IDLO Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Natural Resource Rights and Local Communities Project Interim Research Report February 2009 Research constitutes the core of the first phase of the IDLO Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Natural Resource Rights and Local Communities Project (the Project). The research aims to identify and document the implications and issues relating to land and natural resource access and rights of indigenous and local communities in the context of forest conservation and avoided deforestation, in particular in relation to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects. For this reason, the focus of the field research is on the Ulu Masen ecosystem, where the Government of Aceh’s REDD project is situated. Based on the findings of the research, a range of recommended measures will be articulated, aiming to strengthen the institutional capacity and the policy, legal and regulatory legal framework towards improved livelihood and rights recognition for local communities, in the context of REDD projects. Where relevant these recommendations will focus on both customary and state institutions and their linkages and respective roles.
Map of Aceh, Indonesia, indicating the Ulu Masen and Leuser Ecosystems
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Source: Fauna and Flora International.
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Research Methodology Project research and analysis is being carried out by a team of three people based in Banda Aceh, with support from the Project Manager based in Sydney, Australia. Qualitative research, employing semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, was conducted by the Project and Research Officer in two phases. Preliminary field research was conducted over eight days in October 2008, and in-depth field research was conducted throughout December 2008. The research area includes 12 villages located in and around the Ulu Masen Ecosystem, Aceh. Additional data is also being collected from relevant stakeholders in Aceh, including public institutions, academics, donors and non-government institutions. Research data are currently being correlated and analyzed by the project team in preparation for publication.
Preliminary Field Research Preliminary field research was carried out from 21-28 October 2008. The Project and Research Officer conducted semi-structured interviews with community representatives, government officials and farmers in the following 10 communities situated in or near the Ulu Masen Ecosystem:
• • •
Aceh Pidie District: villages Geumpang, Mane and Tangse. Aceh Barat District: villages Sungai Mass and Pante Cermin. Aceh Jaya District: villages Krueng Sabe, Lageun, Panga Pasie, Sampoiniet and Lamno.
Basyuni, IDLO Project and Research Officer, interviewing community leader from Mane, Aceh Pidie District, during preliminary field research (October 2008)
Recently cleared forest for community rubber and palm oil plantations, Sungai Mas, Aceh Barat District taken during preliminary field research (October 2008)
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Preliminary Findings The key issues that emerged from the preliminary research are summarized below. 1.
Unclear land status/ownership A number of factors have resulted in uncertainty over land status and land ownership in and around the communities. There is uncertainty whether a specified area of land is protected forest, production forest, customary land or privately owned land. Communities highlighted the following reasons for this uncertainty: • No maps of village boundaries. • No certificates of title. • Rural to urban migration (due to the pull factor of better job opportunities in urban areas or push factors related to the conflict) have resulted in a lot of unused land. • The rights and responsibilities of absentee landowners are unclear.
2.
Government policies relating to the management of natural resources are not appropriate in respect to cultural and social values at the community level
3.
Low bargaining position of communities vis-à-vis government and the private sector
A low bargaining position of communities is attributed to a lack of knowledge by communities of government laws and regulations, in particular in relation to zoning and land status. 4.
Low levels of productivity
• • • •
Limited access to capital for development of agriculture, animal husbandry and industry. Low soil productivity. Urbanization is pulling the most capable people away from rural communities, leaving mostly low-skilled people responsible for agricultural development. Increasingly longer dry seasons (8-9 months) leading to drought.
Multi-Stakeholder Consultative Workshop On 3 December 2008 a one-day multi-stakeholder consultative workshop (the Workshop) was held at the Oasis Hotel, Banda Aceh. The objectives of this Workshop were: • • • •
To introduce IDLO’s Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Natural Resource Rights and Local Communities Project and research to a range of stakeholders; To provide information and conduct a preliminary discussion around the key issues relating to REDD, forest protection and land and natural resource management rights of local communities in Aceh; To provide a forum for stakeholders to meet articulate perspectives and concerns; and To engage stakeholders to contribute their knowledge and experience to the project.
Around forty (40) stakeholders – including representatives from the provincial government, the Department of Plantations and Forestry, members of the judiciary, experts in Aceh customary law, local non-government organizations, international organizations and donors – attended the workshop. Please refer to Annex 1 for the list of participants to the workshop.
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A panel of four experts presented on the following key issues related to the Project: •
The Government of Aceh’s Green Economic Development and Investment Strategy (Aceh Green) Mr M. Yakob Ishadamy, Head of Government of Aceh, Aceh Green Secretariat Mr Yakob outlined the Government of Aceh’s ‘Green Economic Development and Investment Strategy for Aceh’ (Aceh Green). The Aceh Green strategy aims to sustain peace and economic reconstruction in Aceh following 30 years of conflict and the 2004 tsunami disaster. Aceh Green focuses on sustainable development by integrating economic growth, renewable energy, community development, and conservation of natural resources. Primary conservation management (avoided deforestation/REDD) is a fundamental component of Aceh Green.
•
REDD Background, Overview and Legal Implications for Aceh Ms Diasha Kashatri, Attorney - Budidjaja and Associates Ms Kashatri provided a background and overview of international policy developments in REDD. She also discussed potential legal implications of REDD in relation to community land, natural resource rights and the environment in Aceh.
•
Re-designing Aceh’s Forests Mr Bakti Siahaan, Coordinator, Aceh Forest Redesign Team Mr Siahaan discussed the work of the forest redesign team, which is mandated by Governor’s decree to recommend laws, regulations, policies and re-zoning of forest areas to improve forest protection in Aceh.
•
Challenges and Opportunities related to the Customary Management and Protection of Aceh’s Natural Resources Mr Sanusi M. Syarief, Customary Land Law Specialist Mr Syarief outlined some of the complex historical and legal issues which has led to weak recognition of hukum adat (customary law). Mr Syarief expressed the strong need to revitalize community/customary values and laws relating to forest management and to strengthen the role of communities in managing Aceh’s natural resources.
Each expert presentation was followed by a question-and-answer session with the panel and among participants. A questionnaire distributed to each participant provided further opportunity for feedback on the IDLO project, including on its relevance and suggestions for improvement. A summary of the comments provided by participants is attached at Annex 2. All Project personnel contributed to the preparation and facilitation of the Workshop. Please refer to Annex 3 for a list and profile of the Project.
Stakeholder Consultation In order to inform the research and ensure that future recommendations will be taken forward to the greatest extent possible, the team is working initiated consultations with key stakeholders involved in issues relating to land and resource rights of local communities in Aceh. Stakeholders consulted to date include: Public Institutions • • • •
The Governor of Aceh’s Office, Aceh Green Secretariat. Department of Forestry and Plantations TIPERESKA (Aceh Forest Redesign Team) BRR (Aceh Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency), Centre for Environmental Protection and Conservation
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• •
High Court of Aceh Department of Forestry and Plantations
Local Organisations/NGOs • • • •
WALHI, Indonesia’s oldest and largest environmental NGOs Demos: a local NGO involved in supporting the development of democracy in Aceh Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH; Legal Aid Organisation) Aceh Jaringan Komunitas Masyarakat Adat Aceh (JKMA; Network for Customary Communities in Aceh)
International Organisations • • •
Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Leuser International Foundation (LIF) USAID Environmental Services Program
In-depth Field Research In-depth field research was conducted in 12 communities living in the Ulu Masen Ecosystem during December 2008. Questionnaire A detailed, semi-structured questionnaire was designed in order to guide interviews and FGDs (see Annex 4). The focus areas of the questionnaire were shaped by the preliminary field visit findings. Focus Group Discussions The Project and Research Officer conducted fifteen FGDs in 12 villages in and around the Ulu Masen Ecosystem (see Table 1). The FGDs were attended by a total of 148 participants which included village leaders, local government officials, civil servants, housewives, farmers, company employees, small-traders and entrepreneurs. Table 1: Local and Participants at IDLO Focus Group Discussions, December 2008
FGD No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
District
Sub-District
Mukim2
Village
Aceh Besar
Jantho Lembah Seulawah Seulimum
Jantho Sare Aceh
Jantho Baru Sare Aceh
Lamteuba
Seulimum
Meurah Dua Meurah Dua Tangse Geumpang Mane Krung Sabe
Kota Rentang Kota Rentang Layan Geumpang Mane Krung Sabe
Lancok Sarah Mane Layan Banke Keude Mane Paya Simantok
Pidie Jaya Aceh Pidie
Aceh Jaya
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No. of Participants 11 10 9 10 10 10 10 11 10 11 15
A Mukim is territorial and social unit in Aceh comprising from three to ten villages. An Imam Mukim, or Mukim, is also the customary (adat) functionary who oversees matters of land and resource allocation, inheritance, marriage and matters of customary (religious) law in the Kemukiman (Mukim area).
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12 13 14
Aceh Barat
Sampoiniet Sungai Mas Pante Cermin
Kuta Baro Tungkop Gunong Meuh
Focus Group Discussion, Sare Aceh, Lembah Seulawah, Aceh Besar (December 2008)
Kuta Baro Tungkop Krueng Beukah
10 10 11
Focus Group Discussion, Kuta Baro, Sampoinet, Aceh Jaya (December 2008)
Desk research Desk research is being undertaking in order to situate the project within a national and international legal and policy framework. The focus of this desk research is: • • •
International and Indonesian climate change law and policy, focussing on REDD. International law protecting land and customs of indigenous peoples and local communities. Customary and statutory land rights of local communities and indigenous peoples in Aceh and Indonesia.
Publication Results from this research will form the basis of two publications: 1. A formal research paper, including recommendations on REDD, land rights and local communities in Aceh targeted at policy makers; and 2. A ’10 Frequently Asked Questions Booklet on REDD, land rights and local communities’.
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Annex 1: List of participants to the Consultative Workshop 1
Name Ria Fitri
Organisation/Institution Balai Syura Ureung Inong Aceh (Women’s Rights Network, Aceh) Environmental Services Program -USAID BRR Aceh/Nias (Indonesian Government Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency) Mahkamah Syari’ah Aceh (Syariah Court, Aceh) Fauna and Flora International - Aceh Project Aceh Green – Kantor Gubernur (Governor’s Officer)
2 3
John C. Pontius Saudah
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Drs. Ilyas SH Robert Sillevis M. Yakob Ishadamy Matthew Linkie A. Yasin Prihatin. S Edd Wright Yoyon Ferdian
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22
Zulfikar Arma Khalikul Alam G.V Reddy Zakiah Jes Putra Zulkifli Arief Iskandar Lyndol Meenan Hanifah Affan
23
Saiful Hurri
24 25 26 27 28 29
Yosrizal Cris Bennet Ilyas Ismail Darmawan Abdul Gafur Hadi Sofyan
29
Kamarudjaman
30 31 32
Sanusi M Fadlan Zahri
33 34 35
Tannsuprranto M Nur Pak Bakti
36
Diasha Kashatri,
Environmental Services Program -USAID Walhi TIPERESKA (Government Forest Redesign Team, Department of Forestry and Plantations) Attorney - Budidjaja and Associates
37 38 39 40
Jane Dunlop Patricia Parkinson Basyuni Ririn
Oxfam Policy Unit, Aceh-Nias Project Manager, IDLO Project and Research Officer, IDLO IDLO Finance and Admin Officer
FFI – Aceh Project Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh (General Court, Banda Aceh) Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh (General Court, Banda Aceh) IDLO – Aceh Project Green Foundation, Aceh JKMA Aceh (Aceh Customary Communities Network) KKTGA (Aceh Women’s Working Group) LIF (Leuser International Foundation) PENA (Aceh Environment NGO) FONA (Forum for Aceh’s Forests) Akademis UN. Unsyiah (Academic from Unsyiah University) YBJ (Women’s Organisation) International Consultant KADISHUTBUN-NAD (Aceh Department of Plantation and Forestry) KADISHUTBUN-NAD (Aceh Department of Plantation and Forestry) KPL Panorama (Aceh Environmental Group Panorama) ESP/USAID Akademis UN. Unsyiah (Academic from Unsyiah University) Masyarakat (Community) LEUHAM Aceh (Human Rights NGO, Aceh) BKSDA Aceh (Government Conservation Unit, Department of Forestry, Aceh) BKSDA Aceh (Government Conservation Unit, Department of Forestry, Aceh) MAA/YRBI (Government Adat Unit) Green Lamp/Aceh Hijau (Aceh Environment Group) CC
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Annex 2: Comments and suggestions from workshop participants High Court Representative, Banda Aceh: “The IDLO project is very relevant to Aceh’s development because REDD is a current issue that we need to pay attention to. It would be beneficial if IDLO could also work on broader issues in Aceh relating to the protection of natural resources”. General Court Representative, Banda Aceh: “This project is relevant because successful development is development that includes an environmental perspective” Syariah Court Representative, Banda Aceh: “This project is very relevant, especially if IDLO has a well developed vision and plan, and if the project can recommend a legal framework that will ensure benefits at the community level.” KKTGA (Kelompok Kerja Transformasi Gender di Aceh; Aceh Gender Justice Group) Representative: “IDLO’s project is extremely relevant for Aceh, and it is great that the project will ensure direct input from communities and other stakeholders. IDLO must ensure that the views of minority groups are represented in the research through carefully considered processes.” LEUHAM Aceh (Lembaga Untuk Hak Asasi Manusia Aceh; Aceh Human Rights Organisation) Representative: “IDLO’s project is very relevant and appropriate to the issue of local community rights under the broader framework economic social and cultural rights which we are working towards in Aceh, especially as the IDLO project will prioritize and analyze community benefits and rights over natural resources. Our hope is that the bargaining position of communities becomes central to Aceh’s development in order for Aceh to become fair and democratic.” Environmental Services Programme, USAID Representative: “The priority of this project should be to facilitate dialogue between positive/state law and adat (customary) law.” Lecturer in Private Law, Syiah Kuala University Representative: “Research is urgently needed in order to have the background information for community advocacy.”
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Annex 3: Project personnel profiles The Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Resource Rights and Local Communities Project is implemented from the IDLO Aceh Project Office.
Jane Dunlop International Team Leader and Lead Researcher (IDLO Project Office, Aceh)
[email protected] Jane Dunlop, a New Zealand national, is the International Team Leader and Lead Researcher for the Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Resource Rights and Local Communities Project. Jane’s focus areas include customary, resource management and environmental law (particularly in relation to climate change). Prior to joining IDLO Jane was the Land Rights Coordinator for Oxfam in Aceh. Jane has also worked as an Environmental Planner in New Zealand. Jane holds a Bachelor of Laws with First Class Honors and a Bachelor of Arts in Geography from the University of Otago, New Zealand, and has been admitted to the bar as a Barrister and Solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand. Basyuni Project and Research Officer (IDLO Project Office, Aceh)
[email protected] Basyuni, an Indonesian national, is the Project and Research Officer responsible for undertaking field research with communities in the Ulu Masen Ecosystem. Basyuni has a wide range of experience working on issues relating to community and the environment. Prior to joining IDLO Basyuni was the Aceh Advocacy and Campaigns Manager for Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (the Indonesian Forum for the Environment; or WALHI), Indonesia’s oldest and largest environmental advocacy NGO. Basyuni has also worked as a Field Facilitator with the International Organisation for Migration, as a Team Leader for Oxfam’s post-tsunami livelihoods programme, as a community mobiliser with Child Fund, and for a number of Indonesian NGOs working on conflict-related human rights issues in Aceh. Basyuni holds a Bachelor of Laws from Malikussaleh University, Lhoksuemawe, and Diploma of State Administration from Notokusumo Academic University Yogyakarta and Malikussaleh University. Kurniawan Research Consultant (IDLO Project Office, Aceh)
[email protected] Kurniawan, an Indonesian national, is a Research Consultant to the project providing technical support on customary and Indonesian state law related to land and natural resource management. Before joining IDLO Kurniawan has worked on community land rights issues as Advocacy Officer with Oxfam Aceh; as Advocacy Adviser for World Vision where he published a book entitled Tanah ‘Untuk Hidupan yang Lebih Baik’ (Land for a Better Life); and as the Head of Advocacy for Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Aceh (the Aceh Legal Aid Organisation; LBH). Kurniawan holds a Bachelor of Laws from Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. Fadhillah Hanum Finance and Administration Officer (IDLO Project Office, Aceh)
[email protected] Fadhillah Hanum, an Indonesian national, is the Finance and Administration Officer for the Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Resource Rights and Local Communities Project. Prior to joining IDLO, Fadhillah was the Finance Officer for Help Age International,
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as a Human Resources Officer for International Medical Corps. Fadhillah holds a Diploma in Accounting from the State Polytechnic College, Aceh and is currently in the final stages of completing her Bachelor of Accounting at the Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. Patricia Parkinson Project Manager (IDLO Asia Pacific Regional Centre, Sydney)
[email protected] Patricia A. Parkinson, a French and Australian dual national, is Associate Program Legal Counsel at IDLO’s Asia-Pacific Regional Centre and Manager for the Avoiding Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia: Land, Resource Rights and Local Communities Project. She holds a Master of Public International Law from the University Toulouse 1, France, and a Master of Environmental Law (MEL) from the University of Sydney, Australia. Patricia joined IDLO in 2003 and has since worked on a range of environmental law, international trade law and judicial reform-related initiatives. These include managing a Climate Change and Developing Countries- Asia Pacific Regional Seminar (Sydney, Oct.08), a Legal Framework of Water Resources in Asia Seminar (Sydney, 2007), a research project on Biofuels, Good Governance and Sustainable Development (2007), a course on Environmental Law Enforcement for Indonesian judges and environmental law enforcement officers (Sydney, 2005), Patricia was international trainer in a series of seminars in a range of provinces of Indonesia as part of an Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia training program (IASTP III, 2006, 2007). Patricia was IDLO’s representative at the UNFCCC COP13 in Bali in 2007.
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Annex 4: Questionnaire with abridged English translation Questionnaire 1. Tanah adat • Menurut apa yang saudara ketahui tentang tanah adat? • Menurut saudara Apakah tanah adat memiliki batas-batas? o Kalau iya: • apa batas-batas tersebut? • Apakah masyarakat memiliki peta tentang tanah adat. o Jika iya: • siapa yang membuatnya? • Ada tidak masyarakat terlibat dalam proses pembuatan peta tersebut? o Jika tidak: • Apakah menurut saudara masyarakat perlu peta tentang tanah adat? Mengapa? • Jika ada proses pemetaan tanah adat di wilayah gampong saudara, bagaimana cara terbaik melakukan pemetaan tersebut menurut saudara? • Apakah saudara merasa tanah dengan status adat mampu/cukup dalam memberikan proteksi terhadap sengketa lahan? o Jika iya, apa alasan saudara? o Jika tidak: • Mengapa? • Apakah saudara punya cerita tentang tanah adat yang bersengketa? • Menurut saudara, apa cara yang terbaik untuk menghindari sengketa terhadap lahan adat tersebut. 1. Sejarah gampong a. Tertulis b. Tidak tertulis 2. Membuat batas-batas 3. Membuat peta 4. Lainnya_______ • Adakah syarat khusus yang harus dipenuhi oleh masyarakat untuk mendapatkan tanah adat? o Jika iya: • Apa syarat-syarat tersebut? • Bagaimana proses untuk membuat syarat itu? • Apakah masyarakat setuju dengan syarat-syarat yang sudah ada? Mengapa iya/mengapa tidak? o Jika tidak, mengapa? • Menurut saudara, siapa yang berwenang untuk mengeluarkan ijin pengeloaan tanah adat? • Apa bentuk perijinan tersebut (surat keterangan keucik, dll)? • Adakah masa waktu berakhirnya pengeloaan tanah adat? o Kalau iya, berapa lama berlaku ijin pengeloaan tanah adapt tersebut? 2. Lahan tidur/terlantar dan Bukti/proses lahan yang boleh digunakan • Menurut saudara, apa yang saudara ketahui tentang lahan tidur/terlantar? • Jika saudara mengetahui adanya lahan tidur di sekitar wilayah saudara, bagaimana proses untuk mengetahui kepemilikan lahan tersebut?
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• •
•
Jika ada lahan tidur/terlantar di wilayah saudara, apa tindakan saudara dalam hal pemanfaatan? Jika ada lahan tidur yang tidak jelas statusnya, bagaimana pemikiran saudara terhadap lahan tersebut? o Dilaporkan kepada pihak gampong/mukim o Dilaporkan kepada Pak Camat o Dilaporkan kepada Pak Bupati o Dilaporkan kepada Dinas Kehutanan Bagaimana pendapat saudara tentang pemilik lahan yang tidak berada lagi di gampong ini?
3. Status tanah • Apakah saudara mengetahui lahan yang ada di sekitar hutan dan batasannya, misalnya hutan lindung, hutan produksi, hutan Negara dan Tahura. o Jika iya, di mana mendapat informasinya? o Jika tidak, apakah solusi saudarah untuk mendapat informasi tersebut? • Bagaimana pendapat saudara jika ada hutan lindung yang dijadikan sebagai hutan produksi? • Apakah sudah ada sosialisasi tentang batas hutan? o Kalau iya, • Siapa meluakukan socialisasinya? • Bagaimana pendapat saudara terhadap hasil sosialisasi tersebut? Mengapa? 4. Kebijakan Pemerintah Apakah saudara tahu tentang kebijakan pemerintah terhadap batas hutan lindung.
•
5. Peta-Peta dan batas-batas tanah
•
Apakah wilayah saudara sudah ada peta untuk batas-batas: o Lahan pribadi o Tanah gampong o Mukim o Kecematan o Hutan konservasi o Hutan lindung o Hutan produksi • Jika tidak, apakah saudara menginginkan adanya peta: o Lahan pribadi o Tanah gampong o Mukim o Kecematan o Hutan konservasi o Hutan lindung o Hutan produksi • Siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk melakukan proses pemetaan wilayah gampong saudara? • Sejauhmana keterlibatan masyarakat dalam proses pemetaan? • Adakah proses legalisasi terhadap peta wilayah gampong sudah dibuat? o Jika iya: Institusi mana yang melakukan legalisasi tersebut?
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o
Dalam bentuk apa? Jika tidak: Apakah menurut saudara peta yang ada tanpa proses legalisai cukup atau tidak untuk mempertahankan batas wilayah gampong saudara. • Kalau cukup, apa alasannya? • Kalau tidak cukup, apa solusinya?
6. Proses Resolusi Sengketa tentang lahan dan akses terhadap sumber daya alam di masyarakat lokal • Jika ada masalah tentang status tanah saudara, ke mana saudara harus mengadu? o Kepala Desa, Mukim, Camat, BPN, dll. • Jika ada sengketa antara sesama pemilik lahan di gampong, bagaimana proses penyelesaiannya? o Melalui musyawarah gampong o Melalui Camat o Melalui Polisi o Melalui proses pengadilan • Apa alasanya? • Jika melalui musyawarah gampong: Bagaimana prosesnya? o Jika tidak mendapatkan solusi di musyawarah gampong, apa tindakan saudara untuk menyelesaikannya? Menapa? o Apakah saudara setuju dengan solusi yang didapatkan dari musyawarah yang sudah ada? Mengapa iya/mengapa tidak? • Jika melalui Camat: Bagaimana prosesnya? • Jika melalui Polisi: Bagaimana prosesnya? • Jika melalui proses pengadilan: Bagaimana prosesnya? Abridged English Translation 1.
Customary land • What do you know about customary land? • Does this village have maps of land ownership boundaries? • Are customary land boundaries included in this map? • If there has been a land mapping process in this village, how was it conducted? • If there was a land mapping process in this village, how would you suggest it should be conducted? • Are your customary rights are adequately protected and clear in order to avoid disputes over land ownership? • How does someone in this community come into ownership of customary land? • Is there written evidence of this ownership? • Does a right to manage customary land expire? Explain?
2.
Unused or abandoned land • What do you know about abandoned land? • Is there abandoned land in or around this village? If so, why? • What is the process for identifying the owner of unused land if a villager would like to use it? • If the ownership of unused land is unclear, who will you or other villagers follow up with (village leader, head of sub-district, head of district, Department of Plantation and Forestry, other)? • What is your attitude towards people who own land in this village but no longer live in the village?
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3.
Land status • Are you aware of the status and boundaries of different types of land in this area, for example: privately owned land, customary land, protected forest, plantation/production land? • What is your opinion about forest land that has been converted into productive land for plantations? • How does the community receive information about forest boundaries?
4.
Government regulations and policies • What do you know about government regulations and policies relating to protected forest boundaries?
5.
Maps and land boundaries • Does this area have maps of boundaries that indicate: o Private land o Community land o Mukim land o Sub-district land o Conservation forest o Production forest • If not, do you think it would be useful to have maps indicating the above? • Who has responsibility for mapping the boundaries of this village? • If there have been mapping processes conducted, was the community involved?
6.
Dispute resolution processes in relation to land and natural resources at the community level • If a problem arises about the status of land, where will you first go to attempt to resolve the dispute? • If there is dispute between land owners in the community, what is the process to resolve this dispute?
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