IGÉK, MELYEKET GERUND ÉS TO+INFINITIVE IS KÖVETHET LÉNYEGES JELENTÉSBELI KÜLÖNBSÉG NÉLKÜL ATTEMPT to do sg. / doing sg. (megkísérel …ni) pl. He attempted to run away. He attempted running away. (Megkísérelt elfutni.) BEGIN to do sg. / doing sg. (elkezd …ni) pl. It began to rain. (Elkezdett esni az eső.) It began raining. CONTINUE to do sg. / doing sg. (folytat vmit) pl. She continued to learn. (Folytatta a tanulást.) She continued learning. HATE to do sg. / doing sg. (utál …ni) pl. I hate going to school. I hate to go to school. (Utálok iskolába járni.) INTEND to do sg. / doing sg. (szándékszik …ni) pl. He intended to write a letter. (Levelet szándékozott írni.) He intended writing a letter. LIKE to do sg. / doing sg. (szeret …ni) Ha a to+ infinitive-et használjuk, a cselekvés folyamatára vonatkozik, ha az ing-es alakot, akkor a cselekvés egészére, eredményére. pl. I like to read. → az olvasás folyamatát folyamatát szeretem (Szeretek olvasni.) I like reading. → azt szeretem, hogy vmit megismerek az olvasás által (tkp. Szeretem az olvasást.)
LOVE to do sg. / doing sg. (imád ...ni) Ha a to+ infinitive-et használjuk, a cselekvés folyamatára vonatkozik, ha az ing-es alakot, akkor a cselekvés egészére, eredményére. pl. I love to eat. → az evés folyamatát imádom I love eating. (Imádok enni.) → magát az evést imádom (tkp. Imádom az evést.)
PLAN to do sg. / doing sg. (azt tervezi, hogy…) pl. He planned to go to Australia. (Azt tervezte, hogy Ausztráliába utazik.) He planned going to Australia. (Azt tervezte, hogy Ausztráliába utazik.) PREFER to do sg. / doing sg. (jobban szeret …ni) pl. I prefer to go to the cinema. (Jobban szeretek moziba járni.) I prefer going to the cinema. START to do sg. / doing sg. (elkezd ...ni) pl. We started to laugh. We started laughing. (Elkezdtünk nevetni.)
LÉNYEGES JELENTÉSBELI KÜLÖNBSÉGGEL FORGET to do sg. (elfelejt vmit megcsinálni) pl. I forgot to post the letter. (Elfelejtettem feladni a levelet.)
doing sg. (elfelejti, hogy már megcsinált vmit) pl. I forgot posting the letter. (Elfelejtettem, hogy (már)feladtam a levelet.) REMEMBER
to do sg. (nem felejt el vmit megcsinálni) pl. I remembered to post the letter. (Emlékeztem, hogy feladjam a levelet. - azaz: Nem felejtettem el feladni a levelet.)
doing sg. (emlékszik, hogy megcsinált vmit) pl. I remembered posting the letter. (Emlékeztem, hogy feladtam a levelet.) REGRET
to do sg. (sajnálja, hogy vmit meg kell tennie…) pl. I regret to leave London. (Sajnálom, hogy el kell mennem Londonból.)
doing sg. (sajnálja, hogy vmit megtett) pl. I regret leaving London. (Sajnálom, hogy elmentem Londonból.) S T OP
to do sg. (megáll, hogy vmit csináljon) pl. We stopped to talk. (Megálltunk beszélgetni.)
doing sg. (abbahagy, befejez vmit) pl. We stopped talking. (Abbahagytuk a beszélgetést.) TRY
to do sg. (kísérletet tesz vmilyen cselekedetre, ami valószínűleg nem fog sikerülni)
doing sg. (próbálkozik valamivel, kipróbál vmilyen módszert, amit addig még nem próbált)
pl. I tried to take an Aspirin but it fell from my mouth. (Megpróbáltam bevenni egy Aspirint, de kiesett a számból.)
pl. I tried taking an Aspirin but I still felt bad. (Megpróbáltam, hogy beveszek egy Aspirint, de még mindig rosszul éreztem magam.)
A fő különbség a két jelentés között: A ’to’-val arra utalunk, hogy maga a cselekedet sikertelen. Az –ing-es alak arra utal, hogy a cselekedet maga nem sikertelen, legfeljebb az általa kiváltott hatás lehet nem megfelelő.
ÉRZÉKELÉST KIFEJEZŐ IGÉK, MELYEKET GERUND VAGY SIMA (TO NÉLKÜLI) INFINITIVE KÖVET A kettő között van jelentésbeli különbség! Sima infinitive-vel: ha a cselekvés befejeződött voltát tapasztalta valaki A magyarban ilyenkor a cselekvést múlt időben mondjuk és/vagy (ha van) az igekötőt az ige előtt használjuk. pl. I heard someone come up the stairs. (Hallottam, hogy valaki feljött a lépcsőn.) I saw him get in the car. (Láttam, hogy beszállt az autóba.)
Gerunddal: ha a cselekvés folyamatát tapasztalta valaki A magyarban ilyenkor jellemzően a cselekvést jelen időben mondjuk, valamint az igét igekötő nélül használjuk, é vagy az igekötőt az ige után tesszük. pl. I heard someone coming up the stairs. (Hallottam, hogy valaki jön fel(felé) a lépcsőn.) I saw him getting in the car. (Láttam, hogy száll be(felé) az autóba.)
1) Add the gerund or infinitive form of the verb in brackets. 1. We had to stay indoors all day as it wouldn’t stop ____________ (rain). 2. A: Do you know how this coffee machine works? B: I’ve no idea. Have you tried ____________ (press) the green button? 3. “Don’t forget ____________ (check) your essays before you hand them in” reminded the teacher. 4. Jack has never regretted ____________ (move) to Brazil. 5. After visiting the museum we stopped ____________ (have) a quick snack. 6. We regret ____________ (inform) you that the hotel will be closed for renovation until April. 7. Virginia’s never going to forget ____________ (swim) with sharks in Hawaii. It was such a thrill. In fact she’s now trying ____________ (persuade) her husband to go too. 8. Don’t forget ____________ (buy) some eggs. 9. I regret ____________ (inform) you that we cannot give you a refund. 10. I will never forget ____________ (meet) my husband for the first time. 11. Fred remembered ____________ (drink) a lot last night. 12. Don’t forget ____________ (pay) the bill.
13. Please remember ____________ (post) the parcel, Tim. 14. I regret ____________ (be) late. 15. You must remember ____________ (go) to the meeting next Monday. 16. Do you remember ____________ (kiss) him last night? 17. You should regret ____________ (tell) a lie. 18. We regret ____________ (tell) you that this article is not available any longer. 19. When you are in London you should remember ____________ (visit) Madame Tussauds. 20. I can’t remember ____________ (see) that film. 21. The clothes are still wet. I forgot ____________ (switch) on the tumbler. 22. It’s been a long journey. Why don’t we stop ____________ (grab) a bite to eat? 23. I don’t regret ____________ (leave) my last job at all. 24. Please stop ____________ (laugh) and get on with your work. 25. He tried ____________ (push) the car to make it start, but he was not strong enough.(He couldn’t push the car.) 26. He tried ____________ (push) the car to make it start, but there was some other problem. (He couldn’t start it.) 27. Do you regret ____________ (have) a baby so early? 28. Mary has forgotten ____________ (take) his bag. 29. Did you remember ____________ (post) the letter? 30. He tried ____________ (take) a couple of aspirins, but they did not have any effect. 31. Will you please stop ____________ (make) noise? 32. Did you remember ____________ (watch) the match on TV last Wednesday? 33. My father still remembers ____________ (watch) Brave Hearth. 2) Transform the sentences by the example. e.g. You say that I’ve met Janet, but I can’t remember her. → I can’t remember meeting Janet. 1. Please remember that you must buy some stamps. Please remember……….(buy) stamps. 2. We wanted to open the door, but we couldn’t. We tried………..(open) the door. 3. Sheila intended to phone Peter, but she forgot. Sheila forgot……….(phone) Peter. 4. John met Madonna once. He’ll never forget……….(meet) Madonna. 5. Jenny had a headache. She took an aspirin for her headache. Jenny tried……….(take) an aspirin for her headache. 6. It will not be easy to finish all the work today. We’ll try……….(finish) the work before tonight. 7. I stayed in Jane’s flat while she was on holiday. I remembered that I had to feed her cats every day. I remembered……….(feed) Janet’s cat’s every day. 8. Remember that you must invite Mary to the party next week. Don’t forget ……….(invite) Mary to the party next week.
MIXED EXERCISES 1) ’Making pizza’ or ’to make pizza’? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
I enjoy ____ . Yesterday Frank meant ____, but he didn't have time. My father put off ____ until later. Do you really intend ___ for breakfast?! Please hurry up and finish ____ ! I'm hungry! Sylvia expects ___ tomorrow. Please stop ____ and talk to me! Are you planning ____?
2) Use the GERUND or INFINITIVE forms of the verbs: He gave up (gamble).
I don’t enjoy (go) to the dentist.
We are looking forward to (read) your new book.
I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames.
We don’t want anybody (know) we are here. Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk).
Try to avoid (make) him angry.
After she had decided (stay) in Turkey, she got used to (eat) Turkish food.
I’m sorry sir, I’m late, but I promise (not / be) late again.
He was accused of (steal) the DVD player.
After (read) this article, will you give up (smoke)? Try (forget) it; it’s not worth (worry) about.
He seems (have) plenty of money.
He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring).
Don’t forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed.
I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused.
I can hear the bell (ring), but nobody seems to be coming (open) the door.
I can’t help (sneeze); I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught.
She tried (explain) but they refused (listen). We got tired of (wait) for the weather (clear) up and finally decided (set) out in the rain. He managed (pass) his exams.
I’ll give it back when I finish (read) it.
There are people who can’t help (laugh) when they see someone (slip) on a banana skin.
I remember (go) to the cinema with my girl friend when I was a teenager.
Would you mind (show) me how (work) the new machine?
Would you like (listen) to some music?
He warned his child (not / touch) the wire.
I enjoy (walk) in the rain. Her doctor advised her (give up) (sit) up late at night.
Remember (post) the letters.
He seems (be) happy.
Instead of (study) Alice watched TV.
I’m interested in (play) tennis.
Do you feel like (go) for a swim? Who is responsible for (tidy) the room?
They don’t allow you (smoke) here.
Thank you for (help) me (carry) the goods.
3) Add the gerund or infinitive form of the verb in brackets. 1. He gave up __________(gamble). 2. He told me __________ (try) _________ (come) early. 3. I advised him _________ (ask) the bus conductor __________ (tell) him where _________ (get) off. 4. We are looking forward to __________ (read) your new book. 5. I don’t enjoy __________ (go) to the dentist. 6. A: Did you remember __________ (give) him the money? 7. B: No, I didn’t. I still have it in my pocket; but I’ll __________ (see) him tonight and I promise __________ (not / forget) this time. 8. I saw the plane __________ (crash) in to the hill and __________ (burst) into flames. 9. We don’t want anybody __________ (know) we are here. 10. He was accused of __________ (steal) the valuable vase. 11. I don’t feel like __________ (work); what about __________ (go) to a disco instead?
12. Imagine __________ (live) with someone who never stops __________ (talk). 13. I hope the children won’t go near the water. I warned them __________ (not / go) near it. 14. Try to avoid __________ (make) him angry. 15. Would you mind __________ (write) your name and address on the back of the cheque? 16. After __________ (read) this article, will you give up __________ (smoke)? 17. I suggest __________ (hold) another meeting next week. 18. I have no intention of __________ (go) to that film; I couldn’t bear __________ (see) my favorite actress in such a dreadful part. 19. Try __________ (forget) it; it’s not worth __________ (worry) about. 20. I advise you __________ (start) __________ (look) for a flat at once. 21. He hates __________ (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it __________ (ring). 22. It is usually easier __________ (learn) a subject by _________ (read) books than by __________ (listen) to lectures. 23. Don’t forget __________ (lock) the door before __________ (go) to bed. 24. I arranged __________ (meet) them here. 25. He tried _________ (explain) but she refused __________ (listen). 26. I regret _________ (inform) you that your application has been refused. 27. I can’t help __________ (sneeze); I caught a cold yesterday from _________ (sit) in a draught. 28. We got tired of __________ (wait) for the weather __________ (clear) and finally decided __________ (set) out in the rain. 29. There are people who can’t help __________ (laugh) when they see someone __________ (slip) on a banana skin. 30. After she had decided __________ (stay) in Turkey, she got used to __________ (eat) Turkish foods. 31. They seem __________ (have) plenty of money. 32. I’m sorry sir, I’m late, but I promise __________ (not / be) late again. 33. I think we’d better __________ (exchange) names and addresses. 34. She warned her child __________ (not / touch) the wire. 35. Do you fancy __________ (play) tennis this afternoon? 36. I enjoy __________ (walk) in the rain. 37. I decided __________ (go) on Saturday. 38. They managed __________ (pass) their exams. 39. I’m looking forward to __________ (go) to London. 40. Do you feel like __________ (go) for a swim? 41. Thank you for __________ (help) me carry the goods. 42. The little boy’s mother warned him __________ (not / eat) so many apples. 43. She always puts off __________ (do) the laundry. 44. Bob refused __________ (talk) about his problems. 45. Who is responsible for __________ (tidy) the room? 46. Henry is quite good at __________ (make up) stories. 47. Can you touch your toes without __________ (bend) your knees? 48. Jim can’t stand __________ (be) interrupted. 49. We went for a walk after we finished __________ (clean) up the kitchen. 50. The baby started __________ (talk) when she was about eighteen months old. 51. Sometimes students avoid __________ (look) at the teacher if they don’t want __________ (answer) a question. 52. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like __________ (join) us? 53. Mrs. Allen promised __________ (come) tomorrow. 54. My boss expects me __________ (complete) this work as soon as possible.
55. He doesn’t mind __________ (be) alone. 56. The teacher seems __________ (be) in a good mood today. 57. Maria can't stand __________ (hear) a child cry. 58. Mary hates __________ (listen) to classical music. 59. Rose suggested __________ (go) to the McDonald’s. 4) Fill in the text with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. 1. Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid __________ (work) whenever he could. In the middle of the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended __________ (do) the assignment, but he postponed __________ (write) it for a week. The following week, he forgot __________ (do) it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried __________ (read) as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered __________ (ask) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided __________ (cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was alarmed __________ (see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied __________ (copy) the paper. "If you expect me __________ (believe) that, you must be very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget __________ (write) it?" 2. Tomorrow we have decided __________ (go) to Rome and then we're planning __________ (visit) Venice for a few days. After that we've arranged __________ (stay) in France for a few weeks, but I hope __________ (get) back before the end of the month. Though I promised __________ (keep) __________ (write), I don't know if I will be able __________ (do) it until we get to Paris and they let me __________ (have) my own room. My parents make me __________ (finish) my homework before __________ (go) to bed, so I don't have much time __________ (write) either. I've tried __________ (hide) myself in museum cloakrooms (guardarropías), but I am not used to __________ (write) in such bad conditions, that is why my writing looks so bad, I'm sorry. Now we are in Berlin. It seems __________ (be) a lively and interesting city. We are sitting in a restaurant and we have asked the waiter __________ (bring) the menu, though I'm thinking about __________ (ask) for a cup of tea only because I'm so sad, I miss __________ (be) with you so much. I hope __________ (be) strong enough __________ (resist) tomorrow's excursion. We will probably start __________ (drive) towards old eastern Germany early in the morning, since they say there are a couple of extraordinary things __________ (see) somewhere called Leipzig.
5) Choose the correct answer. 1. I miss ____ in London. live living to live 2. I enjoyed ____ them again. see seeing to see 3. He avoided ____ them do it because he wanted to get home early. help helping to help 4. I promised ____ it by Friday. do doing to do 5. She's expected ____ the job. get getting to get
6. Would you like ____? come coming to come 7. They don't tolerate any ____ about their decisions. argue arguing to argue 8. She taught me ____ it. do doing to do 9. I don't feel like ____ it. do doing to do 10. Do you mind ____ it with you? take taking to take
6) Choose the gerund or the infinitive, then answer the questions. 1. What do you like to do / doing in your free time? 2. Do you need / needing to buy new clothes? 3. Are you planning going / to go anywhere this summer? 4. What do you prefer doing / to do when you are home alone? 5. Have you ever decided to do / doing something forbidden? 6. Do you mind to speak / speaking in public? 7. Have you ever promised doing / to do something that you didn´t do in the end? 8. Do you let people helping / help you when you don´t know what to do? 9. Would you like to speak / speaking Chinese? 10. Can you imagine to live / living on another planet? 11. Do you hope to meet / meeting a celebrity? 12. Do you remember being / to be a child? 13. Do you avoid being / to be in dangerous situations? 14. Do you look forward to spend / to spending time with your friends next weekend? 15. Do you dare going / go alone in the streets at night? 16. Do you want to stop / stopping studying English? 7) Circle the right option. 1. Would you like come/ to come/ coming around next Saturday? 2. We have to stop getting/ to get/ get some petrol. 3. I regret inform/ informing/ to inform you that the company hasn’t accepted your application. 4. My sister is brilliant at knitting/ knit/ to knit. 5. The burglar admitted to break/ breaking/ break in the Browns’ in September. 6. Before to leave/ leave/ leaving home, don’t forget kissing/ kiss/ to kiss mum- it’s her birthday!
7. Let’s meeting/ meet/ to meet on Saturday evening for dinner! 8. To revise/ Revise/ Revising for exam is a good idea, Tom. You’d better listen/ listening/ to listen to me next time! 10. While to live/ live/ living in London, we could improving/ improve/ to improve our English. 11. There’s no point in argue/ to argue/arguing with Paul. He’s always right! 12. Carol didn’t accept go/ to go/ going out with his classmate. 13. He finally published his first novel after working/ to work/ work on it for years. 14. It was clear to everybody that the government had no plan tackling/ tackle/ to tackle inflation. 15. I’m pretty sure our neighbours keep playing/ playing/ to play music that loud just to disturb us. 16. How about text/ texting/ to text Meg now? 17. I’d like trying/ try/ to try hand-gliding. 18. Sarah is better at swim/ swimming/ to swimming than his brother. 19. It’s worth to do/ do/ doing some exercise every day. 20. I’m used to do/ to doing/ doing the shopping on Friday. 21. Pam thanked me for help/ to help/ helping her with the party. 22. Would you rather to have/ having/ have water or wine? 23. The windows need clean/ to clean/ cleaning. You can’t see through them. 24. Patrick promised to be/ being/ be back before midnight. 25. My boyfriend persuaded me studying/ to study/ study Medicine. 8) Translate the following sentences using the infinitive or the gerund. 1. Sam megpróbált elfutni, de a kutya gyorsabb volt. 2. Azt terveztük, hogy elutazunk Londonba. 3. Amikor Charlie belépett, mindenki elkezdett nevetni. 4. Elfelejtettem kenyeret venni, ezért megint el kellett mennem a boltba. 5. Ne felejts el levelet írni a nagymamádnak! 6. Rose emlékezett, hogy adott Stevenek tízezer forintot. 7. Sajnálom, hogy elmentem abba a buliba. 8. Sajnálom, hogy el kell hagyjalak. 9. Hagyd abba a hangos nevetgélést! 10. Hazafelé menet megálltunk, hogy vegyünk egy kis ásványvizet. 11. Láttam, hogy Bob ül a buszon, és integet. 12. Hallottuk, hogy valahol becsapódott egy ajtó. 13. Örülni fogsz, ha újra látod? 14. Sikerült hazáig mennem a kocsival, bár az úton kétszer lerobbant. 15. Nem emlékszem, hogy ezt mondtam. 16. Az a bőrönd túl nehéz ahhoz, hogy te cipeld. Hadd segítsek! 17. A kávé nem volt elég ahhoz, hogy ébren tartson egész éjjel. 18. Nem tudod véletlenül, hogy hol lakik? 19. Arra számítok, hogy négy napig maradnak. 20. Nem kellett volna azt mondanod neki, hogy maradjon otthon. 21. George azt javasolta, hogy menjünk kirándulni. 22. Elmagyaráznád nekem, hogy hogyan kell innen felhívni Londont? (make a phone call) 23. A kosárban hagytam a kivasalandó holmikat. 24. Nem várhatunk arra, hogy dönts végre. 25. Hát te mit csinálsz itt? A leckédet kellene írnod. 26. Történetesen jól ismerem a barátodat, együtt jártunk egyetemre.
27. Úgy tűnik, fogytál egy kicsit. 28. Van kedved teniszezni délután? 29. Miután megreggelizett, Helen úgy döntött, hogy elmegy futni. 30. Sajnálom, hogy megbántottalak. 31. A bohócot látván, a gyerekek nem tudták visszafojtani a nevetést. 32. Peter nem volt hajlandó Skóciába utazni a húgával. 33. Nem bánod, ha leülök melléd? 34. Tom elment, anélkül, hogy köszönt volna. 35. A barátaim ragaszkodtak hozzá, hogy kifizessék a számlámat. 36. És most mit vársz tőlem, mit csináljak? 37. Az orvosom azt mondta, hogy hagyjam abba a dohányzást.
KEY: 1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
raining pressing to check moving to have to inform swimming , to persuade to buy
2) 1. to buy 2. to open
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
to inform meeting drinking to pay to post being to go kissing telling
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
to tell to visit seeing to switch to grab leaving laughing to push pushing
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
having to take to post taking making to watch watching
3. 4.
to phone meeting
5. 6.
taking to finish
7. 8.
to feed to invite
5. 6. 7.
to make pizza making pizza to make pizza
MIXED EXERCISES 1) 1. 2. 3. 4.
making pizza making pizza to make pizza making pizza
2) He gave up gambling
I saw the plane crash into the hill and burst into flames.
We are looking forward to reading your new book. We don’t want anybody to know we are here.
Imagine living with someone who never stops talking.
He was accused of stealing the DVD player.
Try to avoid making him angry. After she had decided to stay in Turkey, she got used to eating Turkish food.
I’m sorry sir, I’m late, but I promise not to be late again.
I don’t enjoy going to the dentist.
After reading this article, will you give up smoking?
Try to forget it; it’s not worth worrying about.
He seems to have plenty of money. He hates answering the phone, and very often just lets it ring.
Don’t forget to lock the door before going to bed.
She tried to explain but they refused to listen.
I regret to inform you that your application has been refused.
We got tired of waiting for the weather to clear up and finally decided to set out in the rain.
I can’t help sneezing; I caught a cold yesterday from sitting in a draught.
I can hear the bell ringing, but nobody seems to be coming to openthe door.
He managed to pass his exams.
I’ll give it back when I finish reading it.
There are people who can’t help laughing when they see someone slip on a banana skin.
They don’t allow you to smoke here.
Would you mind showing me how to work the new machine?
I remember going to the cinema with my girl friend when I was a teenager.
He warned his child Not to touch the wire. I enjoy walking in the rain. Her doctor advised her to give up sitting up late at night.
Would you like to listen to some music? Remember to post the letters.
He seems to be happy.
Instead of studying Alice watched TV.
I’m interested in playing tennis.
Do you feel like going for a swim? Thank you for helping me carry the goods.
Who is responsible for tidying the room?
3) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
gambling try to come to ask – to tell – to get reading going to give see – not to forget crash - burst to know stealing working - going living - talking not to go
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
making writing reading - smoking holding going - seeing to forget - worrying to start – looking / to look answering / to answer ring 22. to learn – reading listening 23. to lock - going 24. to meet
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
to explain – to listen to infiorm sneezing - sitting waiting – to clear – to set laughing - slip to stay - eating to have not to be exchange not to touch playing walking to go
38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
to pass going going helping not to eat doing to talk tidying
46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
making up bending being cleaning talking / to talk looking – to answer to join to come
54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
to complete being to be hearing listening / to listen going
4) 1. Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid working whenever he could. In the middle of the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended to do the assignment, but he postponed writing it for a week. The following week, he forgot to do it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried to read as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered asking for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided to cheat and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was alarmed to see the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied having copied the paper. "If you expect me to believe that, you must be very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget writing it?" 2. Tomorrow we have decided to go to Rome and then we're planning to visit Venice for a few days. After that we've arranged to stay in France for a few weeks, but I hope to get back before the end of the month. Though I promised to keep writing, I don't know if I will be able to do it until we get to Paris and they let me have my own room. My parents make me finish my homework before going to bed, so I don't have much time to write either. I've tried to hide myself in museum cloakrooms (guardarropías), but I am not used to writing in such bad conditions, that is why my writing looks so bad, I'm sorry. Now we are in Berlin. It seems to be a lively and interesting city. We are sitting in a restaurant and we have asked the waiter to bring the menu, though I'm thinking about asking for a cup of tea only because I'm so sad, I miss being with you so much. I hope to be strong enough to resist tomorrow's excursion. We will probably start driving / to drive towards old eastern Germany early in the morning, since they say there are a couple of extraordinary things to see somewhere called Leipzig. 5) 1. living 2. seeing 3. helping
4. to do 5. to get 6. to come
7. arguing 8. to do 9. doing
10. taking
6) 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
doing need to go doing
7) 1. to come 2. to get 3. to inform 4. knitting 5. breaking 6. leaving to kiss
to do speaking to do help
7. meet 8. Revising listen 10. living improve 11. arguing 12. going 13. working
to speak living to meet being
14. to tackle 15. playing 16. texting 17. to try 18. swimming 19. doing
8) 1. Sam tried to run away but the dog was faster. 2. We planned to travel to London. 3. When Charlie entered everybody started (/began) to laugh (/laughing).
being to spending go to stop
20. to doing 21. helping 22. have 23. cleaning. 24. to be 25. to study
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
I forgot to buy bread so I had to go to the shop again. Don’t forget to write a letter to your grandmother. Rose remembered giving Steve 10 thousand forints. I regret going to that party. I regret to leave you. Stop laughing loudly. On our way home we stopped to buy some mineral water. I saw Bob sitting on the bus waving. We heard a door slam somewhere. Will you be glad to see him (/her) again? I managed to get home by car though it broke down twice during the journey. I don’t remember saying that. That suitcase is too heavy for you to carry. Let me help you. The coffee wasn’t enough to keep me awake all night. Don’t you happen to know where he (/she) lives? I expect to stay for four days. You shouldn’t have told him (/her) to stay at home. George suggested going on a trip. Could you explain me how to make a phone call to London from here? I left the things to iron in the basket (/hamper) We can’t wait for you to decide. What are you doing here? You should be writing your lesson. I happen to know your friend well. We attended university together. You seem to have lost some weight. Do you feel like (/ Do you fancy) playing tennis in the afternoon? After having breakfast, Helen decided to go running. I regret hurting you. Seeing the clown, the children couldn’t help laughing. Peter refused to travel to Scotland with his sister. Do you mind my sitting next to you? Tom left without saying good-bye. My friends insisted on paying for my bill. And now, what are you expecting from me to do? My doctor told me to give up (/stop) smoking.
