structures are among important factors for people to be safer against future earthquake and tsunami attacks. However, since tsunami is a rare event, the future generations may forget the disaster easily. One of the ideas prompted by the first author to local people is to build poles with the height of tsunami run up throughout the affected areas in the city. The poles have many important purposes. The idea was supported by local people and Embassy of Japan in Indonesia. To date, 85 tsunami height memorial poles are standing throughout Banda Aceh city and surrounding areas. The poles are expected to last long and convey the important message of tsunami disaster to the present and next generations. KEYWORDS:

questionnaire, survival rate, tsunami height, memorial poles, education

1. INTRODUCTION During a survey led by the first author in Banda Aceh and surrounding areas in Indonesia after the great Sumatra earthquake, questionnaires have been distributed to the people affected by the earthquake and tsunami. One important result of the questionnaires shows that even if people had started running away just after the big earthquake, the percentage of expected survivors would have been less than 100% (Iemura, et al, 2006). The practical implication from this result is that education, socialization, escape structures, warning system, and wave resisting structures are among important factors for people to be safer against future earthquake and tsunami attacks. Moreover, for learning and educational purposes, institute or center for earthquake and tsunami research, tsunami and earthquake museum, international collaborations among research institution, tsunami and earthquake safe structural design, and tsunami poles and disaster education shall be realized. 2. IMPORTANT RESULTS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRES The important results from the questionnaires are that the local people’s knowledge on tsunami was very low. The question was “Did you know that tsunami would come after a big earthquake?” Figure 1 shows the result. Other important result is that, according to the respondents, even if people had started running away just after the big earthquake, the percentage of expected survivors would have been less than 100% (Figure 2). The practical implication is that education, socialization, escape routes, escape structures, warning system, wave resisting structures are among important factors for people to be safer against future earthquake and tsunami attacks.

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China Yes 3%

K n e w if t s u n a m i w o u ld c o m e ?

No 97%

Figure 1 Respondents’ Knowledge on Tsunami

Figure 2 Percentage of Survivors in Banda Aceh City (Number in parenthesis shows percentage of survivors if people had escaped immediately after the earthquake) 3. TSUNAMI HEIGHT MEMORIAL POLES AND DISASTER EDUCATION Since tsunami is a rare event, the future generations may forget the disaster easily. People need encouraging and reminding words that would be written on lasting memorial structures. One of the ideas prompted by the first author to local people is to build poles with the height of tsunami run up throughout the affected areas in the city. The poles have many important purposes: (1) to encourage people to be prepared for the next one, (2) to keep the memory of tsunami attack, (3) to educate next generation the important lessons from the tsunami, (4) to mourn the passed away people and to restore and reconstruct Banda Aceh from the disaster, (5) to keep accurate data of tsunami height for future planning, (6) to be escaping sign with the tsunami height, (7) to encourage local people to live with hope and ease under tsunami risk, and (8) to be a symbol of Banda Aceh as the tsunami-attacked city. The idea was supported by local people and the Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Indonesia. The Embassy made available a grant up to US $ 91,411 (Ninety one thousand four hundred-eleven US Dollar) by March 31, 2006. It contributes to the execution of the construction by the Yayasan Umi Abasiah. The project entitled “The Project for Supporting Education of Tsunami Disaster Prevention in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam”. The first author also provides technical assistance. The pole structure should be strong and yet reasonably

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China economical and feasible in the material availability point of view. Hybrid structure consisting of masonry and reinforced concrete was finally adopted as the material. The first drawing for designing the poles is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 First Drawing of the Pole for Design Purpose The poles would be built along the evacuation routes. The purpose is for providing evacuees with escaping sign with height, so that the evacuees escape toward the lower poles. After considering many aspects, including limitation of the land for construction, the realized location of the poles is as shown in Figure 4. The height of the poles is the inundation of tsunami water, when the tsunami wave was relatively flat and around ten minutes later, the tsunami water returned back to the sea.

TSUNAMI HEIGHT MEMORIAL POLES Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar, Indonesia

Yayasan Umi Abasiah Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Malaka Strait

in collaboration with BANDA ACEH CITY 65

66 25

North 41 39

1.5 km

2 31 30 4 6 7 27 37 67 40 5 3 26 13 12 4 29 33 3 17 10 11 14 15 16 32 28 45 1

38

52

43

51

53

57

64

44

50

49 47 55

54

42

48

18

9 8

23

36

19 21

24 22

20

46

ACEH BESAR DISTRICT

56 58 60

68

Banda Aceh Medan

Malaysia

79 77 75 78 73 76 72 74

Epicenter, 26 Dec. 2004

63

61 62

59

35

Embassy of Japan in Indonesia and Kyoto University Japan

Singapore

Simelue Is. Nias Is. Padang

Indonesia Sumatera Indian Ocean

70 69

BANDA ACEH CIT Y

80 81

85

84 82 83

68

Jakarta

71

Figure 5 Locations of 85 Tsunami Height Memorial Poles in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

Figure 6 The Firstly Built Tsunami Pole (February 2006) Pole No.: 01, Height: 3.15 m, Distance from Shore: 2.80 km, Location: Gampong Lamdingin, Kecamatan Kuta Alam, Banda Aceh. The placard in front of the pole shows the inundation height, distance from shore, time of tsunami arrival, time of earthquake, location name, words of wisdom, developer, and donor

Figure 7 The Lowest Tsunami Pole Pole No.: 28, Height: 0.90 m, Distance from Shore: 4.30 km, Location: Dinas Pertanian dan Tanaman Pangan, Banda Aceh.

Figure 8 Tsunami Pole at a School, Pole No.: 15, Height: 1.52 m, Distance from Shore: 3.90 km, Location: SD Negeri 28, Kp. Keuramat, Banda Aceh

Figure 10 Tsunami Pole at a School, Pole No.: 49, Height: 3.80 m, Distance from Shore: 3.10 km, Location: SDN 2, Punge Jurong, Banda Aceh

Figure 9 The Tallest Tsunami Pole Pole No.: 69, Height: 9.00 m (w), Distance from Shore: 0.50 km, Location: Masjid Lam Tengoh, Peukan Bada, Banda Aceh. The wave height was justified from witnesses, because there was no inundation mark left by the tsunami.

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

Table 1 List of 85 Tsunami Height Memorial Poles in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar 1. 3.15 m 2.80 km GPG. LAMDINGIN KEC. KUTA ALAM 2. 2.90 m 3.00 km GPG. LAMBARO SKEP KEC. KUTA ALAM

23. 1.75 m 3.50 km Asrama Mahasiswa Unsyiah, Darussalam 24. 1.45 m 3.60 km Kantor Rektorat Iain Ar-Raniry, Darussalam

3. 1.40 m 3.75 km MAN 1

25. 2.00 m 3.40 km MAN 3, RUKOH

4. 1.95 m 3.40 km SMP NEGERI 2

26. 1.00 m 4.00 km SMP NEGERI 18

5. 1.39 m 3.55 km SD NEGERI 25

27. 1.80 m 3.85 km SMP NEGERI 6

49. 3.80 m 3.10 km SDN 2 PUNGE JURONG

6. 1.84 m 3.70 km Masjid Agung Al Makmur Bandar Baru 7. 2.60 m 3.60 km SMK NEGERI 2/STM NEGERI

28. 0.90 m 4.30 km DINAS PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN

50. 4.50 m 2.00 km Rumah Ny. Zulkifli Narukaya Blang Oi 51. 5.80 m 1.90 km Masjid Syech Abdul Rauf Blang Oi 52. 7.00 m 0.50 km Rumah Bp. Bachtiar Zakaria Deah Baro 53. 3.90 m 1.80 km SMPN 11 LAMJABAT 54. 3.70 m 2.10 km SDN 95 GAMPONG BARO 55. 2.20 m 2.90 km Masjid Baitul Muqarrabin Punge Blang Cut 56. 2.20 m 2.90 km SDN 18 PUNGE BLANG CUT 57. 3.40 m 2.70 km Universitas Iskandar Muda, Surien 58. 2.30 m 3.00 km SDN 97 LAMTEUMEN TIMUR 59. 2.00 m 3.10 km SDN 93 LAMTEUMEN TIMUR 60. 1.40 m 3.30 km PGSD FKIP Unsyiah Goheng 61. 2.00 m 3.30 km MIN TELADAN LAMTEUMEN 62. 1.00 m 3.50 km Rumah Zakaria Ismail Lamteumen 63. 2.35 m 3.30 km Biro Logistik Polda NAD Lamteumen 64. 3.80 m 2.30 km SMPN 15 LAMPOH DAYA 65. 3.70 m 2.70 km SDN 61 JEULINGKE

8. 2.60 m 3.40 km SD NEGERI 80, PRADA 9. 2.60 m 3.50 km Kanwil Kehakiman Dan HAM 10. 1.55 m 4.10 km DINAS KOPERASI DAN UKM 11. 3.20 m 3.50 km SMA NEGERI 2 12. 2.70 m 3.70 km SD NEGERI 20, POCUT BAREN 13. 3.50 m 3.60 km SMP NEGERI 9, PEUNAYONG 14. 2.57 m 3.90 km KANTOR BKPMD 15. 1.52 m 3.90 km SD NEGERI 28, KP. KEURAMAT 16. 0.89 m 3.90 km DARUL ULUM, YPUI 17. 1.52 m 3.70 km SD KARTIKA XIX-I, LAMPRIET 18. 1.91 m 3.40 km Badan Perpustakaan Wilayah 19. 1.80 m 3.80 km MASJID LAMGUGOB

29. 1.60 m 3.80 km SMK NEGERI 3 30. 2.45 m 3.50 km Kantor Dekranas Taman Ratu Safiatuddin 31. 2.65 m 3.40 km KANTOR BAWASDA 32. 1.00 m 3.85 km Direktorat Politeknik Kesehatan 33. 1.80 m 3.75 km Politekkes NAD Jurusan Keperawatan 34. 2.00 m 3.40 km SD 35 LAMPRIET 35. 1.80 m 3.35 km MASJID JAMIK SILANG RUKOH 36. 1.20 m 3.80 km SMP NEGERI 8 DARUSSALAM 37. 3.40 m 3.40 km SDN 27 GAMPONG MULIA 38. 3.50 m 3.35 km MIN Merduati Jalan Malahayati, GP.MULIA 39. 4.60 m 3.00 km MASJID AL MUKARRAMAH GP. MULIA 40. 4.50 m 2.50 km Masjid Tgk. Dianjong PEULANGGAHAN 41. 7.00 m 1.80 km SMPN 12 GAMPONG JAWA

20. 1.40 m 3.80 km MIS LAMGUGOB

42. 6.00 m 2.00 km SDN 6 KEUDAH

21. 1.00 m 3.90 km STIES/AMBA 22. 1.30 m 3.70 km SD NEGERI 69, DARUSSALAM

43. 8.00 m (w) 1.80 km SDN 8/38 MERDUATI 44. 2.70 m 2.70 km SD MUHAMMADIYAH LAMPASEH

45. 2.30 m 3.20 km Kantor Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh 46. 2.00 m 3.50 km Taman Kanak2 YKA Taman Sari 47. 3.40 m 3.20 km SMA NEGERI 1 BLANG PADANG 48. 1.80 m 3.40 km SMPN 17 BLANG PADANG

66. 3.20 m 2.70 km SDN 106 RUKOH

67. 1.30 m 3.30 km RUMAH BP. ALAMSYAH UMAR JALAN SYIAH KUALA 68. 5.70 m 1.50 km MASJID BAITUL MAGHFIRAH PEUKAN BADA 69. 9.00 m (w) 0.50 km MASJID LAM TENGOH PEUKAN BADA 70. 7.00 m 0.40 km MASJID INDRA PURWA LAMGURON 71. 2.50 m 2.50 km MEUNASAH TANJONG KEC.LHOKNGA 72. 5.50 m 2.50 km SDN KAJHU KEC.BAITUSSALAM 73. 7.00 m 2.20 km Tanah Widari Dawam Dawood Sp, Cot Paya 74. 3.50 m 2.70 km SMAN-1 BAITUSSALAM 75. 5.10 m 1.50 km MASJID LAMBADA LHOK BAITUSSALAM 76. 4.60 m 2.00 km GAMPONG LABUI BAITUSSALAM 77. 4.00 m 1.50 km GAMPONG LAMNGA JALAN KRUENG RAYA 78. 3.40 m 1.30 km MEUNASAH NEUHEUN MASJID RAYA 79. 2.20 m 0.40 km MEUNASAH DURONG MASJID RAYA 80. 3.30 m 1.00 km Meunasah Paya Kameng Masjid Raya 81. 3.40 m 0.50 km MASJID KRUENG RAYA 82. 3.20 m 0.80 km GAMPONG MEUNASAH KULAM 83. 3.20 m 0.80 km GAMPONG MEUNASAH MON 84. 2.50 m 0.30 km MASJID LAMREH KRUENG RAYA 85. 3.10 m 0.50 km Pasantren/Dayah Al Mahfuzhah Krueng Raya Notes: - Data in [m] is height and data in [km] is distance from shore - Poles 43 & 69 show wave height. Others show inundation height - red in Banda Aceh, blue in Aceh Besar

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

Figure 11 Tsunami Height Memorial Poles as part of Education Tools on Hazard Mitigation In May 2007, all of the 85 poles were constructed throughout Banda Aceh city and surrounding areas. Some photos are shown in Figures 6 to 10 and the list of the poles is shown in Table 1. The tsunami height memorial poles are also education tools for hazard preparedness. One example is by showing the students the record of the data mentioned in the poles and why they were built (Figure 11). The on going survey now is to map the three dimension coordinate of the poles. This data is invaluable for future tsunami disaster mitigation. The tsunami height memorial poles will not only provide hazard data dissemination but also education for the present and next generations. The poles are expected to last long and convey the messages to every generation. 4. RECOMMENDATION FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION Other than the tsunami poles and disaster education above (Not forget but understand) above, institute or center for earthquake and tsunami research, tsunami and earthquake museum (monuments, facts, data, education materials, and so on), international collaborations among research institution, and tsunami and earthquake safe structural design (technologies and codes), shall be realized. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Embassy of Japan in the Republic of Indonesia, to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, and to the people of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia, for their strong interest and support. REFERENCES Iemura, H., Takahashi, Y., Pradono, M. H., Sukamdo, P., and Kurniawan, R. (2006). Earthquake and Tsunami Questionnaires in Banda Aceh and Surrounding Areas. Disaster Prevention and Management, Emerald, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 21-30.