Efek%vitas Dana Pembangunan di Era Otonomi Daerah Fauziah Zen Universitas Indonesia dan ERIA 4 Desember 2013
Outline • • • • •
Pendahuluan Dana transfer dan keuangan Pusat-‐daerah Review Belanja Publik Daerah Tantangan Rekomendasi
Pendahuluan • Desentralisasi fiskal sejak 1 Januari 2001. • Jumlah transfer langsung dan belanja pusat di daerah semakin meningkat. • Jumlah daerah baru semakin banyak. Saat ini ada 538 daerah: 34 provinsi, 411 kabupaten dan 93 kota (per April 2013). Pada tahun 1999 jumlah daerah otonom adalah 319: 26 prov, 234 kab, 59 kota.
Dana transfer dan keuangan pusat-‐daerah • Penyerahan sebagian kewenangan ke daerah • Jenis dana transfer: – DAU – DAK – DBH (Pajak dan non pajak) – Otsus
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POSTUR SEMENTARA APBNP 2013 (triliun rupiah) A. PENDAPATAN NEGARA
APBN
APBNP
Selisih
1.529,7
1.502,0
(27,7)
1.525,2 1.193,0 332,2 4,5
1.497,5 1.148,4 349,2 4,5
(27,7) (44,6) 17,0 0,0
B. BELANJA NEGARA I Belanja Pemerintah Pusat 1. Belanja K/L 2. Belanja Non KL a.l - Subsidi BBM, LPG & BBN II. TRANSFER KE DAERAH 1. Dana Perimbangan a.l Dana Bagi Hasil 2. Dana Otonomi Khusus dan Penyesuaian
1.683,0 1.154,4 594,6 559,8 193,8 528,6 444,8 102,0 83,8
1.726,2 1.196,8 622,0 574,8 199,9 529,4 445,5 102,7 83,8
43,2 42,4 27,4 15,0 6,0 0,7 0,7 0,7 (0,0)
TOTAL ANGGARAN PENDIDIKAN Rasio Anggaran Pendidikan Total (%)
336.849,0 20,0
345.335,1 20,0
8.486,1 (0,0)
(40,1)
(111,7)
(71,6)
D. SURPLUS DEFISIT ANGGARAN (A - B) % Defisit terhadap PDB
(153,3) (1,65)
(224,2) (2,38)
(70,8) (0,73)
E. PEMBIAYAAN (I + II) I. PEMBIAYAAN DALAM NEGERI a.l - SAL Surat Berharga Negara (neto) II. PEMBIAYAAN LUAR NEGERI (neto) a.l - Pinjaman Program
153,3 172,8 10,0 180,4 (19,5) 6,5
224,2 241,1 30,0 231,8 (16,9) 11,1
70,8 68,3 20,0 51,4 2,6 4,6
I. PENDAPATAN DALAM NEGERI 1. PENERIMAAN PERPAJAKAN 2. PENERIMAAN NEGARA BUKAN PAJAK II. PENERIMAAN HIBAH
C. KESEIMBANGAN PRIMER
KELEBIHAN/(KEKURANGAN) PEMBIAYAAN
(0,0)
0,0
0,0
6
Infrastruktur dan Pendidikan Kebutuhan dasar (infra, kesehatan, pendidikan)
Regulasi/ Kebiajkan/ Enforcement
Inovasi
Infrastruktur (1): Sumber Dana PPP: very small Public funds: largest por%on Grants: small
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MP3EI: Investment indicated for Infrastructure (Trillion IDR) Source: BKF 2012
Infrastruktur (2): sumber pembiayaan di daerah Unfunded 2-‐4% of GDP
On-‐lending and On-‐ gran%ng <0.01 of GDP Owned Sources (local budget) ± 1% of GDP
Op%ons (but less existent): – Borrowing from the market (expensive and limited) – PPP + Priva%za%on – The issue of long-‐term bonds – Borrowing from the development banks and lending ins%tu%ons
Unequal Infrastructure Development • On average, there are less than 80 percent of households with electricity access. In Papua and East Nusa, households without electricity access are s%ll around 50 percent. There is also an issue of costs of electricity provision given most electricity genera%on came from fuel, in which it is mostly imported by central government. • On port facili%es, there are no changes in number of ports from 2004-‐2009, and there are 110 operated ports and 533 ports that are not operated by Pelindo. • Access to safe drinking water of households has varied across regions in ranged of 40-‐70 percent. Low access of safe drinking water occurred in mostly urban regions such as in province of Banten and DKI Jakarta.
Infrastruktur (3) • Paved roads built by provinces and local governments in most of Kalimantan regions on average are less than 60 percent of total roads length, while it is higher than 90 percent of total roads length in Java regions. Java regions has the longest municipality level roads (Worldbank, 2011). Paved roads is less than 10 percent in some local governments in the province of West Sumatera, East Kalimantan, and Gorontalo (Ministry of Finance, 2012). • Jalan provinsi dan kabupaten/kota mencakup 91% jaringan jalan utama di Indonesia. 2004: 72% cukup baik; tahun 2010: 59%. (IndII)
Pendidikan • Indonesia generally scores on the boiom on interna%onal tests (TIMMS, PIRLS and PISA), including compared with other countries in the region. • On the PISA, the test with the most recent result and the longest %me trend, the scores are mixed: while reading scores have shown steady improvement since 2000, math and science scores have not. In math, a promising increase in scores between 2000 and 2006 was set back in 2009, when scores declined for all socioeconomic deciles.
Pendidikan (2) • Science: %dak ada peningkatan sejak 2000. • Pada tes TIMSS dan PIRLS, hanya sedikit sekali siswa yang bisa mendapat nilai baik • Tes PISA 2009: %dak ada siswa pada sampel yang bisa mencapai nilai ter%nggi (6) pada subjek Math dan Science. • Belanja pendidikan meningkat. PDB meningkat. Tetapi kualitas menurun à harus menjadi prioritas.
Pendidikan (3) • Pemetaan kebutuhan tenaga ahli menurut sektor dalam berbagai %ngkatannya. • RPJP – RPJMN – MP3EI • Dikbud – BPPT • Kemenkeu – Kemendagri – Bappenas • Koordinasi – Sinergi: Ver%kal dan Horisontal
Tantangan • • • • • •
Sempitnya ruang fiskal (+ RUU Desa) Peraturan yang belum koheren Koordinasi ver%kal dan horisontal Kapasitas, horizon waktu penganggaran, skala. Alokasi sumber daya yang %dak efisien Problem perencanaan – eksekusi
Rekomendasi • • • • •
Desentralisasi asimetris Implementasi MTEF Referensi yang koheren Pembangunan kapasitas Target pembangunan yang terukur: hubungan dengan MP3EI dan agenda pembangunan riset? à Prioritas
Terima kasih
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