23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006
Met opmaak: Links: 2,54 cm, Rechts: 2,54 cm, Boven: 2,54 cm, Onder: 2,79 cm, Afstand van koptekst tot rand: 1,5 cm, Afstand van voettekst tot rand: 1,75 cm Met opmaak: Engels (Groot-Brittannië)
Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 14 pt
FROM A NATURAL-GAS-BASED TO A HYDROGEN-BASED SOCIETY: PROPOSAL FOR A NORTHEAST ASIAN HYDROGEN HIGHWAY
Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 14 pt Verwijderd: The 9th
... [1]
Verwijderd: of Met opmaak
... [2]
Verwijderd: Northeast
Kazuhiko O’HASHI, D. Eng.
... [3]
Met opmaak
... [4]
Met opmaak
... [5]
Met opmaak
... [6]
Met opmaak
... [7]
Met opmaak
... [8]
Met opmaak
... [9]
General Manager, Nippon Steel Corporation
Met opmaak
... [10]
Japan
Verwijderd: ,
Masaru HITARA, D. Eng. President, Shibaura Institute of Technology Japan William C. LEIGHTY Director, The Leighty Foundation USA
Met opmaak
... [11]
Met opmaak
... [12]
Verwijderd: 2005¶ Met opmaak
... [13]
Met opmaak
... [14]
Met opmaak
... [15]
Verwijderd: Kazuhiko
... [16]
Met opmaak
... [17]
Met opmaak
... [18]
Verwijderd: Masaru HIRATA, ... [19] Met opmaak
... [20]
Met opmaak
... [21]
Met opmaak
... [22]
Met opmaak
... [23]
Met opmaak
... [24]
Met opmaak
... [25]
Met opmaak
... [26]
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [27]
Met opmaak
... [28]
1. ABSTRACT The world is facing a variety of problems attributable to global warming, caused by emissions of greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil fuels. Worldwide, the consumption of fossil fuels by developing countries, especially the People’s Republic of China (China) and India, is expected to greatly increase, as the economies and populations of these countries grow. We fear that this will greatly aggravate global warming.
Met opmaak
... [29]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak: Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm Verwijderd: ¶ 1. Introduction¶
In Northeast Asia, East Siberia and Sakhalin are rich in natural gas (NG), the cleanest fossil fuel. It is essential for the environmental protection and energy security of the Northeast Asian region to construct an energy infrastructure network that can transport and distribute NG throughout the region in the near term, and renewable-source gaseous hydrogen (GH2) in the long term. For this reason, we have promoted the construction of an NG pipeline network through the activities of the Northeast Asia Natural Gas and Pipeline Forum (NAGPF) (1). The pipeline network will be the principal component of the above energy infrastructure and will be instrumental in our evolution toward a hydrogen-based society. Some reports state that more than three-quarters of commercially exploitable hydroelectric power (hydro) resources of all Russia are in East Siberia. The surplus electric power that can be 9 generated in the areas around Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk is estimated at 20 TWh (TWh = 10 kWh) per year. Adding the surplus hydro of the Kharnor plant in Chita Province, the total annual energy is about 25 to 30 TWh. The Bureya hydro plant, one of the highest priority study subjects under the framework of the Japan-Russia Far East Economic Cooperation agreement, and slated for startup within a few years, is expected to add another large increment of surplus energy. In addition to NG and hydro, the areas from Kamchatka through the Kuril’skiye Islands (called the Chishima Islands, in Japan) to Sakhalin is a world-class wind energy resource. West China has huge potential for solar energy. Our ultimate goal is a clean and sustainable society based on renewable energy sources, wherein hydrogen is produced from the vast potential of renewable energy in Siberia and China. The hydrogen thus produced would be transmitted through the pipeline network, progressively replacing NG as it is depleted. A series of related experimental studies called “NaturalHY” is under way in the European Union (EU) (3). This is a global opportunity; Figure 4 shows the world’s major potential hydro, solar, geothermal, and tidal power generation sites.
Met opmaak
Verwijderd: ; including floods, ... [31] Verwijderd: Global warming, ... [32] in turn, is attributable to Met opmaak ... [33] Verwijderd: The global Met opmaak
Hydraulic modeling shows that pipelines can deliver GH2 over long distances, without midline compressors, at acceptable pressure loss (5-6). The pipeline provides significant energy storage, to smooth the time-varying output of renewables. We propose a pilot-scale plant, the International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF) for R+D necessary to prove the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale, synergistic harvest and delivery of diverse, dispersed, diffuse, distant renewables.
... [34]
Verwijderd: s… resulting ... [35] Met opmaak
... [36]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [37]
Verwijderd: mainly,
... [38]
Met opmaak
... [39]
Verwijderd: by a huge... [40] amount ( Fig. 1) Met opmaak ... [41] Verwijderd: economy Met opmaak
... [42]
Verwijderd: population Met opmaak
... [43]
Verwijderd: (Fig. 2); w Met opmaak
With M. Hirata, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo, as team leader, we have conducted preparatory studies for the construction of the Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline Network (Fig.1), and for the transition to a hydrogen-based society. We have proposed and promoted this scheme since 1988 (1-2). Because of the environmental and energy security problems facing Northeast Asia, this paper proposes the efficient utilization of the region’s natural gas resources and the construction of a Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway as the first step toward a hydrogen-based society based on renewable energy sources (renewables).
... [30]
Verwijderd: the
... [44]
Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: the Met opmaak
... [45]
Met opmaak
... [46]
Met opmaak
... [47]
Met opmaak
... [48]
Met opmaak
... [49]
Met opmaak
... [50]
Met opmaak
... [51]
Met opmaak
... [52]
Met opmaak: Uitvullen Met opmaak
... [53]
Met opmaak
... [54]
Met opmaak
... [55]
Met opmaak
... [56]
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [57]
Met opmaak
... [58]
Met opmaak
TABLE OF CONTENTS
... [59]
Met opmaak: Centreren Met opmaak: Lettertype: 11 pt Met opmaak: Regelafstand: enkel
1. Abstract
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [60]
2. Northeast Asian Highways and Pipelines
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [61]
3. Energy Security in Northeast Asia
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [62]
4. Prevention of Global Warming and Future Energy Strategy
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [63]
5. Natural Gas (NG) and Renewable Energy Resources in Northeast Asia
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt
6. Proposal for a Hydrogen Highway for Northeast Asia Renewables
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
7. Options for Large-scale Transmission of Stranded Renewable Resources
... [64]
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt, Niet Vet
8. Challenges of Renewables Hydrogen Service (RHS) for Transmission Pipelines
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
9. Conclusion
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt
10. References
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [66]
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [67]
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [68]
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [69]
11. List of Tables
12. List of Figures
... [65]
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [70]
Met opmaak: opsommingstekens en nummering
... [71]
Met opmaak: Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [72]
Met opmaak
... [73]
2. NORTHEAST ASIAN HIGHWAYS AND PIPELINES
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 12 pt, Vet Verwijderd: ¶ ¶ Fig.-1 Rapidly Increasing Positions of China and India in Energy Demand of ... [74] Verwijderd: the deposit Verwijderd: for Verwijderd: in the
... [75]
Verwijderd: potentials Met opmaak
... [76]
Met opmaak
... [77]
Met opmaak
... [78]
Verwijderd: deposits of ... [79] natural gas(NG), the cleanest of Verwijderd: indispensable Verwijderd: potential of... [80] Verwijderd: conducted ... [81] preparatory studies for the Met opmaak ... [82] Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: a ... [83] hydrogen-based society based Met opmaak ... [84] Verwijderd: essential for ...the [85] Met opmaak
... [86]
Met opmaak
... [87]
Verwijderd: main stay for Verwijderd: the principal ... [88] component of the above energy Met opmaak ... [89] Met opmaak
... [90]
Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: areas from ... [91] Kamchatka through the Verwijderd: conducted ... in the [92] Met opmaak
... [93]
Verwijderd: carried out Verwijderd: carried out Met opmaak
... [94]
Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: team leader, ...we [95] Met opmaak
... [96]
Met opmaak
... [97]
Verwijderd: .-3 Met opmaak
... [98]
Verwijderd: (Source:NAGPF, ... [99] Sept.2000) Met opmaak ... [100]
Figure 1. Proposed Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline Network, Oil Pipelines, and Asia Highway and Land Bridge Routes (Sources: NAGPF, Sep 00; Asia Highway Network, 04; Schiller Institute, 02; CRS, USA)
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [101]
Met opmaak
... [102]
In Northeast Asia, East Siberia and Sakhalin are rich in deposits of natural gas (NG), the cleanest of fossil fuels. It is essential for the environmental conservation and energy security of the Northeast Asian region to construct a regional energy infrastructure network that can transport and distribute NG throughout the region in the near term, and renewable-source gaseous hydrogen (GH2) in the long term. For this reason, we have promoted the construction of an NG pipeline network through the activities of the Northeast Asia Natural Gas and Pipeline Forum (NAGPF) (1) (Fig. 1). The pipeline network will be the principal component of the above energy infrastructure and will be instrumental in the construction of a hydrogen-based society. New NG and oil pipelines will follow extant highways, where available; new roads and highways will facilitate pipelines in remote areas.
Met opmaak: Tekstkleur: Auto Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Met opmaak: Uitvullen Met opmaak
... [103]
Verwijderd: ¶
Some reports state that more than three-quarters of commercially exploitable hydroelectric power (hydro) resources of the whole of Russia are in East Siberia. The surplus electric power that can be generated in the areas around Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk is estimated to amount to 20 TWh 9 (TWh = 10 kWh) per year. Adding the surplus electric power of the Kharnor hydro plant in Chita Province, the total annual energy is expected to reach 25 to 30 TWh. The Bureya hydro plant, one of the highest priority study subjects under the framework of the Japan-Russia Far East Economic Cooperation agreement, and slated to start up within a few years, is expected to add another large increment of available surplus energy.
Fig. 4 Prospected Asian Demand for Primary Energy Sources (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004)¶ ¶ Met opmaak
Our ultimate goal is to construct a clean and sustainable society based on renewable energy sources, wherein hydrogen is produced from the vast potential of hydro and solar energy in Siberia and China as well as from world-class wind power resources in areas from Kamchatka through the Kuril’skiye Islands (called the Chishima Islands in Japan) to Sakhalin. The hydrogen thus produced would be transmitted through the pipeline network, progressively replacing NG as it is depleted.
3. ENERGY SECURITY IN NORTHEAST ASIA According to some calculations, while the energy demand of all the world will more than triple from now to 2100, that of China and other Asian developing countries will grow more than six-fold in the same period (Fig. 2). The dependence of the Asian developing countries, including China and India, on imported petroleum is predicted to reach 80% in 2030, nearly double that in 2002 (Table 1). For perspective, the electric power demand of China is growing annually by an amount comparable to 9 the total capacity of the Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. of Japan, 150 TWh (TWh= 10 kWh) per year; the number of automobiles in China and India is expected to grow rapidly. World petroleum supply will depend more and more on the Middle East; its share of world petroleum production will increase from the present 25% to nearly 50% as early as 2030. Furthermore, world petroleum production may soon peak, because the estimated reserves of newly discovered oil fields in the last 20 years is less than the production during the period. We fear that in this situation, worldwide competition for energy sources will inevitably intensify (Table 1). The situation is very similar with natural gas; the demand in China has increased so rapidly that the country will soon become a net importer of natural gas. Many specialists say that the world demand for natural gas may double by 2030, and the supply-demand balance will become very tight. Therefore, many countries, especially China, have strengthened their relationships with the petroleum-producing countries in the Middle East, Africa, Confederation of Independent States (CIS), et al. China is also eagerly promoting the construction of a petroleum pipeline from Myanmar to China because sea traffic via the Straits of Malacca and other passages is becoming increasingly precarious. The security of sea lanes is of vital importance for other Northeast Asian countries, who are also seriously studying various oil and gas pipeline projects (Fig. 2) (Table 1).
... [105]
Verwijderd: Proceed Met opmaak
In addition to NG and hydro, there is a world-class wind power resource in the areas from Kamchatka through the Kuril’skiye Islands to Sakhalin. West China has huge potential for solar energy. Figure 4 shows the major potential sites of hydro, solar and tidal power generation of the world.
... [104]
... [106]
Verwijderd: Are Advancing ... [107] Met opmaak
... [108]
Verwijderd: nergy Security ... [109] in Northeast Asia Met opmaak ... [110] Verwijderd: 2 Met opmaak
... [111]
Met opmaak
... [112]
Met opmaak
... [113]
Verwijderd: triplicate Met opmaak
... [114]
Verwijderd: 8 Met opmaak
... [115]
Verwijderd: Actually Verwijderd: In fact Met opmaak
... [116]
Verwijderd: x Met opmaak
... [117]
Verwijderd: (Fig. 9) Verwijderd: , and Met opmaak
... [118]
Met opmaak
... [119]
Verwijderd: (Fig. 10) Met opmaak
... [120]
Met opmaak: Uitvullen Met opmaak
... [121]
Met opmaak: Tekstkleur: Met opmaak: Uitvullen
Japan depends on petroleum for about 50% of its energy, and is self-sufficient in only 4% of its non-nuclear energy supply. Japan is thus among the most vulnerable of developed countries for its energy supply (Fig. 3). Therefore, for energy security, it will be increasingly important for Japan to suppress energy demand by creating an energy-saving society, while at the same time procuring stable and reliable energy sources.
Met opmaak: Tekstkleur: Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [122]
Met opmaak
... [123]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [124]
Met opmaak
... [125]
Met opmaak
... [126]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [127]
Met opmaak
... [128]
Verwijderd: Fig. 8 Global ... [129] Met opmaak
... [130]
Met opmaak
... [131]
Verwijderd: of Met opmaak
... [132]
Verwijderd: s Met opmaak
... [133]
Met opmaak
... [134]
Tabel met opmaak
... [135]
Met opmaak
... [136]
Verwijderd: Country Met opmaak
... [137]
Met opmaak
... [138]
Met opmaak
... [139]
Met opmaak
... [140]
Met opmaak
... [141]
Met opmaak
... [142]
Met opmaak
... [143]
Met opmaak
... [144]
Met opmaak
... [145]
Met opmaak
... [146]
Verwijderd: b Met opmaak
... [147]
Met opmaak
... [148]
Verwijderd: ¶
Figure 2. Predicted Asian Demand for Primary Energy Sources and Three Scenarios for China Electricity Demand and Supply (Sources: IEEJ, Nov 04; Energy Research Institute, Feb 04) Mtoe: Million tons of oil equivalent
¶ Met opmaak Met opmaak
... [149] ... [150] ... [151]
Verwijderd: in
Table 1.
Predicted Changes in Petroleum Demand and Import Dependence by Region Year
Region
2002
2030
Verwijderd: as early as 2030 ... [152]
North America
Europe
Developing Asia
Demand (Million Tons Oil Equivalent) (Mtoe)
1,079
China
Met opmaak
... [153]
689
606
247
Verwijderd: ¶
... [154]
Met opmaak
Import Dependency
36 %
54 %
43 %
34 %
Verwijderd: quite
... [155]
Demand (Million Tons Oil Equivalent) (Mtoe)
1,478
794
1,448
636
Verwijderd: very similar ... with [156]
Import Dependency
55 %
86 %
78 %
74 %
Met opmaak
... [157]
Verwijderd: : Verwijderd: of Verwijderd: for Routes for ... [158] Met opmaak
... [159]
Verwijderd: for Routes for ... [160] Met opmaak
... [161]
Verwijderd: thus Met opmaak
... [162]
Verwijderd: the demand in ... [163]
Met opmaak
... [164]
Met opmaak
... [165] ... [166]
... [167]
Met opmaak
... [179]
Met opmaak
... [180]
Met opmaak
... [181]
Met opmaak
... [182]
Verwijderd: -18 Met opmaak
... [183]
Verwijderd: . Met opmaak
... [184]
Met opmaak
... [185]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [186]
Verwijderd: the Met opmaak
... [187]
Met opmaak
... [188]
Met opmaak
... [189]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [190]
Verwijderd: is made Met opmaak
... [191]
Verwijderd: s
Figure 3.
Primary Energy Supply of Japan
(Source: METI, Mar 2005)
Uranium resources are distributed more or less evenly worldwide, and nuclear energy will become available virtually permanently when the fast breeder reactor (FBR) becomes commercially viable. However, a commercial FBR will require a great deal of continued difficult research and development effort.
4. PREVENTION OF GLOBAL WARMING AND FUTURE ENERGY STRATEGY Worldwide emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) is expected to increase rapidly from now on because of increasing energy consumption. According to some calculations, the CO2 emission of just the developing countries in 2100 will be at least six times as large as it is now. On the other hand, specialists maintain that, in order to curb and stabilize the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, it is necessary to drastically reduce CO2 emission to half the present level, or less. Considering the above, the battle against global warming must be prepared for and fought under a long-term strategy. Efficient use of natural gas, the cleanest of fossil fuels, must be our tactic to reduce CO2 emission in the short-to-medium term, but in the long term, it is necessary to form a hydrogen-based society. In such a society, hydrogen will be produced using renewable energy sources, ultimately clean and sustainable, and the hydrogen thus produced will be used by fuel cells on board vehicles, and distributed in a decentralized electricity generation system. In this context, Japan must further refine and deploy its world-class energy saving technologies to reduce its energy demand and to construct the most energy-efficient society possible while, at the same time, urgently transfer the energy saving technologies to China and other developing countries. This will contribute to both environmental improvement and energy security of the Northeast Asian countries. On the other hand, while reducing energy demand through these efforts, it is necessary to meet the demand of the Northeast Asian countries with secure and benign energy supplies. We must emphasize both energy security and the prevention of global warming. To this end, it is now essential to begin practically exploiting renewable energy sources that are ultimately clean, sustainable, abundant, and affordable.
Verwijderd: seems to be Verwijderd: ¶
... [192]
Met opmaak
... [193]
Verwijderd: 3 Met opmaak
... [194]
Met opmaak
... [195]
Met opmaak
... [196]
Verwijderd: revention...of[197] Global Warming and Future Met opmaak ... [198] Met opmaak
... [199]
Met opmaak
... [200]
Verwijderd: s Met opmaak
Met opmaak
There are vast NG deposits in East Siberia and Sakhalin, and the NAGPF is eagerly studying the construction of a transmission and distribution network for NG to be produced from these areas (Fig. 1) (1-2).
... [203]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak Verwijderd: ¶
... [204] ... [205]
Met opmaak
... [206]
Met opmaak
... [207]
Met opmaak
... [208]
Verwijderd: the Met opmaak
... [209]
Verwijderd: strategy Met opmaak
5. NG AND RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN NORTHEAST ASIA
... [201]
Verwijderd: or more…the ... [202]
... [210]
Verwijderd: the Met opmaak
... [211]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [212]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [213]
Verwijderd: terms Met opmaak
... [214]
Verwijderd: a Met opmaak
... [215] ... [216]
Met opmaak
... [217] ... [218]
Met opmaak
... [219]
Met opmaak
... [220]
Met opmaak
... [221]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [228]
Verwijderd: Moreover,... some [229] Met opmaak
... [230]
Verwijderd: Besides
Table 2 shows the worldwide potential of hydroelectric power generation. The whole Asian region is estimated to have potential annual hydroelectric power generation of 1,890 TWh exploitable by 2020, accounting for approximately 30% of the world total.
Verwijderd: exists
Table 2.
Verwijderd: exists
Potential Hydroelectric Power Generation Resources by Region (Source: WEC, 2003) Geographic Region
Practicable Hydropower TWh/a
Verwijderd: are in East... [233]
Developed hydropower 1990 TWh/a
2000 %
TWh/a
Met opmaak
2020 %
Verwijderd: in the areas ... from [231] Kamchatka through the Met opmaak ... [232]
TWh/a
%
... [234]
Verwijderd: Verwijderd: priority study
Europe
1,670
745
44.6
845
50.6
1,080
64.7
Asia
3,050
390
12.8
670
22.0
1,890
62.0
Verwijderd: subject
Africa
2,000
57
2.9
160
8.0
1,240
62.0
Met opmaak
North America
775
587
75.7
620
80.0
645
83.2
Verwijderd: subjects under ... [236]
Latin America
2,825
418
14.8
650
23.0
1,550
54.9
160
43
26.9
55
34.4
95
59.4
Verwijderd: In addition...to[237] the NG and hydro, there is a Met opmaak ... [238]
10,480
2,240
21.4
3,000
28.6
6,500
62.0
Oceania The World
... [235]
Verwijderd: a Verwijderd: huge potential
Figure 4 shows the global distribution of geothermal resources, and Table 3, the potential and projected development of geothermal energy by geographic region. The table states that Asia has a potential of geothermal power generation of 560 TWh per year that can be developed by 2020, accounting for roughly 43% of the world total.
Table 3.
Useful accessible Resource base
Developed geothermal energy Electricity
Electricity
Direct use
1994
TWh/a
EJ
TWh/a
Direct use
2020 TWh/a
1994 %
PJ/a
Verwijderd: for solar energy. ... [239] Met opmaak
... [240]
Met opmaak
... [241]
Verwijderd: ¶
Potential Geothermal Resources by Region (Source: WEC, 2003)
Geographic Region
Verwijderd: of
... [243]
Met opmaak
... [244]
Verwijderd: Exploitable
2020 PJ/a
... [242]
Met opmaak
R/P
Met opmaak
... [245] ... [246]
Europe
2,030
105,035
3.8
160
7.9
66
1,300
81
Met opmaak
Asia
3,299
130,426
8.4
560
17.0
28
280
466
Met opmaak
... [247]
Africa
1,354
146,963
0.4
60
4.4
4
40
3,674
Met opmaak
North America
1,482
75,555
16.5
160
10.8
14
350
216
... [248]
Latin America
3,112
100,969
6.7
300
9.6
0.4
50
2,019
Met opmaak
... [249]
Oceania
1,166
39,581
2.2
60
5.1
7
32
1,237
Tabel met opmaak
... [250]
World total
12,443
598,529
38.0
1,300
10.4
119
2,052
292
Verwijderd: 2)
... [251]
1)
6. PROPOSAL FOR A HYDROGEN HIGHWAY FOR NORTHEAST ASIA RENEWABLES
Verwijderd:
In 1999, we proposed the construction of a pipeline network for gaseous hydrogen to be produced, as stated earlier, utilizing the potential of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro in Northeast Asia. To contribute to environmental conservation and the energy security of the region, the proposal envisaged:
Met opmaak
... [253]
Met opmaak
... [254]
•
Producing hydrogen by electrolysis of water abundantly available in the region, using the above renewable energy sources, and
•
Distributing the hydrogen to every corner of the region using a natural gas pipeline network for storage and electricity generation by fuel cells that are dispersed throughout the region.
For this purpose, we have proposed and promoted the scheme of the Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline since 1988 (1-2).
Verwijderd: ¶
... [252]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [255]
Met opmaak
... [256]
Verwijderd: Fig. 26 World ... [257] Met opmaak
... [258]
Met opmaak
... [259]
Met opmaak
... [260]
Verwijderd: regions Verwijderd: region. The ... [261] Met opmaak
... [262]
Verwijderd: 2 Met opmaak
... [263] ... [264]
Met opmaak
... [265]
Met opmaak
... [266]
Tabel met opmaak
... [267] ... [268]
Met opmaak
... [269]
Verwijderd: Based on this philosophy and jointly with W. C. Leighty and other researchers from the USA, we presented a paper Met opmaak: Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Voor: 6 pt Verwijderd: a long-pending territorial dispute between Japan and Russia: this renewable energy base may begin to alleviate this dispute. Hydrogen would be produced ... [281] Met opmaak
... [282]
Met opmaak
... [283]
Verwijderd: titled Verwijderd: shows that...many [284] people agree with us that it is Verwijderd: entitled “Large ... [285] Renewables-Hydrogen Energy Verwijderd: had Met opmaak
... [286]
Met opmaak
... [287]
Met opmaak
... [288]
Verwijderd: have been Met opmaak
... [289]
Met opmaak
... [290]
Verwijderd: we understand
Figure 4. World, and Asia, Distribution of Renewable Resources: Wind, Solar, Geothermal (Sources: Journal of Geophysical Research; 2000APERC, 2004; World Bank)
Met opmaak
... [291]
Met opmaak
... [292]
Met opmaak
... [293]
Met opmaak
... [294]
Met opmaak
... [295]
Met opmaak
... [296]
Met opmaak
... [297]
Met opmaak
... [298]
Met opmaak
... [299]
Met opmaak
... [300]
Verwijderd: (and still is)
Based on this philosophy and jointly with W. C. Leighty and other researchers from the USA, we presented a paper entitled “Large Renewables-Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources” at the 22nd World Gas Conference in Tokyo, in June 2003 (Best Paper Award) (4). This shows that many people agree with us that it is necessary, for the environmental protection and energy security of Northeast Asia, that we urgently construct a hydrogen-based, sustainable society in the region.
Verwijderd: the subject of
Figure 4 shows the wind energy in the Eurasia, Northeast Asia, and North Pacific regions, analyzed and compiled by the Asia Pipeline Research Center of the Shibaura Institute of Technology, based on global wind data. We proposed a scheme for hydrogen production and distribution for the first time in 1999, based on the data presented herein and on other renewable energy sources data. Our proposal envisages constructing a renewable-energy base to be operated jointly by Japan, Russia and the USA on the Four Northern Islands in the southern part of the Kuril’skiye Islands. These islands have been the subject of a long-pending territorial dispute between Japan and Russia; this renewable energy base may begin to alleviate this dispute. Hydrogen would be produced using
Verwijderd: the Met opmaak
... [301]
Met opmaak
... [302]
Met opmaak
... [303]
Met opmaak
... [304]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [305]
Met opmaak
... [306]
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [307]
Met opmaak
... [308]
the wind energy resource of the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, the Kuril’skiye Islands and Sakhalin, one of the world largest wind energy resources, and the wind, hydro and solar energy resources of East Siberia and China; the hydrogen would be transmitted through pipelines to distant consumer markets for storage and for use in fuel cells. The proposed hydrogen pipeline system will employ high-pressure-output, MW-scale, electrolyzers to directly feed the pipeline with GH2 at ~100 bar, eliminating the large capital and O&M costs of pipeline input compressors. The electrolyzers convert all wind generator electric energy output to GH2. Hydraulic modeling shows that pipelines can deliver GH2 over long distances, without midline compressors, at acceptable pressure loss. (5-6) High-pressure-output electrolyzers can directly feed the pipeline, without input compressors, for a totally compressor-free system. Figure 5 schematically shows a transmission system for hydrogen produced at large-scale windfarms to distant consumer markets. We believe that the windfarm-pipeline system can be constructed as an integrated system: •
the windfarms will be capable of supplying oxygen generated through the electrolysis of water to gasification plants for dry biomass and coal adjacent to the windfarms;
Verwijderd: Fig. 30 Proposal Verwijderd: of Verwijderd: for Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Sources of Northeast Asia and North Pacific Regions¶ (Source: Ohashi, 1999)¶ ... [309] Met opmaak
... [310]
Met opmaak
... [311]
Met opmaak
... [312]
Verwijderd: ¶ Verwijderd: E Met opmaak
... [313]
Met opmaak
... [314]
•
the hydrogen pipeline system will be able to collect by-product hydrogen generated from biomass or coal gasification plants along the route;
Verwijderd: A 1000-MW ... [315]
•
the hydrogen can perhaps be stored in depleted NG fields, or other geologic formations, located near the route (5-6).
Verwijderd: 2005
However, this large-scale storage of GH2 in geologic formations must be researched and proven. Because H2 is much smaller and more mobile than CH4, methane, the primary constituent of NG, leakage may be a problem. For decades, GH2 has been successfully stored in man-made, solution-mined, salt caverns in Tees County, UK and in Texas, USA. We propose to construct the hydrogen pipeline network along the routes of the Asian Highway and Eurasia Land Bridge Systems presently in service or being planned, and to link hydrogen supply stations to be constructed at intervals of tens of kilometers along the route. The hydrogen supply stations can employ hydrogen delivery and / or production methods to be selected according to local conditions. Thus, the pipeline network will constitute a Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway. It is imperative that the plan be realized in synchronization with the motorization of China, which is expected to expand explosively within a short period. It is also important to plan the Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway so that it can be expanded gradually to cover the whole of Eurasia. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), the most economical hydrogen production method in 2010 will be the steam reforming (SMR) of natural gas, and the USDOE sets a target production cost of $10.56/GJ, or $1.50/kg, for year 2010. Wind-based hydrogen production will become more economical than SMR of NG after 2020. Tables 4-7 show technical and economic features of a wind-source, electrolyzer-driven, GH2 transmission pipeline system. High-pressure output electrolyzers are critical system components (5-6). Power electronics (PE) sharing between wind generator and electrolyzer could eliminate part of the electrolyzer transformer-rectifier subsystem capital cost and ~ 3% energy loss. Table 4.
Met opmaak: Uitvullen, Eerste regel: 0 ch
Capacity of Hydrogen (GH2) Pipelines without Compressors (5,6)
Distance km
320 320 480 480 800 800 1,600
Outside Diameter inches
20 36 20 36 20 36 20
Capacity GW
2.8 12.3 2.3 10.2 1.8 7.9 1.2
Capacity MMscfd
702 3,100 573 2,580 444 1,998 313
Capacity Million Nm3 / day
18.1 80.1 14.8 66.7 11.5 51.7 8.1
Capacity Tons per day
1,869 8,253 1,526 6,869 1,182 5,319 833
Storage Capacity MMscf
141 450 211 675 352 1,126 703
Storage Capacity Tons
374 1,199 562 1,798 936 2,997 1,872
Met opmaak
Met opmaak
... [316]
... [317]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [318]
Met opmaak
... [319]
Met opmaak
... [320]
Verwijderd: ¶
... [321]
Met opmaak
... [322]
Met opmaak
... [323]
Met opmaak
... [324]
Verwijderd: ure Met opmaak
... [325]
Verwijderd: 33 Met opmaak
... [326]
Verwijderd: transportation Met opmaak
... [327]
Verwijderd: …
... [328]
Met opmaak
... [329]
Verwijderd: …
... [330]
Met opmaak
... [331]
Verwijderd: and Met opmaak
... [332]
Met opmaak
... [333]
Met opmaak
... [334]
Verwijderd: ; Met opmaak
... [335]
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [336]
Met opmaak
... [337]
Met opmaak
... [338]
Verwijderd: ¶
1,600
36
5.6
1,413
36.5
3,762
2,251
5,994
Met opmaak
... [339]
Met opmaak
... [340]
Verwijderd: ¶
... [341]
Met opmaak
... [342]
Met opmaak
... [343]
Verwijderd: (Source: W. ... C. [344] Met opmaak
... [345]
Verwijderd: to realize Verwijderd: Verwijderd: that the plan be ... [346] Verwijderd: so Verwijderd: plan the ... [347] Northeast Asian hydrogen Met opmaak ... [348] Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [349]
Verwijderd: Investment Met opmaak
... [350]
Verwijderd: for Met opmaak
... [351]
Met opmaak
... [352]
Verwijderd: Power P Verwijderd: s Met opmaak
... [353]
Met opmaak
... [354]
Met opmaak
... [355]
Verwijderd: s Met opmaak
... [356]
Verwijderd: and Met opmaak
... [357]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [358]
Verwijderd: -long,¶ Met opmaak
Figure 5. Large-scale, Hydrogen-producing Windfarm and Pipeline System, with Byproduct Oxygen (5,6); 560 kWe input, High-pressure-output (35 bar) Electrolyzer by Norsk Hydro; Power Smoothing with Pipeline Energy Storage. (5, 6) Table 5. Capital Costs for 1,000 MW Windplant, Electrolyzers , and 800 km 20-inch GH2 Pipeline (5,6) Equipment
Investment
Total
（US$ / kW in 2010） ）
（$US Million in year 2010, in $US 2005） ）
Wind Power Plant Windplant power electronics increment 100 kgf / cm2 water electrolyzer Pipeline (20 inch diam、 、length 800 km〉 〉 Total Capital Investment
... [359]
Verwijderd: (Source:W.C.Leig ... [360] hty et al, May. 2005) Met opmaak ... [361] Met opmaak
... [362]
Tabel met opmaak
... [363]
Met opmaak
... [364]
Verwijderd: $ Met opmaak
... [365]
Met opmaak
... [366]
$800
$800
$30
$30
$330
$330
$29 / in / m length
$464
Met opmaak
... [368]
$1,624
Met opmaak
... [369]
Met opmaak
... [370]
Electrolyzer energy conversion efficiency decreases slightly with operating capacity. Power
Verwijderd: Control
... [367]
Verwijderd: Dia. Met opmaak
... [371]
Verwijderd: L Met opmaak
... [372]
Verwijderd: ・ Met opmaak
... [373]
Met opmaak
... [374]
Met opmaak
... [375]
Met opmaak
... [376]
Met opmaak
... [377]
electronics (PE) sharing between wind generator and electrolyzer could eliminate a large part of the transformer-rectifier subsystem capital cost and ~ 3% energy loss (difference between the two curves, above). (5,6) Table 6. Unsubsidized Cost of Wind-source GH2 Fuel Delivered at End-of-pipe at Distant City Gate, as a Function of Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) and Pipeline Length (5,6) Note: Assumes unsubsidized (no US federal production tax credit (PTC), or other subsidy); no “value adders” in byproduct oxygen sales or carbon offset credits or income. PIPELINE LENGTH
320 km / 200 miles
480 km / 300 miles
800 km / 500 miles
1600km / 1000 mile
Met opmaak
... [378]
Met opmaak
... [379]
Met opmaak
... [380]
Verwijderd: Calculation ...of [381] Hydrogen Price Per Kg at City Met opmaak ... [382] Verwijderd: Source:W.C.Lieg ... [383] Met opmaak
... [384]
Verwijderd: May.2005 Met opmaak
... [385]
Met opmaak
... [386]
Met opmaak
... [387]
Tabel met opmaak
... [388]
@ CRF = 12%
Cost / kg $2.19
Cost / kg $2.34
Cost / kg $2.64
Cost / kg $3.38
Met opmaak
... [389]
@ CRF = 15%
$2.72
$2.91
$3.28
$4.21
Met opmaak
... [390]
@ CRF = 18%
$3.26
$3.48
$3.93
$5.04
Met opmaak
... [391]
@ CRF = 21%
$3.75
$4.01
$4.53
$5.82
Met opmaak
... [392]
Met opmaak
... [393]
Met opmaak
... [394]
Met opmaak
... [395]
Table 7.
GH2 Energy Storage in Pipelines
Length km
Outside Diam, inches
800
20
800
36
800 800
Volume, Cubic Meters
(5,6)
Inlet Press, psi
Delivery Press, psi
Energy Storage, Nm3
Energy Storage, MMscf
Energy Storage, Tons
Energy Storage, GWh
Energy Storage, Days *
146,338
1500
500
9,954,938
352
936
33
3.5
468,605
1500
500
31,877,861
1,126
2,997
107
11.2
20
146,338
600
300
2,986,481
105
281
10
1.0
36
468,605
600
300
9,563,358
338
899
32
3.3
1600
20
292,675
1500
500
19,909,875
703
1,872
67
7.0
1600
36
937,209
1500
500
63,755,722
2,251
5,994
214
22.3
1600 1600
20 36
292,675 937,209
600 600
300 300
5,972,963 19,126,717
211 675
562 1,798
20 64
2.1 6.7
7. OPTIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE TRANSMISSION OF STRANDED RENEWABLE RESOURCES Hydro and wind generation produce electric energy, which can be transmitted thousands of km, at acceptable costs and losses, via high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines. Each +/500kv bipole (two conductors with earth return) transmission system has a maximum capacity of about 3,000 MW. Two or three bipole systems could be mounted to a single line of large towers. Electricity transmission provides no energy storage, so it is not well suited for dedicated wind generation, where the capacity factor (CF) of the wind generators in a good wind resource region is about 40%; if the transmission capacity matches the peak (nameplate) generating capacity of the wind farm, the transmission system will suffer a 40% CF, with 60% of capacity a stranded capital asset. Overhead electric transmission lines are vulnerable to damage from acts of man or nature; HVDC transmission by underground or undersea cable costs 200-600% more than overhead transmission. Electric transmission lines and NG or GH2 pipelines could share the same right-of-way, although with probable increased cost of cathodic protection of the pipeline. The capital and O&M costs for large-scale electricity and GH2 pipeline transmission are comparable. GH2 pipeline transmission requires high-pressure-output (~100 bar) electrolyzers to feed the pipeline directly from renewable electricity sources, or compression to ~100 bar from diverse other renewable hydrogen sources. The pipeline provides valuable energy storage, as compressed GH2, which can “smooth” time-varying-output renewable sources like wind, photovoltaic, and concentrated solar. However, it cannot provide “firming”, which would require low-cost, seasonal-scale storage -probably in large geologic formations like solution-mined salt caverns and beneath saturated aquifers. Renewables may also be transmitted and stored as ammonia (NH3), as gas or liquid, for reformation to H2 and N2 , for internal combustion engine fuel, and for agricultural N-fertilizer. A large extant transmission, distribution, and storage infrastructure of mild steel components has a good safety record. The energy density of NH3 is much higher than that of GH2. (8)
Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: Source:W.C.Leig ... [396] Met opmaak
... [397]
Verwijderd: a comparison of ... [398] Met opmaak
... [399]
Verwijderd: the Verwijderd: wind-based ... [400] Met opmaak
... [401]
Verwijderd: Hydrogen Met opmaak
... [402]
Verwijderd: Transportable Met opmaak
... [403]
Verwijderd: by Met opmaak
... [404]
Met opmaak
... [405]
Verwijderd: 05 Met opmaak Verwijderd: ¶
... [406] ... [407]
Met opmaak
... [408]
Met opmaak
... [409]
Met opmaak
... [410]
Met opmaak
... [411]
Tabel met opmaak
... [412]
Met opmaak
... [413]
Verwijderd: ¶
... [414]
Met opmaak
... [415]
Met opmaak
... [416]
Verwijderd: Transmission… ... [417] ptions for Large-scale Met opmaak ... [418] Met opmaak Verwijderd:
... [419] Hydraulic
Met opmaak
... [420]
Met opmaak
... [421]
Met opmaak
... [422]
Met opmaak
... [423]
Met opmaak
... [424]
Verwijderd: The capital ... [434] and O&M costs for large-scale Met opmaak ... [435]
Renewable-source hydrogen may also be converted to Fischer-Tropsch liquids (FTLs) for transmission and delivery via pipeline, rail car, and truck.
8. CHALLENGES OF RENEWABLES-HYDROGEN-SERVICE (RHS) FOR TRANSMISSION PIPELINES Pipeline transmission of GH2 will cost about 150 - 200% that of NG transmission, per unit energy-distance. GH2 pipelines of the same pressure, diameter, and length as NG pipelines will have about one-third the power (energy transmission) capacity, because GH2 has only one-third the energy density by volume of NG. Special valves, meters, and fittings will be needed for GH2 service.
Met opmaak
... [436]
Met opmaak
... [437]
Verwijderd: hallenges...of[438] Renewable Hydrogen Service Met opmaak ... [439] Verwijderd: Verwijderd: ― Met opmaak
... [440]
Met opmaak
... [441]
Met opmaak
... [442]
Met opmaak
... [443]
Verwijderd: oen
Mid-line compressors, for pipelines longer than about 1,500 km, will require about 200% of the power and 300% of the energy required for comparable NG compression. Centrifugal compressors probably cannot be used, due to the low molecular weight of H2. Positive-displacement, piston-and-cylinder reciprocating compressors will contaminate the GH2 if they are oil lubricated. GH2 distribution to end users, beyond the city-gate termination of the transmission pipeline, will require costly new infrastructure. We assume a market for GH2 fuel, for vehicles and for distributed generation of electricity on the customer side of the meter, will emerge to encourage investment in the GH2 distribution infrastructure. The time-varying output of renewable energy sources in RHS will cause frequent, large pressure variations in the pipeline, which exacerbates hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of pipeline steel. Special linepipe materials may be needed to resist and control HE; these materials may be more costly than NG pipeline materials. Laboratory testing of pipeline system materials and components must be done. A pilot-scale plant, for testing and demonstration of the feasibility, safety, and costs of RHS for windpower and diverse renewable hydrogen sources, must be designed and built. This pilot-scale pipeline facility would be an International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF) (Fig. 6) (7); its likely US$ 50 million cost should be borne by an international consortium, perhaps as an International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) project.
Met opmaak
... [444]
Met opmaak
... [445]
Met opmaak
... [446]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [447]
Verwijderd: e Met opmaak
... [448]
Met opmaak
... [449]
Verwijderd: The time-varying ... [450] Met opmaak
... [451]
Met opmaak
... [452]
Met opmaak
... [453]
Met opmaak
... [454]
Met opmaak
... [455]
Verwijderd: .
Aside from the IPHE, we invite all countries to join in designing, building, and operating the IRHTDF – first as an R&D and test facility, then as a demonstration facility. The IRHTDF could be conveniently and economically built in the North America Great Plains, perhaps with the “Destination Community” of Ames, Iowa, USA, home of Iowa State University.
Met opmaak
... [456]
Verwijderd: 39 Met opmaak
... [457]
Verwijderd: S
Figure 5 shows smoothing of actual hourly energy output of a Great Plains, North America, Windfarm, during the first week in september, accomplished by energy storage in the 800 km GH2 transmission pipeline (5,6).
Met opmaak
Met opmaak
9. CONCLUSION
•
Disputed ownership of the Four Northern Islands, between Japan and Russia;
•
Questions about development of nuclear energy;
•
The abduction of people from neighboring countries, including Japan, by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), and
•
Differences in the understanding of history between Japan and countries such as China and the Republic of Korea.
... [459]
Verwijderd: h Met opmaak
Even after the end of the cold war, the countries of Northeast Asia have not yet succeeded in establishing relations of mutual trust, owing largely to the complicated conflict of national interests and lack of trust in the region. For example:
... [458]
Verwijderd: a
... [460]
Verwijderd: e Met opmaak
... [461]
Verwijderd: o Met opmaak
... [462]
Verwijderd: w Met opmaak
... [463]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [464]
Verwijderd: e
Considering this complex and difficult situation in the region, forming cooperative international relations in the field of energy is essential for creating foundations for mutual trust and a common view among the countries. Guided by this philosophy, and mindful of the communication difficulty at government levels, we have independently shared information with people from the several countries and jointly and amicably proposed plans through the activities of the NAGPF. Through candid
Met opmaak
... [465]
Verwijderd: s Met opmaak
... [466]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [467]
Verwijderd: t Met opmaak
... [468]
Verwijderd: p Met opmaak
... [469] ... [470]
Met opmaak
... [471]
Met opmaak
... [472]
Met opmaak
... [473]
Met opmaak
... [474]
Met opmaak
... [475]
exchange of views in the NAGPF forum, independent of political ideologies and the conflict of national interests, we will continue to aim at realizing an NG pipeline network for environmental conservation and energy security in the region, and with this as a basis, constructing an ultimately clean and
Verwijderd: F Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Verwijderd: from Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Verwijderd: the Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Verwijderd: the Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak: Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Met opmaak: Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm
Met opmaak
... [482]
Met opmaak
... [483]
Met opmaak
... [484]
Verwijderd: the
Figure 6. Proposed International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF) (7) sustainable society based on hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. The proposed Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway is a symbolic project for realizing a practical, clean, and sustainable society in the region. We need to build a pilot-scale GH2 pipeline facility, conceptually an International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF) (Fig. 6) (7); its likely US$ 50 million cost should be borne by an international consortium, perhaps as an International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) project.
Met opmaak
... [485]
Met opmaak
... [486]
Met opmaak
... [487]
Met opmaak
... [488]
Verwijderd: Met opmaak
... [489]
Met opmaak
... [490]
Met opmaak
... [491]
Verwijderd: H
Finally, we present a time schedule for the construction of the Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway, in Table 8. Hythane ® is the trademark for a mixture of natual gas and hydrogen registered by Brehon Energy PLC, in USA. The EU “NaturalHY” demonstration project is now investigating Hythane ® to transport natural gas containing up to 50% hydrogen in existing NG pipelines in the EU (3).
Table 8. Schedule for Construction of Northeast Asia Hydrogen Highway and Transition to a Hydrogen-based Society Year
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Completion of NG pipeline network from East Siberia Completion of NG pipeline network from Sakhalin Construction of H2 refueling stations, from SMR of NG and renewables, along routes of the Asia Highway and Eurasia Land Bridges H2 production from NG and local renewables, and Hythane ® transport through the Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline Network
Complete Northeast Asian H2 Highway
Popularize fuel cell vehicles
Reduce greenhouse gas emission by use of Hythane ®
Modification of the Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline Network for GH2 transmission
... [492]
Met opmaak
... [493]
Verwijderd: ig. 40 Met opmaak
... [494]
Met opmaak
... [495]
Met opmaak
... [496]
Met opmaak
... [497]
Verwijderd: ¶ Met opmaak
... [498]
Met opmaak
... [499]
Met opmaak
... [500]
Met opmaak
... [501]
Met opmaak
... [502]
Met opmaak
... [503]
Tabel met opmaak
... [504]
Met opmaak
... [505]
Met opmaak
... [506]
Met opmaak
... [507]
Met opmaak
... [508]
Verwijderd: ion of
Full-capacity GH2 transmission by pipelines, and decentralized power generation by fuel cells Transition to a complete H2 sector of energy economy, and beginning of sustainable energy supply society
Met opmaak Verwijderd: F
Verwijderd: sa
Transition to H2 Economy
Met opmaak
... [509]
Met opmaak
... [510]
Met opmaak
... [511]
Met opmaak
... [512]
Met opmaak
... [513]
Met opmaak
... [514]
Met opmaak
... [515]
Met opmaak
... [516]
Met opmaak
... [517]
Met opmaak
... [518]
Met opmaak
... [519]
Verwijderd: ation of Met opmaak
... [520]
Met opmaak
... [521]
Met opmaak
... [522]
Met opmaak
... [523]
Met opmaak
... [524]
Met opmaak
... [525]
Verwijderd: tion… of
... [526]
Met opmaak
... [527]
Met opmaak
... [528]
Met opmaak
... [529]
Met opmaak
... [530]
Met opmaak
... [531]
Met opmaak
... [532]
Met opmaak
... [533]
Met opmaak
Met opmaak: Links
10. References 1. http://www.mri.co.jp/SEMINAR/2004/20040308_ind02.pdf 2. http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/240.pdf 3. http://www.gasunieresearch.nl/eng/redirect.htm?http://www.gasunieresearch.nl/eng/news/ Naturalhy%20project.htm 4. W. Leighty, M. Hirata, K. O’Hashi, H. Asahi, J. Benoit, G.. Keith, “Large Renewables-Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources”, Proceedings of the 22nd World Gas Conference, Tokyo, 4-8 Jun 03, IGU. 5. W. Leighty, J. Holloway, R. Merer, B. Somerday, C. San Marchi, G. Keith, D. White, “A 1,000 MW Windplant Delivering Hydrogen Fuel from the Great Plains to a Distant Urban Market by Pipeline”, Proceedings of Windpower 05, Denver, 15-18 May 05, AWEA. 6. W. Leighty, J. Holloway, R. Merer, B. Somerday, C. San Marchi, G. Keith, D. White, “A 1,000 MW Windplant Delivering Hydrogen Fuel from the Great Plains to a Distant Urban Market by Pipeline”, Proceedings of 2005 Solar World Congress, Orlando, 6-12 Aug 05, ASES – ISES. 7. W. Leighty, M. Hirata, K. O’Hashi, J. Benoit, “Large Stranded Renewables: the International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF)”, Proceedings of 19th World Energy Congress, Sydney, 5-9 Sep 04, WEC. 8. http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/biomass/AmmoniaMtg.html, http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/biomass/AmmoniaMtg05.html
11. List of Tables
Met opmaak: Lettertype: 12 pt, Vet Met opmaak: Afstand Na: 6 pt, Regelafstand: enkel, Geen opsommingstekens of nummering Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt, Niet Vet Met opmaak: Regelafstand: Anderhalf, Geen opsommingstekens of nummering Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: 10 pt Met opmaak: Regelafstand: Anderhalf
Table 1. Predicted Petroleum Demand and Import Dependence by Region
Met opmaak: Inspringing: Links: 1,25 cm, Regelafstand: enkel
Table 2. Potential Hydroelectric Power Generation Resources by Region
Met opmaak: Lettertype: Vet
Table 3. Potential Geothermal Resources by Region
Met opmaak
... [545]
Met opmaak
... [546]
Met opmaak
... [547]
Met opmaak
Table 6. Unsubsidized Cost of Wind-source GH2 Fuel Delivered at End-of-pipe
... [548]
Met opmaak
... [549]
Table 7. GH2 Energy Storage in Pipelines
Met opmaak
... [550]
Table 8. Schedule for Construction of Northeast Asia Hydrogen Highway and Transition to a Hydrogen-based Society
Met opmaak
... [551]
Met opmaak
... [552]
Met opmaak
... [553]
Met opmaak
... [554]
Figure 1. Asian Highways, Pipelines, Proposed Northeast Asian NG Pipeline Network
Met opmaak
... [555]
Figure 2. Predicted Asian Demand for Primary Energy; China Electricity Demand and Supply
Met opmaak
... [556]
Figure 3. Primary Energy Supply of Japan
Verwijderd: ¶
Table 4. Capacity of Hydrogen (GH2) Pipelines Without Compressors Table 5. Capital Costs for 1,000 MW Windplant, Electrolyzers, 800 km 20-inch GH2 Pipeline
12. List of Figures
Figure 4. World, and Asia, Distribution of Renewable Resources Figure 5. Large-scale Hydrogen-producing Windfarm and Pipeline System, Byproduct Oxygen Figure 6. International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF)
Met opmaak
... [557]
Met opmaak
... [558]
Met opmaak
... [559]
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak
... [560]
Met opmaak
... [561]
PAS photo
William C. Leighty, Director, The Leighty Foundation, USA
Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Met opmaak: Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt
Verwijderd: 2¶ Met opmaak: Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Met opmaak: Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm
Pagina 1: [1] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:23:00
The 9th Northeast Asia Natural Gas & Pipeline Conference in Seoul,Korea :September 27-29,2005 Proposal for a Pagina 1: [2] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:08:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 1: [3] Verwijderd
Northeast Asian Hydrogen Highway — From Natural-gas-based to Hydrogen-based Society — August, Pagina 1: [4] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:23:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 1: [5] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [6] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [7] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [8] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 14 pt Pagina 1: [9] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 14 pt Pagina 1: [10] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [11] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 1: [12] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 14 pt Pagina 1: [13] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 1: [14] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [15] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [16] Verwijderd
Kazuhiko OHASHI, D. Eng., General Manager, Nippon Steel Corporation Pagina 1: [17] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 1: [18] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:21:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:14:00
Lettertype: 12 pt, Vet, Cursief Pagina 1: [19] Verwijderd
Masaru HIRATA, D. Eng., Principal, Shibaura Institute of Technology William C. LEIGHTY, Director, The Leighty Foundation Pagina 1: [20] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:22:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:24:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:24:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 14:13:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 11 pt Pagina 1: [21] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 11 pt, Cursief Pagina 1: [22] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 11 pt, Cursief Pagina 1: [23] Met opmaak
Centreren, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 1: [24] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:23:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 13:48:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 13:49:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: 11 pt Pagina 1: [25] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Cursief Pagina 1: [26] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Cursief Pagina 1: [27] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [28] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 2: [29] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 17:22:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:25:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:24:00
Lettertype: Vet Pagina 2: [29] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 12 pt, Vet Pagina 2: [30] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [31] Verwijderd
; including floods, droughts, the depletion of underground water, abnormal grain production, epidemics resulting from weather anomalies, and loss of land due to sea level. Pagina 2: [32] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 16:49:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Global warming, in turn, is attributable to Pagina 2: [33] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [34] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [34] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [34] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 2: [35] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:24:00
Pagina 2: [35] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 17:15:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:25:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 16:50:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 2: [34] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt s resulting Pagina 2: [36] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [37] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [37] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [38] Verwijderd
mainly, principally such as Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [39] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [40] Verwijderd
by a huge amount ( Fig. 1) Pagina 2: [41] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [42] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [42] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [43] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 2: [43] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:54:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:49:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:58:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:54:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:26:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 17:05:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:54:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:40:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:26:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:40:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:04:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [44] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [44] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 2: [45] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Afstand Na: 0 pt Pagina 2: [46] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Niet Cursief Pagina 2: [47] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Afstand Voor: 0 pt Pagina 2: [48] Met opmaak
Afstand Voor: 0 pt Pagina 2: [49] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Afstand Voor: 0 pt Pagina 2: [50] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Rood Pagina 2: [51] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Afstand Na: 0 pt Pagina 2: [52] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 2: [52] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 2: [52] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 2: [53] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 2: [54] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:20:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:45:00
Lettertype: Niet Cursief Pagina 2: [55] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 2: [56] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 1: [57] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [58] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 3: [59] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:30:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Vet, Niet Cursief, Onderstrepen Pagina 3: [60] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [61] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [62] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [63] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [64] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [65] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:41:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [66] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [67] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:42:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [68] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:43:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [69] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:43:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [70] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:43:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 3: [71] Wijzigen
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:43:00
Opsommingstekens en nummering met opmaak Pagina 1: [72] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [73] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 4: [74] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:04:00
Fig.-1 Rapidly Increasing Positions of China and India in Energy Demand of Asia(Source:IEEJ,Nov.2004) Fig.-2 Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries(Source:IEEJ.Nov.2004) On the other hand, in Northeast Asia, East Siberia and Sakhalin are rich in
Pagina 4: [75] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
in the construction of a hydrogen-based society. Our ultimate goal is to construct a clean and sustainable society based on renewable energy sources, wherein hydrogen is produced from the vast Pagina 4: [76] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:56:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 4: [77] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [77] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 4: [77] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [77] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [77] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [78] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Na: 0 pt Pagina 4: [79] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
deposits of natural gas(NG), the cleanest of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is Pagina 4: [80] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
potential of hydropower and solar energy in Siberia and China as well as from world-class wind power resources in Pagina 4: [81] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
conducted preparatory studies for the construction of the Northeast Asian Natural Gas Pipeline Network (Fig. 3) and for the transition to a hydrogen-based society, and proposed and promoted the scheme since 1988. Because of the environmental and energy security problems that Northeast Asia faces , this paper proposes the efficient utilization of the natural gas resources and the construction of a Northeast Asian hydrogen highway as the first step towards Pagina 4: [82] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [82] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [82] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [82] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [83] Verwijderd
a hydrogen-based society based on renewable energy sources. Pagina 4: [84] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [84] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [85] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
essential for the environmental conservation and energy security of the Northeast Asian region to construct a regional energy infrastructure network that can transport and distribute NG throughout the region in the near term, and renewable-source gaseous hydrogen (GH2) inn the long term. For this reason, we have promoted the construction of a NG pipeline network through the activities of the Northeast Asia Natural Gas and Pipeline Forum (NAGPF). The pipeline network will be Pagina 4: [86] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [86] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [87] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [87] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [87] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [87] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [88] Verwijderd
the principal component of the above energy infrastructure and will be instrumental Pagina 4: [89] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [89] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [90] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [90] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [91] Verwijderd
areas from Kamchatka through the Kuril’skiye Islands (called the Chishima Islands in Japan) to Sakhalin. The hydrogen thus produced is transmitted through the pipeline network, progressively replacing NG as it is depleted. A series of related experimental studies called Naturalhy is being Pagina 4: [92] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 4:53:00
conducted in the EU. With M. HIRATA, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo, acting as Pagina 4: [93] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [93] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [93] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [93] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:48:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 8:41:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [94] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [94] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [94] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [94] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [95] Verwijderd
team leader, we have Pagina 4: [96] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [96] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [96] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 4: [97] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [98] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [98] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [98] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [98] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 4: [99] Verwijderd
(Source:NAGPF, Sept.2000) Pagina 4: [100] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 1: [101] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [102] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Pagina 5: [103] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:28:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [104] Verwijderd
Fig. 4 Prospected Asian Demand for Primary Energy Sources (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004) Fig.-5 Predicted World Demand for Primary Energy Sources(Source:IEEJ, Nov.2004) Fig. 6 Smog in China Due to Soot and Smoke Fig. 7 Satellite Photograph of Coastal Areas of China Where Water Pollution and Desertification Pagina 5: [105] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:14:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [105] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [105] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [105] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [105] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [106] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Verkeerd-om: 0,58 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 5: [107] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:20:00
Are Advancing (Source: NASA, Mar. 2005)
Pagina 5: [108] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:58:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [109] Verwijderd
nergy Security in Northeast Asia Pagina 5: [110] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [110] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [110] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt
Pagina 5: [110] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:57:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 20:49:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 5: [110] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 12 pt Pagina 5: [111] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [112] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [113] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 5: [114] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:29:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:29:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [114] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [115] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [116] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [117] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [117] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [118] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [118] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [119] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [119] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [119] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 5: [120] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 5: [121] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [122] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [123] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 6: [124] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:12:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [125] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 6: [126] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 20:55:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:23:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:29:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:20:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [127] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 6: [128] Met opmaak
Uitvullen Pagina 6: [129] Verwijderd
Fig. 8 Global Energy Use, Historical Development from 1850 to 1990 and in the 3 cases to 2100, in Gtoe(Source: Bos et al, 1992) Pagina 6: [130] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:24:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [131] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [132] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [132] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [133] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 6: [134] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:19:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:21:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [135] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 6: [136] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [136] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [137] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [137] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [138] Met opmaak
Met opmaak Pagina 6: [139] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [139] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 6: [140] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:17:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:17:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [141] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 6: [142] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [142] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [142] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [142] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [143] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [144] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [145] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 6: [146] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [146] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [146] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:31:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [147] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [147] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [147] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [148] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [149] Verwijderd
Fig. 9 Increase in Total Power Generation in China (Source: Energy Research Institute, Feb. 2004)
Fig. 10 Predicted Number of Automobiles in China (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004) The world petroleum supply will depend more and more on the Middle East; its share of world petroleum production will increase from the present 25% to nearly 50% Pagina 6: [150] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
Inspringing: Links: 0,84 cm, Verkeerd-om: 1,8 cm
31-8-2005 15:25:00
Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:00:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [151] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [152] Verwijderd
as early as 2030 (Fig. 11). Fig. 11 Dependency of Northeast Asian Countries(Japan,China & Korea) on Petroleum Supply from the Middle East (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004) Pagina 6: [153] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:33:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [153] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [153] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [153] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [153] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [154] Verwijderd
Fig. 12 Predicted Petroleum Import of Asian Countries (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004)
The situation is Pagina 6: [155] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:27:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [155] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [155] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [155] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [156] Verwijderd
very similar with natural gas; Pagina 6: [157] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:48:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [157] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [157] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [158] Verwijderd
for Routes for Petroleum Pipelines in Northeast Asia (Source: Report for Congress, CRS, Feb. 2005) Fig. 17 Proposals Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [159] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:49:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [160] Verwijderd
for Routes for Natural Gas Pipelines in Northeast Asia (Source: Report for Congress, CRS, Feb. 2005) On the other hand, world petroleum production may peak ,because the estimated reserve of newly discovered oil fields in the last 20 years is less than the production during the period. Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:27:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [161] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [162] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [163] Verwijderd
the demand in China has increased so rapidly that the country will soon become a net importer of natural gas. Many specialists say that the world demand for natural gas may Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:27:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [164] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [165] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [165] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [166] Verwijderd
from what it is now Pagina 6: [167] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:27:00
, and the supply-demand balance will become very tight (Fig.13). Fig. 13 Predicted Demand for Natural Gas of Asian Countries (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004) Because of the above situation, many countries, especially China, have strengthened their relationships with the petroleumPagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:28:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [168] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [169] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [170] Verwijderd
producing countries in the Middle East, Africa, CIS, etc. China is also eagerly promoting such as the construction of a petroleum pipeline from Myanmar to China (Fig.14) because sea traffic via the Straits of Malacca and other passages is becoming increasingly precarious (Fig.15). Pagina 6: [171] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:28:00
in consideration of Pagina 6: [172] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:28:00
The security of sea lanes is of vital importance for other Northeast Asian countries as well, considering who are also Pagina 6: [173] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [174] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:28:00
in consideration of Pagina 6: [175] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:28:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 6: [176] Verwijderd
are seriously studying various pipeline projects (Figs. 16 and 1７). Fig. 14 Predicted Demand for LNG in China (Source: IEEJ, Nov.2004)
Fig-15 Schematic Respresentation of Petroleum Pipeline from Myanmar(Burma) to China (Source:The Irrawaddy,Jul.2004) Fig. 16 Proposals Pagina 1: [177] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [178] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 7: [179] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 20:58:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 20:59:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [180] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 7: [181] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [182] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 7: [182] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [183] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:32:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [184] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [184] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [185] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 7: [186] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [187] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [188] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Voor: 6 pt Pagina 7: [189] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:43:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [190] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [191] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [191] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [192] Verwijderd
Fig. 19 Self-sufficiency of Some Developed Countries in Energy Supply (Source: IEA, Energy Balance of OECD Countries,2000-2001) Pagina 7: [193] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [193] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 7: [193] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 7: [193] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 7: [193] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:33:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [194] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [195] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:56:00
Inspringing: Links: -0,05 cm, Verkeerd-om: 0,66 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 7: [196] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:33:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:59:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [197] Verwijderd
revention of Global Warming and Future Energy Strategy Pagina 7: [198] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:33:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [199] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [200] Met opmaak
Uitvullen Pagina 7: [201] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [201] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [202] Verwijderd
Editor
23-8-2005 10:35:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:36:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:36:00
or more Pagina 7: [202] Verwijderd
the Pagina 7: [202] Verwijderd
of Pagina 7: [203] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:33:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [203] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [203] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [204] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 7: [204] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [205] Verwijderd
Fig. 20 Predicted CO2 Emission of Asian Countries (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004) Fig. 21 Predicted Demand for Thermal-power Fuels of Asian Countries (Source: IEEJ, Nov. 2004)
Pagina 7: [206] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:37:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [207] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [208] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [209] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [209] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [210] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [210] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 7: [211] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:09:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [211] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [211] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [212] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [212] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [213] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [214] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [214] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [215] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [215] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [215] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [216] Verwijderd
that are distributed to form a decentralized power generation system. Pagina 7: [217] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:35:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 3:44:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [218] Verwijderd
Fig-22 Global Energy Demand Scenario by 2100 (Source:DENA,2005) Fig-23 Global Primary Energy Demand Forecast (Source: Shell, 2004) Pagina 7: [219] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:42:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [220] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [221] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 7: [222] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:37:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:37:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:37:00
Editor
23-8-2005 10:37:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 7: [222] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [223] Verwijderd
the Pagina 7: [223] Verwijderd
the Pagina 7: [223] Verwijderd
the Pagina 7: [223] Verwijderd
For Pagina 7: [224] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [224] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [225] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 7: [225] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 1: [226] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt
Pagina 1: [227] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 8: [228] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:41:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [229] Verwijderd
Moreover, some reports state that more than three-quarters of commercially exploitable hydroelectric power resources of the whole of Russia Pagina 8: [230] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:36:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [230] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [231] Verwijderd
in the areas from Kamchatka through the Kuril’skiye Islands to Sakhalin. West China has Pagina 8: [232] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:39:00
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 8: [233] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:36:00
are in East Siberia. In addition, the surplus electric power that can be generated in the areas 9 around Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk is estimated to amount to 20 x 10 kWh, and with the surplus electric power of the Kharnor hydroelectric power plant in the Chita Province, the figure is expected to reach 9 25 to 30 x 10 kWh when the plant is completed. Moreover, the Bureya hydroelectric power plant, one of the highest Pagina 8: [234] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:36:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [234] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [235] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [235] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [236] Verwijderd
subjects under the framework of the Japan-Russia Far East Economic Cooperation agreement and slated to start up within a few years, is expected to add a large increment of available surplus energy. Pagina 8: [237] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:36:00
In addition to the NG and hydro, there is a world-class wind power resource Pagina 8: [238] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [238] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [238] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [238] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 8: [239] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:36:00
for solar energy. Figure 24 shows the major potential sites of hydro, solar and tidal power generation of the world. Fig. 24 Distribution of Potential Renewable Energy Resources (Example) (Source: GENI, 2004)
Pagina 8: [240] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Pagina 8: [242] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:02:00
Pagina 8: [243] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:40:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [240] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [240] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [240] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [241] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Voor: 6 pt, Na: 6 pt Pagina 8: [244] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [244] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [244] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [245] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [245] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [245] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [245] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 8: [246] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:59:00
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:57:00
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:58:00
Lettertype: Arial Pagina 8: [246] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [247] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Arial Pagina 8: [247] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [248] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Arial Pagina 8: [248] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [249] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 8: [250] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 8: [251] Verwijderd
2)
Pagina 8: [251] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:58:00
2)
Pagina 8: [251] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 12:58:00
2)
Pagina 8: [252] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 6:23:00
Fig. 25 Rendering of Sanxia Dam of China, World Largest Hydroelectric Facility (Source: the Schiller Institute, 2001) Pagina 8: [253] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:02:00
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Voor: 6 pt, Tabs: 11,11
cm, Left Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:31:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:09:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [254] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [255] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0,84 cm, Verkeerd-om: 1,8 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 8: [256] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [257] Verwijderd
Fig. 26 World Distribution of Wind Energy (Source: Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000) 6
2
Fig. 27 Solar Energy Distribution in China (10 J/m /year) (Source: APERC, 2004)
Furthermore, Figure 28 shows the global distribution of geothermal resources, and Table 3, the potential and projected development of geothermal energy by geographical
Pagina 8: [258] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [259] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:32:00
Links, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Na: 12 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:05:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [260] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [261] Verwijderd
region. The table states that Asia has a potential of geothermal power generation of 560 TWh/y that can be developed by 2020, accounting for roughly 43% of the world total. Fig. 28 World Distribution of Geothermal Resources (Source: APERC, 2004) Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:21:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:22:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:39:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 17:44:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [262] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [263] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [264] Verwijderd
Development of
Pagina 8: [264] Verwijderd
Energy
Pagina 8: [265] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [265] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [265] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [265] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 8: [266] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [267] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 8: [268] Verwijderd
2)
Pagina 8: [268] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 17:44:00
3)
Pagina 8: [268] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 17:44:00
4)
Pagina 8: [269] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 9:03:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [270] Verwijderd
5 Pagina 8: [271] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:21:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 8: [272] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 8: [273] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:02:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [273] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 12 pt Pagina 8: [273] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [274] Verwijderd
Renewable Energy Sources in Northeast Asia and Proposal Pagina 8: [275] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:02:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:01:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [276] Verwijderd
for a Hydrogen Highway Pagina 8: [277] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [277] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 8: [278] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 1: [279] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [280] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 9: [281] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:04:00
a long-pending territorial dispute between Japan and Russia: this renewable energy base may begin to alleviate this dispute. Hydrogen would be produced using the wind energy resource of the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, the Kuril’skiye Islands and Sakhalin, one of the world largest wind energy resources, and the wind, hydraulic and solar energy resources of East Siberia and China; the hydrogen would be transmitted through pipelines to distant consumer markets for storage and for use in fuel cells. Pagina 9: [282] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:04:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [283] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [284] Verwijderd
shows that many people agree with us that it is necessary, for the environmental conservation and energy security of Northeast Asia, that we urgently construct a hydrogen-based, sustainable
society in the region. Fig. 29 Wind Energy in Eurasia, Northeast Asia and North Pacific Regions
Figure 29 shows the wind energy in the Eurasia, Northeast Asia and North Pacific regions analyzed and compiled by the Asia Pipeline Research Center of the Shibaura Institute of Technology based on global wind data. We proposed a scheme for hydrogen production and distribution for the first time in 1999, based on the data presented herein and other renewable energy sources data. Figure 30 outlines the proposal, which envisaged constructing a renewable-energy base to be operated jointly by Japan, Russia and the U.S.A. on the Four Northern Islands in the southern part of the Kuril’skiye Islands. These islands Pagina 9: [285] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:04:00
entitled “Large Renewables-Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources” at the 22nd World Gas Conference in Tokyo in June 2003. From over 480 papers presented at the Conference from many countries of the world, we were awarded the best paper prize. This Pagina 9: [286] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [287] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [288] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [289] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [290] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [291] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 9: [292] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 9: [293] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 9: [294] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [295] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [296] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [297] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [298] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [299] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:04:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:07:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [300] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [301] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [302] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [303] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [304] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 9: [305] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Eerste regel: 0 ch Pagina 9: [306] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Voor: 6 pt Pagina 1: [307] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [308] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 10: [309] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 10:06:00
for Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Sources of Northeast Asia and North Pacific Regions (Source: Ohashi, 1999) Fig. 31 Illustration of Marine Wind Farm Proposed for Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, Kuril’skiye Islands and Coastal Locations of Japan
Pagina 10: [310] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:07:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:00:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [311] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [312] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 ch Pagina 10: [313] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [313] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [314] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [314] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [314] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [314] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [314] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [315] Verwijderd
A 1000-MW Windplant Delivering Hydrogen Fuel from the Great Planes to a Distant Urban Market, May. Pagina 10: [316] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 10: [316] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 10: [317] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:39:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 7:35:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [318] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [319] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [320] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 10: [321] Verwijderd
Fig. 32 High-pressure-output (35bar) Electrolyzer by Norsk Hydro Pagina 10: [322] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:43:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [323] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 10: [324] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:33:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 10: [328] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:19:00
Pagina 10: [328] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:19:00
Pagina 10: [329] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [324] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [324] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [324] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 10: [325] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [326] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 10: [326] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [327] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [330] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:19:00
Pagina 10: [330] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:19:00
Pagina 10: [331] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:42:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 10: [332] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [333] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [334] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Subscript Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Subscript Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 10: [335] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 1: [336] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [337] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 11: [338] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:39:00
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0,89 cm Pagina 11: [339] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:20:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [340] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 11: [341] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 7:36:00
Fig. 33 System of Large-scale, Hydrogen-producing Wind Farms and Pipeline Network Pagina 11: [342] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [342] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [343] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:02:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [344] Verwijderd
(Source: W. C. Leighty et al., Mar. 2005)
We propose to construct the hydrogen pipeline network along the routes of the Asian Highway and Eurasia Land Bridge Systems presently in service or being planned, and to link hydrogen supply stations to be constructed at intervals of tens of kilometers along the route. The hydrogen supply stations can employ hydrogen production methods to be selected according to local conditions. Thus, the pipeline network will constitute a Northeast Asian hydrogen highway. It is imperative Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:28:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [345] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [346] Verwijderd
that the plan be realized in synchronization with the motorization of China, which is expected to expand explosively within a short period. It is also important to Pagina 11: [347] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:28:00
plan the Northeast Asian hydrogen highway so that it can be expanded gradually to cover the whole of Eurasia. Fig. 34 Solar-energy-based Hydrogen Fueling Station of Honda Motor in California
Fig. 35 Asia Highway Routes (Source: Asia Highway Network, 2004) Fig-36 Already Completed Asian Highway Routes and Proposed Hydrogen Pipeline and Hydrogen Refueling Station Fig. 36 Eurasia Land Bridge Routes in Northeast Asia (Source: the Schiller Institute, 2002)
Table 4 Transportation Capacity of Hydrogen Pipeline without Compressors (Source: W. C. Leighty et al., May, 2005)
Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [348] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [349] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [350] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [350] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [351] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [351] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [351] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [352] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [352] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [353] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [354] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [354] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [355] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [355] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [356] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [356] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [356] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [357] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [358] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 11: [358] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:05:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:33:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [358] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 11: [359] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [360] Verwijderd
(Source:W.C.Leighty et al, May. 2005) Pagina 11: [361] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 11: [362] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [363] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [364] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:31:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 7:52:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [365] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [365] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [365] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [365] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 11: [366] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [367] Verwijderd Control equipment for power distribution system Pagina 11: [368] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [368] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [368] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [369] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [369] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [369] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [369] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [369] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [370] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [370] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [370] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [371] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [371] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [372] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [373] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [373] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [373] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [374] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [374] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 11: [375] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 1: [376] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [377] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 12: [378] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:51:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [379] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 12: [380] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:03:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [380] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [380] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [380] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [380] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [381] Verwijderd
Calculation of Hydrogen Price Per Kg at City Gates at Pipeline Ends Pagina 12: [382] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:05:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [383] Verwijderd
Source:W.C.Lieghty et al, Pagina 12: [384] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 12: [384] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 12: [384] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [384] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 12: [385] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [385] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [385] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 12: [386] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:46:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:46:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:46:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:46:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:35:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:14:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [386] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [386] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [387] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [388] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 12: [389] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [389] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Vet Pagina 12: [389] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [390] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt Pagina 12: [391] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [391] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [392] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [392] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [393] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [393] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [394] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [394] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Vet Pagina 12: [395] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 12: [396] Verwijderd
Source:W.C.Leighty et al, May. 20
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:07:00
Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 14:00:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [397] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [398] Verwijderd
a comparison of hydrogen production costs by different production methods prepared by Dr. Yogi Goswami of the University of Florida. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the most economical hydrogen production method in 2010 will be the steam reforming of natural gas, and the Department sets a target production cost of $10.56/GJ, or $1.50/kg, for the year. The graph indicates that Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:25:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [399] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [400] Verwijderd
wind-based hydrogen production will become more economical after 2020.
Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:52:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:14:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [401] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [402] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [403] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [403] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [404] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [404] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [404] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [404] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [405] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 12: [405] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 12: [405] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [405] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief Pagina 12: [406] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [407] Verwijderd
Pipeline Length
320km
CRF＝ ＝12% CRF=15% CRF=18% CRG=21%
$2.19／ ／kg $2.72 $3.26 $3.75
480km $2.34
800km $2.64
1600km $3.38
$2.91 $3.48 $4.01
$3.28 $3.93 $4.53
$4.21 $5.04 $5.82
＜Premises for Evaluation＞ ＞ The construction cost of a Wind Power Plnat is $830/kW The constructipon cost of an electrolyzer is $330/kW The construction cost of a 20 inch pipeline is $29/in/m No sale of by-product oxygen is considered
Fig-37 Predicted Hydrogen Production Costs in U.S.A. (Source: The University of Florida, Mar. 2005)
Figure 37 shows Pagina 12: [408] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:37:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [409] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 6:36:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:17:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:18:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [410] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [411] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [412] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 12: [413] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 12: [414] Verwijderd
Fig. 38 Efficiency of Wind-powered Hydrogen-producing Electrolyzers (Example) (Assumption: Wind energy is used for hydrogen production at 100% efficiency.) (Source: W. C. Leighty et al., May. 2005)
6 Pagina 12: [415] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:49:00
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Bill Leighty
28-8-2005 13:21:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt, Cursief Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 12 pt Pagina 12: [416] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [417] Verwijderd
Transmission Pagina 12: [417] Verwijderd
ptions for Large-scale Transmission of Stranded Renewable Resources Pagina 12: [418] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:06:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:16:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [419] Met opmaak
Uitvullen Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Pagina 12: [425] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
1-9-2005 5:09:00
Pagina 12: [426] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:16:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [420] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [421] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [421] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [422] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [422] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [422] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [422] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [423] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [423] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [423] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [423] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [423] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [424] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Eerste regel: 0 cm, Tabs: 0 cm, Left + Niet op 0,62 cm
Pagina 12: [427] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 13:55:00
Pagina 12: [427] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:50:00
Pagina 12: [428] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [429] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [430] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 12: [431] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 1: [432] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [433] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 13: [434] Verwijderd
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 8:59:00
The capital and O&M costs for large-scale electricity and GH2 pipeline transmission are comparable. 7 Pagina 13: [435] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:53:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 12 pt Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 12 pt Pagina 13: [436] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [437] Met opmaak
Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 13: [438] Verwijderd
hallenges of Renewable Hydrogen Service (RHS) for Transmission Pipeline Pagina 13: [439] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [439] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [440] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 13: [441] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:17:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Uitvullen Pagina 13: [442] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [442] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [442] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [443] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [443] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [444] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [444] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [445] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [446] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:30:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [447] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [448] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [448] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [449] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [450] Verwijderd
The time-varying output of renewable energy sources in RHS will cause frequent, large pressure variations in the pipeline, which exacerbates hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of pipeline steel. Special linepipe materials may be needed to resist and control HE: these materials may be more costly than NG pipeline materials. Laboratory testing of pipeline system materials and components must be done. A pilot-scale plant, for testing and demonstration of the feasibility, safety, and costs of RHS for windpower and diverse renewable hydrogen sources, must be designed and built. This pilot-scale pipeline facility would be an International Renewable Hydrogen Transmission Demonstration Facility (IRHTDF); its likely US$ 50 million cost should be borne by an international consortium, perhaps as an International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) project.
Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:18:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [451] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [452] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [453] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [453] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 13: [453] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:34:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:34:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:35:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:35:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 21:44:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 13: [453] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [454] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [455] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [456] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 13: [456] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [457] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [457] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 13: [457] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 13: [458] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [458] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [459] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [460] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [461] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [462] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [462] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [462] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [462] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [462] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [463] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 14:00:00
Bill Leighty
2-9-2005 12:39:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 14:00:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 14:00:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [463] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [464] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [464] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [464] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [464] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [465] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [466] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [467] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [467] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [468] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [469] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [469] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [469] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [470] Verwijderd
Source: W.C.Leighty et al, May 200 Pagina 13: [471] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [472] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [472] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt
Pagina 13: [473] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:54:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [474] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [475] Met opmaak
Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Verkeerd-om: 0,58 cm, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 13: [476] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:07:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:17:00
Lettertype: 12 pt Pagina 13: [476] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [477] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 13: [478] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 13: [479] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 2 ch, Afstand Na: 6 pt Pagina 1: [480] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [481] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 15: [482] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:29:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:31:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:31:00
Afstand Voor: 6 pt Pagina 15: [483] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [484] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm Pagina 15: [485] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [485] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [486] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [487] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Tabs: 0 cm, Left Pagina 15: [488] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:36:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:36:00
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 15: [488] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [489] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:17:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:36:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:36:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [489] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [490] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [491] Met opmaak
Uitvullen Pagina 15: [492] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [492] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [492] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [493] Met opmaak
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Cursief, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 16:58:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [494] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [495] Met opmaak
Uitvullen, Inspringing: Links: 0 cm, Verkeerd-om: 1,8 cm Pagina 15: [496] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
21-1-2006 9:47:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:37:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [497] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 15: [497] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:37:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 8:37:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:00:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:00:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:33:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:00:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:49:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:49:00
Tekstkleur: Auto Pagina 15: [497] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 15: [498] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 15: [499] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [500] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [501] Met opmaak
Rechts Pagina 15: [502] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 15: [503] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Vet Pagina 15: [504] Wijzigen
Tabel met opmaak Pagina 15: [505] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [506] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [507] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [507] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [507] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [507] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [508] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [509] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [510] Met opmaak
Links
Pagina 15: [511] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:49:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:49:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:50:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:50:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:50:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [512] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [513] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt Pagina 15: [514] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [515] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [516] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [517] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [517] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [517] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [517] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [518] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [519] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [520] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [521] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [522] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [523] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [524] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [524] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [524] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [524] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:51:00
Pagina 15: [526] Verwijderd tion
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:51:00
Pagina 15: [526] Verwijderd of
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:52:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:51:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:51:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:45:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [525] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial
Pagina 15: [527] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [527] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [528] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [529] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [530] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [530] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [530] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [531] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [532] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [533] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [533] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [533] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [534] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [535] Met opmaak
Lettertype: Vet Pagina 15: [536] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [537] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
20-1-2006 20:11:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:52:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:45:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:38:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 22:59:00
Bill Leighty
23-1-2006 21:28:00
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [537] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [537] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [537] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [537] Met opmaak
Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [538] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial Pagina 15: [539] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 8 pt, Vet, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [540] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, Engels (V.S.) Pagina 15: [541] Met opmaak
Links Pagina 15: [542] Met opmaak
Centreren Pagina 1: [543] Met opmaak
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [544] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm Pagina 16: [545] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:01:00
Afstand Voor: 6 pt, Na: 6 pt, Regelafstand: enkel, Geen opsommingstekens of nummering Pagina 16: [546] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 19:32:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:25:00
Lettertype: 12 pt, Vet Pagina 16: [547] Met opmaak
Regelafstand: Anderhalf, Geen opsommingstekens of nummering Pagina 16: [548] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Lettertype: 10 pt, Niet Vet Pagina 16: [549] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [550] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt, Niet Vet
Pagina 16: [551] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 23:03:00
Bill Leighty
22-1-2006 20:28:00
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [552] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [553] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [554] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [555] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [556] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 16: [557] Met opmaak
Lettertype: 10 pt Pagina 16: [558] Met opmaak
Lettertype: (Standaard) Arial, 10 pt Pagina 16: [559] Met opmaak
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Regelafstand: Anderhalf, Tabs: 1,25 cm, Left + 5,13 cm, Rechts Pagina 1: [560] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
31-8-2005 15:11:00
Standaardalinea-lettertype, Lettertype: Times New Roman, 10 pt Pagina 1: [561] Met opmaak
Bill Leighty
Standaard, Inspringing: Eerste regel: 0 cm, Rechts: 0 cm
31-8-2005 15:11:00
